Mutu 11

Kodi Helo ndi Wotentha?

KODI si zoona kuti matembenuzidwe ochuluka a Baibulo amachula malo ochedwa “helo”? Inde, matembenuzidwe ambiri a Malemba Oyera amagwiritsira ntchito mau amene’wo. Koma funso ndiro lakuti kaya zinthu zimene atsogoleri achipembedzo aphunzitsa ponena za malo ochedwa “helo” zachokera m’Baibulo Loyera kapena ku magwero ena.

Kodi munadziwa kuti, si ziwalo za machalichi a Chikristu cha Dziko, koma’nso anthu ambiri osakhala Akristu, aphunzitsidwa kukhulupirira helo wa chizunzo? N’kobvumbula kuwerenga kuchokera ku magwero osiyana-siyana chimene chimanenedwa ponena za mazunzo a awo oikidwa mu helo.

“Bukhu lopatulika” lina losakhala Lachikristu la m’zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chiwiri C.E. limanena zotsatirapo’zi:

“Helo!—iwo adzapsya m’menemo,—kama woipa (ndithu, kuti agonepo)! Inde wotero!—Pamenepo iwo adzamulawa,—madzi obwadamuka, ndi madzi akuda, akuda kwambiri, ozizira kopambana! . . . (Iwo adzakhala) pakati pa Malawi a Moto oopsya ndi m’Madzi Obwadamuka, ndi m’kati mwa Utsi Wakuda: (Sipadzakhala) chiri chonse choti chitonthoze, kapena’nso kuti chikondweretse.”

Chibuda, chimene chinayamba pafupi-fupi m’zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi B.C., chimapereka kalongosoledwe aka ponena za mmodzi wa “mahelo” amene icho chimaphumzitsa:

“Munomo, mulibe nthawi ya kuleka kaya kwa Malawi a moto kapena kwa ululu wa anthu.”

Katekisimu wa Chiphunzitso Chachikristu Wachiroma Katolika (wofalitsidwa mu 1949) analongosola kuti:

“Iwo samaona Mulungu ndipo amabvutika ndi mazunzo oopsya, maka-maka aja a moto, kwamuyaya. . . . Kusaona masomphenya achimwemwe kumachedwa ululu wa kutayika; chizunzo chochititsidwa ndi zinthu zolengedwa pa moyo, ndi pa thupi pambuyo pa chukiriro chake, chimachedwa ululu wa malingaliro.”

Ndipo’nso pakati pa atsogoleri achipembedzo Achiprotestanti m;malo ena muli awo amene amajambula zinthunzi-thunzi zoonekera bwino zokhala ndi mau onena za zoopsya za helo. Ngakhale ziwalo zao za chalichi nthawi zina zimanena kukhala zitaona masomphenya a mazunzo ake. Mwamuna wina analongosola zimene iye anaona motere: ‘Ku utali umene maso anga anafika kunali moto wokha-wokha wakoli-koli ndi anthu amene ankaoneka. Ha, ndi ululu ndi kubvutika zotani nanga! Anthu ena anapfuula, ena analira ku kupempha madzi, madzi! Ena anakudzula tsitsi lao, ena anakukuta mano ao; ena’nso anadzidziluma-luma m’mikono ndi m’manja.’

Kumanenedwa kawiri-kawiri kuti zirango za helo zosonyezedwa’zo ziri chisonkhezero champhamvu m’kuchititsa anthu kuchita chimene chiri choyenera. Koma kodi zeni-zeni za mu mbiri zimatsimikizira chimene’chi? Kodi zina za nkhanza zazikulu kopambana sizinachitidwe ndi okhulupirira chiphunzitso cha moto wa helo? Kodi zirango zoopsya zachipembedzo ndi nkhondo za mtanda zokhetsa mwazi wa Chikristu cha Dziko siziri zitsanzo za chimene’chi?

Chotero sikuyenera kukhala kodabwitsa kuti chiwerengero chomakula-kula cha anthu sichimakhulupirira kweni-kweni kukhalako kwa helo wa chizunzo kapena’nso kuona zirango zake kukhala zoletsa kuchita zoipa. Ngakhale kuli kwakuti sanatsimikizire kweni-kweni sali oyedzamira kukhulupirira chimene sichimawakondweretsa kukhala choyenera ndi choona. Komabe iwo angakhale ziwalo za chalichi chimene chimaphunzitsa chipunzitso chimene’chi ndipo, mwa kuchirikiza, amakhala ndi thayo la kupitiriritsa patsogolo chiphunzitso cha moto wa helo.

