Mliri wa Ulova

YOLEMBEDWA NDI MTOLANKHANI WA GALAMUKANI! KU ITALY

Ndiwo nkhani yofunika kusamaliridwa msanga m’maiko angapo otukuka kale—komanso ukudandaulitsa maiko amene akutukuka kumene. Wabuka kumene kale kunalibe. Ukukhudza anthu miyandamiyanda—ambiri a iwo omwe ali anakubala ndi atate. Kwa Ataliyana aŵiri mwa atatu alionse, umenewu ndiwo “chiwopsezo choyambirira.” Umachititsa mavuto atsopano m’chitaganya. Kumlingo wina, ndiwo muzu wa mavuto a achinyamata ambiri amene amadziloŵetsa mu anamgoneka. Umasoŵetsa tulo anthu ambiri, ndipo kwa anthu ena ambiri, ungakhale uli pafupi kuwafikira . . .

“MWINAMWAKE ulova uli chochitika chowopedwa koposa ndi onse cha nthaŵi zathu,” ikutero Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) [Bungwe la Chigwirizano cha Zachuma ndi Chitukuko]. “Ukulu ndi zotulukapo za chochitika chimenechi nzodziŵika,” likulemba motero Bungwe la Anthu a ku Ulaya, koma “kulithetsa nkovuta.” Ndi “chinthu chowopsa,” akutero katswiri wina, chimene “chikubweranso kudzaopseza anthu m’makwalala a Kontinenti Yakale.” Mu European Union (EU), malova tsopano afika pafupifupi 20 miliyoni, ndipo mu October 1994, mu Italy mokha anafika pa 2,726,000. Malinga ndi zimene kazembe wa European Union, Padraig Flynn akulingalira, “kuthetsa ulova ndiko thayo la m’chitaganya ndi la zachuma lofunika koposa limene tikuyang’anizana nalo.” Ngati muli paulova kapena pangozi ya kuchotsedwa ntchito yanu, mukudziŵa bwino za mantha amene amakhalapo.

Koma ulova suli vuto la ku Ulaya kokha. Ukukantha maiko onse a ku America. Sukusiyanso Afirika, Asia, kapena Oceania. Maiko a ku Eastern Europe avutitsidwa nawo m’zaka zaposachedwapa. Zoona, kukantha kwake sikuli kofanana kulikonse. Koma malinga ndi kunena kwa akatswiri azachuma ena, milingo ya ulova ku Ulaya ndi ku North America idzakhala yokwera kwambiri kwanthaŵi yaitali kuposa m’zaka makumi zapitazo.a Ndipo mkhalidwewo “umaipiraipira ndi kuwonjezereka kwa kuchepetsedwa kwa nthaŵi yogwira ntchito ndi mkhalidwe wa ntchito wotsika umene ulipo,” akusonyeza motero katswiri wazachuma Renato Brunetta.

Mliri Wosaletseka

Ulova wakantha mbali zonse zachuma motsatizana: choyamba ulimi, ndi ziŵiya zake zamakina zowonjezereka, zimene zikuchotsetsa anthu ntchito; ndiyeno maindasitale, amene ayambukiridwa ndi kuchepa kwa mafuta oyendetsera makina kuyambira m’ma 1970; ndipo tsopano, mbali ya utumiki—malonda, maphunziro—mbali imene poyamba inalingaliridwa kukhala yosatheka kuyambukiridwa. Zaka makumi aŵiri zapitazo mlingo wa ulova wopitirira pa 2 kapena pa 3 peresenti unali wowopsa kwambiri. Lerolino dziko lotukuka limadziona kukhala lili pabwino ngati achititsa ulova kukhala pa 5 kapena pa 6 peresenti, ndipo maiko ambiri otukuka ali ndi milingo yapamwamba kwambiri.

Malinga ndi kunena kwa International Labor Organization (ILO) [Bungwe la Antchito la Padziko Lonse], lova ndiye amene sali pantchito, amene ali wokonzekera kugwira ntchito, ndi amene akufunafunadi ntchito. Koma bwanji za munthu amene amagwira ntchito yosatsimikizirika kapena amene amagwira ntchito ya maola oŵerengeka chabe pa mlungu? Ntchito ya maola oŵerengeka imaonedwa mosiyanasiyana m’maiko. M’maiko ena anthu ena amene alidi paulova amaŵerengeredwa mwalamulo kukhala ali pantchito. Mikhalidwe yosalongosoledwa bwino imene ili pakati pa kulembedwa ntchito ndi ulova imapangitsa kudziŵa yemwe alidi paulova kukhala kovuta, ndipo chifukwa cha chimenechi ziŵerengerozo zimangosonyeza mbali imodzi yokha ya zenizeni. “Ngakhale chiŵerengero cholembedwa mwalamulo cha malova 35 miliyoni [m’maiko a OECD] sichikusonyeza chithunzi chonse cha ulova,” kukutero kupenda kwina kwa ku Ulaya.

