Makadi A Ngongole ndi Macheke a Malipiro Enieni Kapena Opeka?

AMATHANDIZADI! Ndi aang’ono, ndi osavuta kunyamula. Amaloŵa bwinobwino m’chikwama, cha mwamuna kapena cha mkazi. Popanda kobiri m’thumba, mutha kugula zinthu zambiri. Makampani a ndege, a sitima zapamadzi, mahotela, ndi malo osangulukira amalimbikitsa kugwiritsira ntchito makadi a ngongole ndipo amasatsa malonda ake padziko lonse. Anthu amauzidwa kuti: “Musachoke panyumba popanda ilo.” Amalonda ena amakonda kupatsidwa makadiwo m’malo mwa ndalama. Mosiyana ndi ndalama, ngati abedwa kapena kutayika, mungapezenso ena. Ndiwo ndalama yanuyanu, yolembedwa dzina lanu ndi yodindidwapo nambala yanu ya akaunti kumaso kwake.

Amadziŵika ngati ndalama zapulasitiki—makadi a ngongole ndi makadi olipirira. Mu 1985 mabanki ena anapanga ma hologram awoawo ocholoŵana okonzedwa ndi laser amene amaoneka kukhala a mtundu wa three-dimensional, ndi mbali zina zotetezera, manambala obisa mawu olembedwa pamagineti kuseri kwake ndi chizindikiro chosaoneka chimene chimaoneka ngati aunikirapo cheza cha ultraviolet. Zonsezi kuyesa kulepheretsa kuwapeka! Padziko lonse pali makadi a ngongole ngati 600 miliyoni.

Padziko lonse ndalama zimene zinatayika chifukwa cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya makadi a ngongole achinyengo kuchiyambi kwa ma 1990 zinali zosachepera madola mamiliyoni chikwi. Pamitundu yosiyanasiyana imeneyo, zamveka kuti makadi opeka ndiwo akuwonjezereka mofulumira koposa—osachepera 10 peresenti ya ndalama zonse zotayika.

Mwachitsanzo, mu 1993, makadi opeka anatayitsa mabanki omwe ali mamembala a ina ya makampani aakulu koposa a makadi a ngongole ndalama zokwanira $133.8 miliyoni, chiwonjezeko cha 75 peresenti kuposa chaka cha 1992. Kampani inanso yotchuka ya makadi a ngongole, yapadziko lonse, inanenanso kuti inataya ndalama zambirimbiri chifukwa cha makadi opeka. “Zimenezo zikuchititsa kupeka makadi kukhala vuto lalikulu osati kwa mabanki okha, makampani a makadiwo ndi amalonda amene amawalandira komanso kwa ogula padziko lonse,” inatero nyuzipepala ina ku New Zealand. Pamene eni ake enieni a makadiwo sindiwo ali ndi mlandu wa zotayikazo, mtengo wake umayambukira ogulawo mosapeŵeka.

Bwanji nanga za mbali zija zotetezera zimene anaikamo zopinga opeka makadi—zonga ma holograms okonzedwa ndi laser ndi magineti apadera amawu obisika? M’chaka chimene anayamba kuikamo mbali zimenezi, makadi opeka osalongosoka oyamba anayamba kuonekera. Posapita nthaŵi, mbali zake zonse zotetezera zinakopedwa kapena kudziŵidwa. “Mufunikira kumawongolera nthaŵi zonse,” anatero mkulu wina wa banki ku Hong Kong. “Amambalawo amayesa nthaŵi zonse kukhala patsogolo panu.”

Chapadera nchakuti theka la kupeka makadi konse kumene kunatayitsa ndalama kuchiyambi kwa ma 1990 kunachitika ku Asia, malinga ndi kunena kwa akatswiri, ndipo pafupifupi theka la zimenezi zinachitikira ku Hong Kong. “Hong Kong ndi wodziŵika ndi makadi a ngongole opeka monga momwe Paris alili wodziŵika ndi mafashoni,” anatero katswiri wina. Ena apatsa Hong Kong mlandu wakukhala likulu la dziko lonse la kupeka makadi—“mphambano ya ‘plastic triangle’ ya makadi a ngongole achinyengo yophatikizapo Thailand, Malaysia ndi posachedwapa kummwera kwa China.” “Apolisi ku Hong Kong akuti mabungwe akwawo ogwirizana ndi mabungwe aupandu a ku China amalocha pa makadi opeka, kudindapo ndi kuikapo manambala obisa mawu amene amaperekedwa ndi eni malonda achinyengo. Ndiyeno amangotumiza makadi opekawo ku maiko akunja,” inatero nyuzipepala ina ku New Zealand.

