Ulova—Chifukwa Ninji Ulipo?

M’MAIKO angapo anthu ambiri amaumirizika kudzisamalira mwa kugwira ntchito yakuthupi yolimba kwa maola ambiri pamlingo wotopetsa, mwinamwake ngakhale kuchita ntchito yangozi ya malipiro ochepa. Anthu ambiri m’maiko ena posachedwapa anakhulupirira kuti ngati alembedwa ntchito ndi kampani yaikulu kapena ndi dipatimenti ina yaboma, adzakhala ndi ntchito yotsimikizirika kufikira pamene adzapuma pantchito. Koma lero zichita ngati kulibenso makampani kapena mabungwe amene akhoza kulemba ntchito imene munthu angakhumbe ndi chisungiko paudindo uliwonse. Chifukwa ninji?

Zifukwa Zochititsa Vutolo

Achinyamata zikwi zambiri samatha kupeza ngakhale ntchito yawo yoyamba—ngakhale kuti ali ndi digirii ya kukoleji kapena ayi. Mwachitsanzo, ku Italy, oposa mmodzi mwa malova atatu alionse ndiwo a zaka zoyambira pa 15 mpaka pa 24. Avareji ya usinkhu wa awo amene akugwira ntchito ndi amene akuyesa kusunga ntchito zawo ikukula, motero nkovuta kwambiri kwa achinyamata kupeza ntchito yawo yoyamba. Ngakhale pakati pa akazi ofunafuna ntchito—amene akuwonjezereka—pali mlingo waukulu wa malova. Motero, gulu lina lapadera lalikulu la antchito atsopano likuyesayesa kupeza ntchito.

Kuyambira m’nthaŵi ya makina oyamba a m’maindastale, njira zatsopano za sayansi zachepetsa kufunika kwa antchito. Popeza anthu ankagwira ntchito m’zipani kwamaola ochuluka, antchito anakhulupirira kuti makina adzachepetsa ntchito kapena kuithetsa. Makina ogwira ntchito okha awonjezera kupangidwa kwa zinthu ndipo athetsa ngozi zambiri, komanso achepetsa ntchito. Aja amene amachotsedwa ntchito amakhala pangozi ya kukhala paulova kwanthaŵi yaitali kusiyapo ngati aphunzira umisiri wina.

Timadziika pangozi ya kumwerekera ndi zinthu zochulukitsitsa zamalonda. Ena amalingalira kuti tafika kale pamapeto akufutukuka kwake. Ndiponso, pokhala ndi olembedwa ntchito oŵerengeka, pamakhala makasitomala oŵerengeka. Motero misika imatulutsa zinthu zambiri kuposa zimene zimagulidwa. Posaimanso bwino m’zachuma, mafakitale aakulu amene anamangidwa kuti apange zinthu zochuluka akutsekedwa kapena kusinthidwa kukhala antchito zina. Mikhalidwe yonga imeneyi imabweretsa mavuto pa ena—aja amene amakhala malova. M’kutsika kwa chuma, kufunidwa kwa antchito kumazimiririka, ndipo ntchito zimene zimatha mkati mwa kutsika kwa chuma sizimakhalakonso kwenikweni m’nthaŵi za kufutukuka kwa zinthu. Mwachionekere, pali zifukwa zambiri zimene zimachititsa ulova.

Mliri wa Chitaganya

Popeza kuti ukhoza kufikira aliyense, ulova uli mliri wa chitaganya. Maiko ena amapereka njira zosiyanasiyana zotetezera awo amene akali kugwira ntchito—mwachitsanzo, kugwira ntchito maola oŵerengeka pa mlungu kokhala ndi malipiro ochepetsedwa. Komabe, zimenezi zingaipitse ziyembekezo za ena amene akufunafuna ntchito.