Koma kodi kweni-kweni Baibulo limanenanji ponena za chizunzo pambuyo pa imfa? Ngati mwawerenga machaputala oyambirira a bukhu lino, mukudziwa kuti zikhulupiriro zambiri zofala zonena za akufa n’zonama. Mukudziwa, malinga ndi kunena kwa Baibulo, kuti palibe moyo kapena mzimu umene umasiyana ndi thupi pa imfa ndi kupitirizabe kukhalako kozindikira. Chifukwa cha chimene’cho, palibe maziko Amalemba a chiphunzitso cha chizunzo chamuyaya pambuyo pa imfa, pakuti palibe chiri chonse chimene chimapitirizabe kukhala ndi moyo chimene chingaperekedwe ku chizunzo cheni-cheni. Pamenepa, kodi n’chiani, chimene chiri malo amene matembenuzidwe osiyana-siyana a Baibulo amacha “helo”?

“SHEOL” ADZIWIKITSIDWA

M’Baibulo Lachikatolika lochedwa Douay Version,kuchulidwa koyamba kwa “helo” kukupezeka pa Genesis 37:35, amene akugwira mau kholo Yakobo kukhala akunena ponena za Yosefe, amene iye anam’khulupirira kukhala atafa kuti: “Ndidzatsikira kwa mwana wanga wamwamuna m’helo, ndirinkulira.” Mwachionekere Yakobo sanali kupereka lingaliro la kukagwirizana ndi mwana wake m’malo a chizunzo. Ngakhale mau am’tsinde pa vesi limene’li mu Douay Version (yofalitsidwa ndi Douay Bible House, New York, 1941) samaika kutanthauza koteroko pa lemba’lo. Iro limati:

“Mu helo. Ndiko kuti, mu limbo, malo kumene miyoyo ya olungama inalandiridwa’ko imfa ya Mombolo wathu isanachitike . . . [Iye] ndithudi anatanthauza malo a mpumulo kumene iye anakhulupirira kuti moyo wake unali.”

Komabe, palibe pali ponse Baibulo leni-leni’lo limachula malo otero’wo onga “limbo.” Ndipo’nso, silimachirikiza lingaliro la malo apadera opumirako moyo monga kanthu kena kosiyana kotheratu ndi thupi. Monga momwe kukubvomerezedwera mu mpambo wa mau wa katembenuzidwe kamakono Kachikatolika, The New American Bible (lofalitsidwa ndi P.J. Kenedy & Sons, New York, 1970): “Palibe chitsutso kapena kusiyana pakati pa moyo ndi thupi; izo ziri chabe njira zosiyana-siyana zofotokozera chinthu chimodzi, chotsimikizirika.”

Pamenepa, kodi n’chiani chimene chiri “helo” mu amene Yakobo analingalira kuti akagwirizanamo ndi mwana wake? Yankho lolondola la funso limene’li liri m’kupeza lingaliro loyenera la liu la chinenero choyambirira lotanthauza “helo,” lakuti, sh^e’ohlʹ’, limene limatembenuzidwa monga momwe liriri kukhala “Sheol.” Liu limene’li limatembenuzidwa’nso kukhala “manda,” “dzenje,” “malo a akufa” ndi “dziko lapansi pa nthaka,” limapezeka nthawi makumi asanu ndi limodzi mphambu zisanu ndi limodzia (mu New World Translation) m’mabukhu makumi atatu mphambu asanu ndi anai a Malemba Achihebri (mofala ochedwa “Chipangano Chakale”), koma silimagwirizanitsidwa ndi moyo, ntchito kapena chizunzo. Mosemphana ndi zimene’zo, nthawi zonse limagwirizanitsidwa ndi imfa ndi kusagwira ntchito. Zitsanzo zowerengeka ndizo:

“Pakuti mu imfa mulibe kukuchulani [Yehova]; mu Sheol [manda, Authorized Version; helo, Douay Version] ndani adzakutamandani?”—Salmo 6:5, NW (6:6, Douay Version).

“Chiri chonse dzanja lako lichipeza kuchichita, uchichite ndi mphamvu yako; pakuti mulibe ntchito ngakhale kulingalira ngakhale kudziwa, ngakhale nzeru, kumanda [helo, Douay Version; malo kumene, NW] ulikupita’ko.”—Mlaliki 9:10.