Kukwera Mtengo kwa Ulova

Koma ziŵerengerozo sizimasonyeza chithunzi chonse cha nkhaniyo. “Mitengo ya zachuma ndi mikhalidwe ya ulova nzazikulu kwambiri,” likutero Bungwe la Anthu a ku Ulaya, ndipo chotero “si kutaya ndalama mwa kuthandiza malova kokha kumene kumakhalapo komanso ndalama za msonkho zimene ngati malovawo akanakhala pantchito akanachirikiza.” Ndipo kuthandiza malova ndi ndalama kukukhala kolemetsa osati kumaboma kokha komanso kwa anthu olembedwa ntchito, amene amafunikira kulipira misonkho yokwera.

Ulova si nkhani ya mikhalidwe yeniyeni ndi ya ziŵerengero chabe. Umachitika kwa anthu, pakuti mliri umenewu ukukantha anthu—amuna, akazi, ndi achichepere a m’magulu onse a anthu. Pophatikizidwa ndi mavuto ena onse a ‘masiku ano otsiriza,’ ulova umakhaladi chinthu chothodwetsa. (2 Timoteo 3:1-5; Chivumbulutso 6:5, 6) Makamaka ngati munthu akanthidwa ndi “ulova wanthaŵi yaitali,” ngati palibe zinthu zina zosonkhezera vutolo wokhala paulova kwanthaŵi yaitaliyo adzaona kupeza ntchito kukhala kovuta kwambiri. Mwachisoni, ena sangalembedwenso ndi ntchito yomwe.b

Madokotala amaganizo akupeza kuti lerolino pakati pa malova, odwala ndi opsinjika maganizo akuwonjezereka, pamodzinso ndi kuvutika mtima, kugwiritsidwa mwala, kukula kwa mphwayi, ndi kusadzilemekeza. Pamene ntchito itha kwa munthu wokhala ndi ana oti awasamalire, limakhala tsoka lake lowopsa. Kumakhala kutha kwa zinthu zonse. Chitetezero chimakhala chitachoka. Kwenikweni lerolino, akatswiri ena amaona kubuka kwa “nkhaŵa yoyembekezeredwa” yochititsidwa ndi kuthekera kwa kutha kwa ntchito ya munthu. Nkhaŵa imeneyi ingayambukire maunansi abanja mowopsa ndipo ingakhaledi ndi zotulukapo zatsoka kwambiri, monga momwe kudzipha kwa malova kwaposachedwapa kukusonyezera. Ndiponso, vuto la kupeza ntchito lili pakati pa zochititsa chiwawa ndi kusankhana kwa achichepere.

‘Andende a Dongosolo Loipa’

Galamukani! inafunsa anthu angapo amene ntchito inawathera. Armando wazaka 50 ananena kuti kwa iye zinatanthauza “kuona zoyesayesa zake za zaka 30 zitaonongedwa, akumafunikira kuyambiranso,” ndi kumva “ngati wandende wa dongosolo loipa.” Francesco ‘zinthu zinagoma.’ Stefano “anagwiritsidwa mwala kwambiri ndi mkhalidwe wa moyo wamakono.”

Ndiponso, Luciano, amene anachotsedwa ntchito atagwira ntchito mu bungwe loyang’anira ntchito la kampani ina ya galimoto yotchuka yachitaliyana pafupifupi kwa zaka 30, “anakwiya ndi kupsinjika pamene anaona kuti zoyesayesa zake, kukhulupirika, ndi kudalirika m’zaka zambiri za kugwira ntchito zinalingaliridwa kukhala zopanda pake.”

Zoneneratu ndi Zogwiritsa Mwala

Akatswiri ena azachuma anayembekezera zochitika zosiyana kwambiri. Mu 1930 katswiri wazachuma John Maynard Keynes ananeneratu motsimikizira za “ntchito kwa onse” zimene zidzakhalako mkati mwa zaka 50 zimene zinali kutsatira, ndipo kwa zaka makumi ambiri kulembedwa ntchito yachikhalire kwalingaliridwa kukhala kotheka. Mu 1945 Tchata cha bungwe la United Nations chinakhazikitsa chonulirapo cha kupezera anthu ntchito yachikhalire kofulumira. Ndi posachedwapa pamene anthu ayamba kukhulupirira kuti kupita patsogolo kwa zinthu kudzatanthauza kuti onse akhale pantchito ndi kumagwira ntchitoyo kwa maola ochepa. Komano zinthu sizinayende motero. Kutsika kwakukulu kwa chuma m’zaka khumi zapitazi kwachititsa “ulova woipitsitsa wa padziko lonse chiyambire pa Kutsika kwa Chuma Kwakukulu kwa m’ma 30 ikutero ILO. Ku South Africa pafupifupi anthu 3.6 miliyoni ndi malova, kuphatikizapo Aafirika achikuda ena 3 miliyoni. Ngakhale Japan—amene anali ndi anthu oposa mamiliyoni aŵiri paulova chaka chatha—ali pavuto.

Kodi nchifukwa ninji ulova uli mliri wofala motere? Kodi pali njira zotani zouthetsera zimene zalingaliridwa?

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Mapu patsamba 2, 3]

(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)

Canada—9.6 peresenti

United States of America—5.7 peresenti

Colombia—9 peresenti

Ireland—15.9 peresenti

Spain—23.9 peresenti

Finland—18.9 peresenti

Albania—32.5 peresenti

South Africa—43 peresenti

Japan—3.2 peresenti

Philippines—9.8 peresenti

Australia 8.9 peresenti

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Mountain High Maps™ copyright © 1993 Digital Wisdom, Inc.