Ogwira ntchito ndi malova omwe kaŵirikaŵiri amatsutsa mowonjezereka ponena za mavuto okhudza ntchito. Koma pamene kuli kwakuti malova akufuna ntchito zatsopano, aja amene ali nazo kale amayesa kuzitetezera—malingaliro aŵiri amene samafanana nthaŵi zonse. “Aja amene ali pantchito kaŵirikaŵiri amapemphedwa kugwira ntchito kwa maola owonjezereka. Aja amene ali malova amangokhalabe malova basi. Pali ngozi yakuti chitaganya chingagaŵanike kukhala magulu aŵiri . . . mbali imodzi, ya aja amene amagwira ntchito kwa maola owonjezereka ndi kumbali ina, malova okanidwa, amene amadalira pafupifupi kotheratu pa kukoma mtima kwa ena,” akutero magazini achitaliyana a Panorama. Ku Ulaya, akutero akatswiri, zipatso za chitukuko m’zachuma zapezedwa makamaka ndi aja amene ali kale pantchito, osati malova.

Ndiponso, ulova umagwirizanitsidwa ndi mkhalidwe wa chuma cha dzikolo, kwakuti m’maiko ena, monga ngati Germany, Italy ndi Spain, pamakhala kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa zofunika m’madera osiyanasiyana m’dzikolo. Kodi antchitowo amafunadi kuphunzira maluso atsopano kapena ngakhale kusamukira kudera lina kapena kudziko lina? Kaŵirikaŵiri chimenechi chingakhale chochititsa chachikulu.

Kodi Pali Zothetsera Vutolo Zimene Zikuonekera?

Mokulira, ziyembekezo zaikidwa pa kuwongokera kwa zachuma. Koma anthu ena akukayikira ndipo akuganiza kuti kuwongokera kumeneko sikudzachitika mpaka kudzafika chaka cha ku ma 2000. Kwa ena, kuwongokerako kwayamba kale, komano kukutulutsa zipatso zake mochedwa, monga momwe kuchuluka kwa ulova kukusonyezera ku Italy. Kuwongokera kwa zachuma kwenikweni sikutanthauza kuchepetsedwa kwa ulova. Pamene kuli kwakuti chitukukocho chili cha mlingo wochepa, makampani amakonda kugwiritsira ntchito bwino kwambiri antchito amene ali nawo kale m’malo mwa kulemba ntchito owonjezereka—ndiko kuti, pali “kuwonjezereka kwa ulova.” Ndiponso, chiŵerengero cha malova kaŵirikaŵiri chimakula mofulumira kuposa chiŵerengero cha ntchito zatsopano zimene zimapangidwa.

Lerolino chuma cha maiko chikuloŵetsedwa mu mkhalidwe wamgwirizano wa padziko lonse. Akatswiri ena azachuma akuganiza kuti kupangidwa kwa mabungwe atsopano aakulu azamalonda oloŵerana m’maiko, monga aja a North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) [Bungwe la Ufulu wa Zamalonda la Maiko a Kumpoto kwa Amereka] ndi la Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) [Mgwirizano wa Zachuma wa ku Asia ndi ku Pacific], kungaperekenso mphamvu pa chuma cha m’dziko. Komabe, njira imeneyi imasonkhezera makampani aakulu kukakhazikika kumene antchito amalipidwa malipiro ochepa, ndi chotulukapo chakuti ntchito zimatha m’maiko otukuka. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, antchito olandira malipiro ochepawo tindalama tawo timatha mofulumira. Sikuli kodabwitsa kuti m’maiko ambiri, ambiri achita chisonyezero cha kuipidwa, ngakhale mwa chiwawa, motsutsana ndi mabungwe a mapangano ameneŵa.