“Makina odinda makadi a ngongole, ogulidwa [ku Canada] ndi a m’kagulu ka ku Asia, akuwagwiritsira ntchito tsopano kupanga makadi a ngongole opeka. Makinawo amasindikiza makadi a ngongole 250 pa ola limodzi, ndipo apolisi akhulupirira kuti agwiritsiridwa ntchito pakuba ndalama madola mamiliyoni ambirimbiri,” inatero nyuzipepala ya ku Canada ya Globe & Mail. Pazaka zoŵerengeka zapitazo, Atchaina a ku Hong Kong agwidwa akugwiritsira ntchito makadi a ngongole afojale m’maiko osachepera 22 kuchokera ku Austria mpaka Australia, kuphatikizapo Guam, Malaysia, ndi Switzerland. Makamaka makadi a ngongole a ku Japan ndiwo amene amafunidwa kwambiri popeza amalola owagwiritsira ntchito ake kugula zinthu zambiri.

Kuwonjezeka kwa chinyengo cha makadi a ngongole ndi kuwapeka kutanthauza kuti “owapereka akukakamizika kuikira onse mtengo wa ndalama zochuluka zimene zimatayika chifukwa cha chinyengo,” anatero mkulu wina wa banki ku Canada. Ndi mmene zimakhalira. Khadi la ngongole lingakhaledi lothandiza ndi lopulumutsa moyo pamene mwini wake ali ndi ndalama zochepa. Komabe, kumbukirani kuti zimene opeka makadi angofuna ndizo nambala yanu ya akaunti ndi tsiku pamene khadilo lidzatha, ndipo atazipeza, basi ayamba ntchito yawo. “Ndi ndalama yapulasitiki,” anachenjeza tero mkulu wa alonda wakuderalo wa American Express International, “koma anthu sanayambebe kuisunga mwanzeru monga amachitira ndi ndalama.”

“Njira imeneyi ili ndi zofooka zochuluka,” anatero mkulu wina wa apolisi. “Ndipo amambala azipeza zonse. Ndipo anthuni, iwo azigwiritsira ntchito konyansa,” anatero za opeka makadi.

Kupeka Macheke

Ndi njira imene yakhalapo yosindikizira zinthu padesiki imene ingakope pafupifupi ndalama iliyonse yapepala bwinobwino, zimene posapita nthaŵi zinatsatirapo zinali zosapeŵeka. Ochita fojale tsopano akhoza kukopa zikalata zamitundumitundu: mapasipoti, masetifiketi a tsiku lakubadwa, ziphaso, masetifiketi a stock, malaisensi, zikalata zogulira mankhwala, ndi zina zambirimbiri. Koma phindu lalikulu koposa akhoza kulipeza mwa kukopa macheke a malipiro.

Njira yake njapafupi kwambiri. Cheke ya malipiro yochokera ku kampani yaikulu yokhala ndi madola mamiliyoni ambiri m’banki yakumaloko kapena ya m’dziko lonselo itangogwera m’manja mwa wopeka zinthuyo, basi wayamba ntchito yake. Ndi makina ake osindikizira apadesiki, makina oŵerenga zolembedwa, ndi makina ena osavuta kupeza, akhoza kusintha chekeyo kuikapo zimene afuna—akumasintha deti lake, kufafaniza dzina la mwini wake naikapo lake, ndi kuwonjezera chiŵerengero cha madolawo. Ndiyeno amasindikiza cheke imene wasinthayo pamakina ake osindikizira a laser, akumagwiritsira ntchito pepala limene wagula m’sitolo lapafupi la za mu ofesi, yamaonekedwe ofanana ndi a chekeyo. Potulutsa macheke afojale angapo kapena ambiri nthaŵi imodzi, akhoza kukawasinthitsa kunthambi iliyonse ya bankiyo mumzinda uliwonse.

Kupeka macheke mwa njira yapafupi ndi yochipa imeneyi nkowanda kwambiri, akuluakulu a mabanki ndi osungitsa lamulo akutero, kwakuti kungawonongetse chuma chofika ku $1 biliyoni. Pankhani ina yonyanya, inatero The New York Times, a m’kagulu ka ku Los Angeles anayenda uku ndi uku m’dzikolo akumasinthitsa macheke opeka a malipiro zikwi zingapo kumabanki, okwanira ndalama zoposa $2 miliyoni. Openda zamaindasitale akunena kuti mtengo wonse wa ndalama zimene zimatayika pachaka chifukwa cha macheke achinyengo tsopano wafika ngati $10 biliyoni mu United States yekha. “Vuto lalikulu koposa kwa mabungwe azandalama,” anatero mkulu wina wa FBI, “ndilo ziŵiya zopeka zimene zingasithanitsidwe ndi ndalama, zonga cheke yopeka ndi money order yopeka.”

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 27]

Mapindu aakulu koposa amapezeka mwa kukopa macheke a malipiro