Kupeka Ndalama—Vuto Lapadziko Lonse

Kufikira m’zaka za zana la 18, anthu ku France anali kuwaŵiritsa amoyo chifukwa cha mlanduwo. Ku England, unali mlandu wa chilango cha imfa kuyambira mu 1697 mpaka mu 1832, ndipo mchitidwewo anauyesa kupandukira boma. Angelezi oposa 300 anafa mwa kunyongedwa ndi chingwe chifukwa cha mlanduwo, pamene anthu osaŵerengeka anaperekedwa kudziko la ndende ku Australia kukagwira ntchito yachibalo monga chilango.

KWAZAKA zoposa 130, boma la United States lamanga a liwongo lake zaka zofika ku 15 m’ndende zaboma. Ndiponso, pa chilangocho awonjezapo faindi ya madola zikwi zambiri. Ngakhale lero chilango chake chidakali imfa ku Russia ndi China.

Ngakhale kuti pali zilango zowopsa za mlanduwo zimene mitundu yambiri yaika, upanduwo ukupitiriza. Ngakhale mantha a imfa sanathe kulepheretsa njira zamachenjera za kulemera msanga za aja amene ali ndi maluso ake. Akuluakulu a maboma athedwa nzeru. “Choletsera chenicheni chidzavuta kupeza,” akutero, “monga momwe zakhalira zaka mazana ambiri.”

Kupeka ndalama! Umodzi wa maupandu akale kwambiri m’mbiri. Chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20 lino, kwakhala vuto lapadziko lonse ndipo kukupitabe patsogolo. Robert H. Jackson, woweruza wachiŵiri mu Supreme Court ya United States, anati za vutolo: “Kupeka ndalama uli mlandu umene sumangochitika mwangozi, kapena mosadziŵa, kapena mwa kungotengeka mtima, kapena chifukwa cha umphaŵi wadzaoneni. Ndiwo mlandu wolinganizidwa mwaukatswiri ndi munthu amene amakhala ndi luso ndi ndalama zochuluka zogulira makina.”

Mwachitsanzo, ndalama za America zikukopedwa popanda chilolezo padziko lonse ndipo zochuluka kwambiri kuposa ndi kale. “Ndalama ya [United States],” anatero wolankhulira Treasury Department, “siili chabe ndalama yokhumbika koposa m’dziko. Ilinso ndalama yapafupi kwambiri kupeka.” Chimene chadabwitsa boma la America nchakuti zochuluka za ndalama zabodza zikupangidwa kunja kwa United States.

Talingalirani izi: Mu 1992, madola opeka okwanira $30 miliyoni anagwidwa m’maiko akunja, anatero magazini a Time. “Chaka chatha chiŵerengero chonse chinafika $120 miliyoni, ndipo akuyembekezera kuti zidzaposa pamenepo mu 1994. Zambiri kuposa zimenezo zimagwira ntchito popanda kugwidwa,” anatero magaziniwo. Ziŵerengero zimenezi zikungosonyeza mbali yaing’ono chabe. Akatswiri a zakupeka ndalama akhulupirira kuti unyinji weniweni wa ndalama zopeka zimene zikugwira ntchito kunja kwa United States ungafike pa madola zikwi mamiliyoni khumi.

Popeza maiko ambiri amafunitsitsa ndalama ya America—kuikonda kuposa ndi ndalama yawo—ndipo njosavuta kwenikweni kukopa, mitundu yambiri ndi mabungwe aupandu akuijambula. Ku South America, a timagulu togulitsa anamgoneka ku Colombia apeka ndalama ya America kwazaka zambiri kuti awonjezere ndalama zawo zosaloleka. Tsopano Iran ndi Syria akhala ndi mbali yaikulu m’malonda opeka ndalamawo apadziko lonse, inatero U.S.News & World Report. “Akuti Iran akugwiritsira ntchito njira zosindikizira zopita patsogolo kwambiri zofanana ndi zimene imagwiritsira ntchito Treasury Department [ya United States],” anatero magaziniwo. “Chotero, Airani akhoza kupanga ma $100 apepala opeka ndi ovuta kwenikweni kuzindikira, otchedwa ‘ma super bill.’”

Anthu ku Russia, China, ndi maiko ena a ku Asia nawonso akuyamba kupanga ndalama zabodza—makamaka za United States. Zikuchita ngati kuti 50 peresenti ya ndalama za United States zimene zikugwira ntchito m’Moscow lerolino nzopeka.

Mu 1991 pamene Iraq anayamba kugwiritsira ntchito madola mamiliyoni mazana ambiri a United States amene analanda kuthumba la Kuwait, “mabanki apadziko lonse anadabwa kupeza kuti pafupifupi 40 peresenti ya ma $100 apepala anali opeka,” inatero Reader’s Digest.

France alinso ndi mavuto ake a ndalama mofanana ndi maiko ena ambiri a ku Ulaya. Kupeka ndalama sikuli chabe vuto la America, malinga ndi umboni umene mitundu ina kuzungulira dziko lonse ingapereke.