Akatswiri amapereka njira zambiri zolimbanirana ndi ulova. Zina zimawombanadi, zikumadalira kuti kaya izozo zaperekedwa ndi akatswiri azachuma, andale, kapena antchito eniwo. Pali aja amene amasonkhezera makampani kuwonjezera antchito mwa kuchepetsa msonkho. Ena amalangiza kuti boma liloŵererepo kwambiri. Ena amanena kuti antchito apatsidwe ntchito mosiyanasiyana ndi kuchepetsa maola. Zimenezi zachitidwa kale m’makampani ena aakulu, ngakhale kuti mkati mwa zaka zana zapitazo, mlungu wogwiramo ntchito wachepetsedwa m’maiko otukuka popanda kuchepetsa ulova. “Potsirizira pake,” akutero katswiri wazachuma Renato Brunetta, “njira iliyonse yakhala yosathandiza, yandalama zowonongedwa zoposa mapindu ake.”

“Sitiyenera kudzinamiza,” akumaliza motero magazini a L’Espresso, “vutoli nlalikulu.” Lovuta kwambiri kulithetsa? Kodi pali chothetsera vuto la ulova?

[Bokosi patsamba 8]

Vuto Lakalekale

Ulova uli vuto lakalekale. Kwa zaka mazana ambiri anthu panthaŵi ndi nthaŵi akhala paulova mosafuna. Ntchito itatha, antchito zikwi mazana ambiri amene ankagwira ntchito zazikulu zomanga anakhala malova—kufikira atalembedwanso ntchito kwina. Izi zikali chomwecho anali ndi moyo wovutadi.

Mkati mwa Nyengo Zapakati, “ngakhale kuti vuto la ulova linali losalingana ndi lamakono,” ulova unaliko. (La disoccupazione nella storia [Mbiri ya Ulova]) Komabe, m’masikuwo, aliyense amene anali paulova anangoonedwa ngati munthu wopanda pake kapena woyendayenda. Posachedwapa m’zaka za zana la 19, openda zinthu ambiri achibritishi “anagwirizanitsa malova makamaka ndi ‘anthu andewu’ ndi osakhazikika amene amagona pambalambanda kapena amene amayendayenda m’misewu usiku,” Profesa John Burnett akufotokoza motero.—Idle Hands.

“Kudziŵidwa kwa ulova” kunachitika chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19 kapena chakumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20. Mabungwe aboma apadera anakhazikitsidwa kuti afufuze ndi kuthetsa vutolo, monga ngati Bungwe Losankhidwa la Nyumba ya Malamulo yosankhidwa ndi Anthu ya Britain pa “Nsautso ya Kusoŵa Ntchito,” mu 1895. Ulova unali utakhala mliri wa chitaganya.

Kuzindikira vutolo kwatsopano kumeneku kunakula mofulumira, makamaka pambuyo pa nkhondo yadziko yoyamba. Nkhondo imeneyo, ndi kupangidwa kwa zida zake zankhondo kofulumira, kunathetseratu ulova. Koma kuyambira m’ma 1920, maiko a Kumadzulo anayang’anizana ndi kutsika kwa chuma kumene kunakula kukhala Kutsika kwa Chuma Kwakukulu koyambira mu 1929 ndipo kunasakaza chuma chonse cha maiko otukuka. Pambuyo pa nkhondo yadziko yachiŵiri, chuma cha maiko ambiri chinakwera, ndipo ulova unatsika. Koma “chiyambi cha vuto la ulova la lero chingadziŵidwe kuchokera pakati pa ma 1960,” likutero Bungwe la Mgwirizano wa Zachuma ndi Chitukuko. Anthu ofunafuna ntchito anakanthidwa ndi vuto latsopano lochititsidwa ndi vuto la mafuta la ma 1970 ndi kuchuluka kofulumira kwa makompyuta limodzi ndi chotulukapo chake cha kuchotsa antchito. Ulova wayamba kukula kwake kosaletseka, ukumafikira ngakhale ogwira ntchito za m’maofesi ndi mamanijala amene kale analingaliridwa kukhala osungika.

[Chithunzi patsamba 7]

Kufuna ntchito zowonjezereka sikudzathetsa vuto la ulova

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Reuters/Bettmann