Chigumula Chosaiŵalika

PAFUPIFUPI zaka 4,300 zapitazo, chigumula chosakaza chinamiza dziko lapansi. M’kusefukira kwakukulu kumodzi kokha, chinaseseratu pafupifupi chamoyo chirichonse. Chinali chachikulu kwakuti chinakhala chosaiŵalika kwa anthu, ndipo mbadwo uliwonse wasimbira nkhaniyo kwa mbadwo wotsatira.

Pafupifupi zaka 850 chitapita Chigumulacho, Mose, wolemba Wachihebri analemba mbiri ya Chigumula chapadziko lonse. Iyo yasungidwa m’bukhu Labaibulo la Genesis, mmene tingaŵerenge tsatanetsatane wosamalitsa m’mitu 6 mpaka 8.

Mbiri Yabaibulo ya Chigumula

Genesis amapereka tsatanetsatane uyu, mwachidziŵikire wa mboni yowona ndi maso: ‘Chaka cha mazana asanu ndi limodzi cha moyo wa Nowa, mwezi wachiŵiri, tsiku la khumi ndi asanu ndi aŵiri la mwezi, tsiku lomwelo akasupe onse a madzi aakulu anasefuka, ndi mazenera a kumwamba anatseguka. Ndipo chigumula chinali pa dziko lapansi masiku makumi anayi: ndipo madzi anachuluka natukula chingalaŵa, ndipo chinakwera pamwamba pa dziko lapansi. Ndipo madzi anapambana ndithu pa dziko lapansi; anamizidwa mapiri aatali onse amene anali pansi pa thambo lonse.’​—Genesis 7:11, 17, 19.

Ponena za chiyambukiro cha Chigumulacho pa zinthu zamoyo, Baibulo limati: ‘Ndipo zinafa zamoyo zonse zoyenda pa dziko lapansi, zouluka, ndi nyama, ndi zamoyo, ndi zokwawa zonse zakukwawa pa dziko lapansi, ndi anthu onse.’ Komabe, Nowa ndi anthu ena asanu ndi aŵiri anapulumuka, limodzi ndi mtundu wa nyama iriyonse, mbalame, ndi chirichonse choyenda panthaka. (Genesis 7:21, 23) Zonsezo zinasungidwa m’chingalaŵa chachikulu choyandama chomwe chinali pafupifupi mamita 133 m’litali, mamita 22 m’lifupi, ndi mamita 13 msinkhu wake. Popeza kuti chingalaŵacho chinangofunikira kusaloŵetsa madzi ndi kuyandama, chinalibe pansi pobulungira, mphuno yosongoka, zipangizo zochiyendetsa, kapena zochiwongolera. Chingalaŵa cha Nowa chinali chombo cha mbali zinayi, chonga chibokosi.

Patapita miyezi isanu kuchokera pamene Chigumulacho chinayamba, chingalaŵacho chinaima pamapiri a Ararati, opezeka kum’maŵa kwa Turkey wamakono. Nowa ndi banja lake anatuluka m’chingalaŵamo kumka pamtunda patapita chaka chimodzi pambuyo pa kuyambika kwa Chigumula ndipo anayambanso moyo wanthaŵi zonse. (Genesis 8:14-19) M’kupita kwanthaŵi, anthu anachuluka mokwanira kuyamba kumanga mzinda wa Babele ndi nsanja yake yotchuka pafupi ndi mtsinje wa Firate. Kuchokera kumeneko anthu anabalalitsidwa pang’onopang’ono kupita kumbali zonse zadziko lapansi pamene Mulungu anasokoneza chinenero cha anthu. (Genesis 11:1-9) Koma kodi nchiyani chinachitikira chingalaŵacho?

Kufunafuna Chingalaŵacho

Kuyambira m’zaka za zana la 19, pakhala zoyesayesa zambiri zakupeza chingalaŵacho pamapiri a Ararati. Mapiri ameneŵa ali ndi nsonga ziŵiri zazitali, ina njautali wa mamita 5,165 ndipo ina njamamita 3,914. Nsonga yaitali kwambiriyo imakutidwa ndi chipale chofeŵa nthaŵi zonse. Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo komwe kunachitika pambuyo pa Chigumula, chingalaŵacho chingakhale chinakwiriridwa mwamsanga ndi chipale chofeŵa. Ofufuza ena amakhulupirira mwamphamvu kuti chingalaŵacho chikalipo, chokwiriridwa mozama m’madzi owundana. Amanena kuti pamakhala nyengo pamene madzi owundanawo amasungunuka mokwanira kupangitsa chingalaŵacho kuwonekera pang’ono kwakanthaŵi.

Bukhu lakuti In Search of Noah’s Ark limagwira mawu George Hagopian wa ku Armenia, amene ananena kuti anakwera phiri la Ararati ndipo anawona chingalaŵacho mu 1902 ndiponso mu 1904. Paulendo woyambawo, iye anati anakweradi pamwamba pa chingalaŵacho. “Ndinaima chiriri ndikuyang’ana chombo chonsecho. Chinali chachitali. Msinkhu wake unali pafupifupi [mamita khumi ndi aŵiri].” Ponena za zimene anawona paulendo wotsatira, iye anati: “Sindinawone malo othifuka alionse. Sichinali cholingana ndi ngalaŵa ina iriyonse yomwe ndinawona. Chinawoneka ngati chombo chophwatalala pansi pake.”

Kuyambira 1952 mpaka 1969, Fernand Navarra anayesayesa nthaŵi zinayi kupeza umboni wa chingalaŵacho. Paulendo wake wachitatu wonka ku phiri la Ararati, anafufuza mpaka pansi pa m’ng’alu wa madzi owundana, pamene anapezapo chidutswa chakuda cha thabwa lokutidwa ndi madzi owundana. Iye anati: “Liyenera kuti linali lalitali ndipo mwinamwake lolumikizidwabe ku mbali zina za chombocho. Ndinakhoza kudula mopaza ndi mpsopsolozi wa thabwalo kufikira ndinaŵaza chidutswa chautali wa [mita imodzi ndi theka].”

Profesa Richard Bliss, mmodzi wa akatswiri angapo amene anasanthula thabwalo anati: “Thabwa la Navarra ndimtanda wa chimangocho ndipo linali lokutidwa ndi utoto wakuda. Linali ndi mfundo zoloŵana mkati. Ndipo nlodulidwa ndi manja ndiponso lowongoledwa.” Zaka zongoyerekezera za thabwalo zaikidwa pa zaka pafupifupi zikwi zinayi kapena zisanu.

Ngakhale kuti zoyesayesa zapangidwa zakupeza chingalaŵacho pa phiri la Ararati, umboni wotsimikizirika wakuti chinagwiritsiridwa ntchito kupulumuka chigumula chosakaza umapezeka m’cholembedwa cha chochitikacho m’bukhu Labaibulo la Genesis. Umboni wotsimikizira wa cholembedwacho ungawonedwe m’nthano zambiri za chigumula pakati pa anthu wamba padziko lonse. Talingalirani umboni wawo m’nkhani yotsatirayi.

[Chithunzi pamasamba 4, 5]

Chingalaŵacho chinali ndi malo onyamulira ofanana ndi a masitima khumi onyamula katundu a ku Amereka iriyonse yokhala ndi ngolo pafupifupi 25!