Kupeka Ndalama Kupeputsidwa

Kufikira zaka zoŵerengeka zapitazo, kunatengera amisiri achizembera—akatswiri olemba zithunzi, olocha zinthu, ozokota zinthu, ndi opaka utoto—maola ochuluka kuti achite ntchito yovuta yokopa ndalama za dziko lililonse, imene, kwenikweni kunachititsa kukhalapo kwa ndalama zokopa zosaoneka bwino kwenikweni. Komabe, lerolino zitheka kwa aliyense kukopa ndalama imene akufuna mwa kugwiritsira ntchito makina okopera opita patsogolo kwambiri otulutsa maonekedwe osiyanasiyana, ma laser printer osindikiza mbali ziŵiri za pepala, ndi ma scanner amene amapezeka m’maofesi ndi m’nyumba.

Nyengo yopekera ndalama padesiki yafika! Zimene kale zinafuna luso la akatswiri olocha ndi opaka utoto tsopano zitha kuchitidwa ndi antchito ya m’maofesi ndi anthu okhala ndi makompyuta m’nyumba. Njira zosindikizira ndi makompyuta aumwini ogulidwa pamtengo wochepera $5,000 tsopano zingatulutse ndalama zopeka zimene ngakhale akatswiri odziŵa angavutike nazo kuzizindikira. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti wina amene ndalama zamsoŵa angapeŵe ulendo wopita ku makina aotomatiki apafupi otulutsira ndalama ku banki mwa kusindikiza ndalama zakezake—ndipo zilizonse zimene angafune! Njira imeneyi yakhala kale chida champhamvu chimene opeka ndalama amakono ali nacho. “Zili mkati mwa zimenezi, mbala zaluso zimenezi mobwerezabwereza zimapita pansi osungitsa lamulo ndipo tsiku lina zingaike pangozi ndalama zamphamvu padziko lapansi,” inatero U.S.News & World Report.

Mwachitsanzo, ku France, 18 peresenti ya ndalama zopeka Fr30 miliyoni ($5 miliyoni, za United States) zogwidwa mu 1992 zinapangidwa pamakina a m’maofesi. Mkulu wina wa Banque de France aganiza kuti zimenezi sizikuika pangozi chuma chokha komanso chidaliro cha anthu. “Iwo akadziŵa kuti ukhoza kukopa ndalama yabwinobwino ndi makina amene anthu ochuluka ali nawo, akhoza kutaya chidaliro,” anadandaula motero.

Poyesa kuletsa vuto la ndalama zopeka limene lasefukira mu America ndi maiko ena, ndalama zapepala zampangidwe watsopano zikali kukonzedwa, ndipo m’maiko ena ndalama zatsopano zayamba kale kugwira ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, pandalama ya America, adzakulitsapo chithunzithunzi cha Benjamin Franklin pa $100 ndi theka ndipo adzachisunthira kulamanzere zigawo zitatu mwa zinayi za inchi. “Adzasinthanso zinthu khumi ndi zinayi zolocha ndi mbali zachitetezo zosaoneka,” inatero Reader’s Digest. Masinthidwe enanso ochuluka, monga ma watermark ndi mainki amene amasintha maonekedwe ake mutawapenyera pambali zosiyanasiyana, akuwaganiziranso.

Kwa nthaŵi yakutiyakuti, France wakhala akuika zinthu zatsopano pa ndalama zake zapepala kusintha mpangidwe wake zimene akuyesa kuti zidzaletsa pamlingo winawake kuzipeka. Komabe, wolankhulira Banque de France akuvomereza kuti “sitinapezebe njira yothandiza yosalakwika yoletsera amene akhoza kupeka ndalama, koma,” anawonjezera, “tsopano tikhoza kusanganiza zopinga zambirimbiri m’ndalama yapepalayo kwakuti imakhala ntchito [yovuta], ndi yodula kwambiri.” Iyeyo akutcha zopingazo “njira yaikulu yoletsera kupeka ndalama.”

Germany ndi Great Britain akhala akupanga masinthidwe otetezera ndalama zawo kwanthaŵi yakutiyakuti tsopano mwa kuwonjezamo nkhosi zotetezera zimene zimachititsa kupeka ndalama zawo kukhala kovuta kwambiri. Ndalama yapepala ya Canada ya $20 ili ndi kabokosi kakang’ono kong’anima kotchedwa optical security device, kamene makina okopa sangajambule. Australia anayamba kusindikiza ndalama zapulasitiki mu 1988 kuti aziikamo mbali zotetezera zosatheka kuika m’zapepala. Finland ndi Austria amaika tizitsulo topyapyala m’ndalama zapepala timene timamwaza kuunika. Timeneti timanyezimira ndi kusintha maonekedwe ake monga momwe hologram imachitira. Komabe, akuluakulu a boma akuwopa kuti opeka ndalama sali kutali kwambiri kuti asinthe njira zawo mofunikira ndi kupitiriza ndi ntchito yawo yaumbala—kwakuti njira zilizonse zatsopano zimene iwo angatsatire, zingadzalephere potsirizira pake monga momwe zakhalira kumbuyoku. “Zili ngati mwambi wakale,” anatero mkulu wina wa Treasury Department, wakuti, “utamanga khoma lamafiti 8, amambala amapanga makwerero amafiti 10.”

Kusindikiza ndalama zabodza kwangokhala mbali ina ya zoganizaganiza za wopeka zinthu, monga momwe nkhani zotsatira zidzasonyezera.

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 24]

Njira zosindikizira ndi makompyuta aumwini ogulidwa pamtengo wochepera $5,000 tsopano zingatulutse ndalama zopeka zimene ngakhale akatswiri odziŵa angavutike nazo kuzizindikira