“Pakuti sindiye Sheol [manda, Authorized Version; helo, Douay Version] amene angakutamandeni [Yehova]; imfa yeni-yeni’yo singakulemekezeni. Awo otsikia ku dzenje sangayang’ane mwachiyembekezo ku choonadi chanu. Wamoyo, wamoyo, iye ndiye amene angakutamandeni, monga momwe ine ndingachitire lero lino.”—Yesaya 38:18, 19, NW.

Chifukwa cha chimene’cho, Sheol mwachionekere ali malo kumene akufa amapita. Sindiye manda amodzi koma manda onse a mtundu wonse wa anthu wakufa, kumene ntchito yonse yozindikira imaleka. Chimene’chi ndicho chimene’nso New Catholic Encyclopedia imachibvomereza kukhala tanthauzo la Baibulo la Sheol, kuti:

“M’Baiblo amasonyeza malo a kusagwira ntchito kotheratu kumene munthu amapitako pamene iye afa kaya munthu’yo akhale wolungama kapena woipa, wolemera kapenas wosauka.”—Vol. 13, p.170.

Chakuti palibe malo achizunzo chamoto amene analiko m’kati mwa nyengo yonse ya Malemba Achihebri chikutsimikiziridwa’nso ndi cheni-cheni chakuti chizunzo sichinaperekedwe monga chirango cha kusamvera. Chosankha chimene chinaikidwa pamaso pa Israyeli chinali, osati moyo kapena chizunzo, koam moyo kapena imfa. Mose anauza mtundu’wo kuti: “Ndaika pamaso panu moyo ndi imfa, mdalitso ndi temberero; potero, sankhani moyo, kuti mukhale ndi moyo, inu ndi mbeu zanu; kukonda Yehova Mulungu wanu, kumvera mau ake, ndi kum’mamtira Iye.”—Deuteronomo 30:19, 20.

Mofananamo, mapempho a Mulungu a pambuyo pake akuti Aisrayeli osakhulupirika’wo alape anatumikira kuwalimbikitsa kupewa kukumana, osati ndi chuzunzo, koma imfa ya mwamsanga. Kupyolera mwa mneneri wake Ezekieli, Yehova analengeza kuti: “Sindikondwera nayo imfa ya woipa, koma kuti woipa aleke njira yake nakhale ndi moyo; bwererani, bwererani, kuleka njira zanu zoipa, muferanji inu nyumba ya Israyeli?”—Ezekieli 33:11.

HADE N’CHIMODZI-MODZI NDI SHEOL

Komabe wina angafunse kuti, Kodi kudza kwa Yesu Kristu pa dziko lapansi pano sikunasinthe zinthu? Ai, Mulungu samasintha umunthu wake kapena miyezo yake yolungama. Mwa njira ya mneneri wake Malaki, iye analongosola kuti: “Ine Yehova sindisinthika.” (Malaki 3:6) Yehova sanasinthe chirango cha kusamvera. Iye ali wodekha ndi anthu kotero kuti akhale okhoza kupulumuka, osati chizunzo, koma chionongeko. Monga momwe mtumwi Petro analembera kwa okhulupirira anzake kuti: “Yehova sali wochedwa ndi lonjezo lake, monga anthu ena amayesa kuchedwa, koma iye ali wodekha nanu chifukwa chakuti iye samafuna kuti ali yense aonongedwe koma kuti onse afike ku kulapa.”—2 Petro 3:9, NW.

Mogwirizana ndi cheni-cheni chakuti chirango cha kusamvera chapitirizabe kukhala imfa, malo kumene Malemba Achikristu Achigriki (mofala ochedwa “Chipangano Chatsopano”) amalongosola akufa kukhala akupita samasiyina ndi Sheol wa Malemba Achihebri. (Aroma 6:23) Chimene’chi chiri choonekera bwino mwa kuyerekezeredwa kwa Malemba Achihebri ndi Malemba Achikristu Achigriki. M’malo ake khumi opezekamo, liu Lachigriki’lo hai’des, limene limatembenuzidwa monga momwe liriri kukhala “Hade,” kwakukulu-kulu limapereka tanthauzo limodzi-modzi monga liu Lachihebri sh^e’ohlʹ (Mateyu 11:23; 16:18; Luka 10:15; 16:23;b Machitidwe 2:27, 31; Chibvumbulutso 1:18; 6:8; 20:13, 14. (Ngati katembenuzidwe kamene mukugwiritsira ntchito sikamachula “helo” kapena “Hade” m’malemba onse’wa, komabe, inu mudzaona kuti liu logwiritsiridwa ntchito m’malo mwake silimapereka lingaliro liri lonse la malo a chizunzo.] Lingalirani chitsanzo chotsatirapo’chi:

Pa Salmo 16:10 (15:10, Douay Version) timawerenga kuti: “Pakuti inu [Yehova] simudzasiya moyo wanga mu Sheol [helo]. Sumudzalola wokhulupirika wanu kuona dzenje.” M’nkhani yokambidwa ndi mtumwi Petro, salmo limene’li linasonyezedwa kukhala liri ndi tanthauzo lolosera. Petro anati: “[Davide] pokhala mneneri iye, ndi kudziwa kuti ndi lumbiro anam’lumbirira Mulungu, kuti mwa chipatso cha m’chuno mwake adzakhazika wina pa mpando wachifumu wake; iye pakuona ichi kale, analankhula za kuuka kwa Kristu, kuti sanasiyidwe m’Hade [helo], ndipo thupi lake silinaona chibvunde.” (Machitidwe 2:30, 31) Onani kuti liu Lachigriki’lo hai’des linagwiritsiridwa ntchito kutanthauza liu Lachihebri she’oh’. Motero Sheol ndi Hade akuonedwa kukhala mau ofanana.

Mpambo wa mau wa Nouvelle Version ya French Bible Society, pansi pa mau akuti “Malo a akufa: umati:

“Mau amene’wa akumasulira liu Lachigriki lakuti Hade, limene limafanana ndi Sheol Wachihebri. Ndiwo malo kumene akufa ali pakati pa [nthawi ya] kumwalira kwao ndi chiukiriro chao (Luka 16:23; Machitidwe 2:27, 31; Chibvumbulutso 20:13, 14). Matembenuzidwe ena molakwa atanthauzira liu limene’li kukhala helo.”

MAGWERO A CHIPHUNZITSO CHA HELO WAMOTO

Mwachionekere, kuchulidwa kwa Sheol ndi Hade m’Malemba sikumachirikiza chiphunzitso cha Helo wamoto. Pobvomereza kuti si Chachikristu ndipo chimasemphana’di ndi mzimu Wachikristu, magazini Achikatolika ochedwa Commonweal (January 15, 1971) akuti:

“Kwa anthu ambiri, kuphatikizapo anthanthi ena, helo amakhutiritsa chosowa cha kuyerekezera kwaumunthu—mpangidwe wa Santa Claus wosemphanitsidwa . . . Kodi ndani pakati pa olungama amene samafuna kuona osalungama akulangidwa ndi chirango choyenera? Ndipo ngati kusali m’moyo uno, kulekeranji m’moyo wina’wo? Komabe, lingaliro lotero’lo, siliri logwirizana ndi Chipangano Chatsopano, chimene chimaitanira munthu ku moyo ndi ku chikondi.”

Ndiyeno magazini amene’wa akupitiriza kusonyeza magwero othekera a chiphunzitso chimene’chi, kuti:

“Chinthu china chimene chingakhale chitathandizira lingaliro lamwambo Lachikristu lonena za helo chingapezedwe m’maiko Achiroma. Monga momwe’di kusafa kwake kunaliri m’mbali yaikulu ya nthanthi Yachigriki, chilungamo chinali mkhalidwe waukulu pakati pa Aroma, maka-maka pamene Chikristu chinayamba kukula . . . Kugwirizanitsidwa kwa malingaliro awiri amene’wa—nthanthi Yachigriki ndi chilungamo Chachiroma—kungakhale’di kutachititsa chigwirizano cha chiphunzitso cha kumwamba ndi helo: ngati moyo wabwino umafupidwa, pamenepo moyo woipa umalangidwa. Kuti atsimikizire kukhulupirira kwao chilungamo kwa osalungama, Aroma anangotenga Aeneid ya Virgil ndi kuwerenga ponena za odala okhala m’Malo achimwemwe ndi otembereredwa okhala m’Ndende (Tartarus), imene inazingidwa ndi moto ndi odzaza zowawa za chirango.”

Motero chiphunzitso chonena za helo wamoto chikuzindikiridwa kukhala chikhulupiriro chimene chiri ndi anthu otalikirana ndi Mulungu. Moyenerera chingachedwe kukhala ‘chiphunzitso cha ziwanda.” (1 Timoteo 4:1) Zimene’zi ziri choncho chifukwa chakuti chiri ndi magwero ake m’bodza lakuti munthu samafa kweni-kweni, ndipo chimasonyeza mkhalidwe woipa, wanjiru ndi wankhaza wa ziwanda. (Yerekezerani ndi Marko 5:2-13.) Kodi chiphunzitso chimene’chi mosayenera sichinadzaze anthu mantha ndi chinthenthe? Kodi sichinanamizire kwambiri Mulungu? M’Mau ake, Yehova amadzibvumbula kukhala Mulungu wa chikondi. (1 Yohane 4:8) Koma chiphumzitso chonena za helo wamoto chimam’namizira, chikumamuimba monama mlandu wa nkhanza zoipitsitsa zokhoza kulingaliridwa.

Chifukwa cha chimene’cho awo ophunzitsa chiphunzitso cha helo wamoto akunenera Mulungu zinthu zamwano. Pamene kuli kwakuti atsogoleri ena chipembedzo sangakhale odziwa umboni wa Baibulo, iwo anayenera kukhala odziwa. Iwo amadzisonyeza kukhala odziwa. Iwo amadzisonyeza kukhala akulankhula uthenga wa Mulungu ndipo chifukwa cha chimene’cho ali oumirizika kudziwa chimene Baibulo limanena. Iwo ndithudi amadziwa bwino lomwe kuti zimene iwo amachita ndi kunena zingayambukire kwambiri miyoyo ya awo amene amayang’ana kwa iwo kaamba ka kukhala osamala kwambiri m’kutsimikizira chiphunzitso chao. Kunamizira Mulungu kuli konse kungachotse anthu ku kulambira koona, mowabvulaza.

Sipangakhale kukaikira kuti Yehova Mulungu samayang’ana mwachiyanjo pa aphunzitsi onyenga. Kwa atsogoleri achipembedzo osakhulupirika a Israyeli wakale, iye anapereka chiweruzo chotsatirapo’chi: “Ine’nso ndakuikani onyozeka ndi ochepsyeka kwa anthu onse, popeza simunasunga njira zanga.” (Malaki 2:9) Tingatsimikizire kuti chiweruzo chofanana’cho chidzadza pa aphunzitsi achipembedzo onyenga a m’nthawi yathu. Baibulo limasonyeza kuti posachedwapaiwo adzalandidwa malo ndi ntchito zao ndi magulu a ndale za dziko. (Chibvumbulutso 17:15-18) Ponena za awo amene amapitirizabe kuchirikiza magulu achipembedzo ophunzitsa mabodza, sizidzawayendera bwino. Yesu Kristu anati: “Ngati wakhungu am’tsogolera wakhungu, onse awiri adzagwa m’mbuna.—Mateyu 15:14.

Zimene’zo pokhala ziri choncho, kodi mukafuna kupitirizabe kuchirikiza gulu liri lonse lachipembedzo limene limaphunzitsa helo wamoto? Kodi mukanamva bwanji ngati atate wanu ananamiziridwa mwanjiru? Kodi mukapitirizabe kulandira onamizira’wo kukhala mabwezi anu? Kodi inu, m’malo mwake, simukanaleka kuyanjana nawo kuli konse? Kodi ife mofananamo sitiyenera kufuna kusiya chigwirizano chiri chonse ndi awo amene anamizira Atate wathu wakumwamba?

Kuopa chizunzo sindiko chisonkhezero choyenera chotumikira Mulungu. Iye amafuna kulambira kwathu kusonkhezeredwe ndi chikondi. Zimene’zi ziyenera kukondweretsa mitima yathu. Kuzindikira kwathu kuti akufa sali m’malo odzazidwa ndi kubuula m’moto wakoli-koli, koma m’malo mwake, ali osadziwa kanthu m’manda wamba a mtundu wa anthu wakufa achete ndi opanda moyo kungachotse mpingiridzo ku kusonyeza kwathu Mulungu chikondi chotero’cho.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Chithunzi patsamba 90]

Zosonyezedwa m’zithunzi-thunzi Zachibuda za helo

[Chithunzi patsamba 91]

Zosonyedwa za mu “Inferno” (helo) ya Dante Wachikatolika