Kodi Tchalitchi Choyambirira Chinaphunzitsa Kuti Mulungu Ali Utatu?

Gawo 3​—Kodi Ochirikiza anaphunzitsa Utatu?

M’makope ake a November 1, 1991, ndi February 1, 1992, Nsanja ya Olonda inasonyeza kuti Yesu ndi ophunzira ake, ngakhale Abambo Autumwi chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana loyamba ndi kuchiyambi kwa zaka za zana lachiŵiri C.E., sanaphunzitse Utatu. Kodi atchalitchi chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana lachiŵiri anauphunzitsa?

KUYAMBIRA chapakati pa zaka za zana lachiŵiri la Nyengo Yathu mpaka mapeto ake, panabuka atchalitchi omwe lerolino amatchedwa Ochirikiza. Iwo analemba mabuku kutetezera Chikristu chimene anadziŵa kukhala chowona motsutsana ndi nthanthi za adani zofala m’dziko la Roma panthaŵiyo. Ntchito yawo inayambika chakumapeto kwa zolembedwa za Abambo Autumwi ndi pambuyo pawo.

Ochirikiza ena omwe analemba mabuku m’Chigiriki anali Justin Martyr, Tatian, Athenagoras, Theophilus, ndi Clement wa ku Alexandria. Tertullian anali Wochirikiza yemwe analemba m’Chilatini. Kodi ameneŵa anaphunzitsa Utatu wamakono wa Chikristu Chadziko​—anthu atatu olingana (Atate, Mwana, ndi Mzimu Woyera) mwa Mulungu mmodzi, aliyense kukhala Mulungu wowona, koma nakhala Mulungu mmodzi osati itatu?

“Mwanayo Ali Wogonjera”

M’bukhu lake lakuti A Short History of the Early Church, Dr. H. R. Boer anathirira ndemanga ponena za kupita patsogolo kwa chiphunzitso cha Ochirikiza kuti:

“Justin [Martyr] anaphunzitsa kuti dziko lisanalengedwe Mulungu anali yekha ndikuti Mwana sanaliko. . . . Pamene Mulungu anafuna kulenga dziko, . . . analenga munthu wina waumulungu kuti amlengele dziko. Munthu waumulungu ameneyo anatchedwa . . . Mwana chifukwa chakuti anabadwa; anatchedwa Logos chifukwa chakuti anapangidwa kuchokera m’Kulingalira kapena Maganizo a Mulungu. . . .

“Chotero Justin ndi Ochirikiza ena anaphunzitsa kuti Mwanayo ali cholengedwa. Ali cholengedwa chapamwamba, cholengedwa champhamvu yokwanira kulenga dziko koma, ngakhale nditero, ncholengedwa ndithu. M’maphunziro azaumulungu unansi umenewu wa Mwana kwa Atate umatchedwa unansi wogonjera. Mwanayo ngwogonjera, ndiko kuti, wachiŵiri kwa [Atate], wodalira [Atate], ndipo wolengedwa ndi [iwo]. Ochirikiza anali okhulupirira unansi wogonjera.”⁠¹

M’bukhu lakuti The Formation of Christian Dogma, Dr. Martin Werner anati ponena za kumvetsetsa koyambirira kwa unansi wa Mwana kwa Mulungu:

“Unansiwo unamvedwa mosatsutsika kukhala ‘wachigonjero’, ndiko kuti, m’lingaliro la kugonjera kwa Kristu kwa Mulungu. Nthaŵi iriyonse pamene unansi wa Yesu kwa Mulungu, Atate, usonyezedwa m’Chipangano Chatsopano, . . . mosakaikira umatanthauza ndi kuimira chigonjero. Ndipo Wokhulupirira Unansi Wogonjera wamkulu m’Chipangano Chatsopano, malinga ndi cholembedwa cha Mauthenga Abwino atatu oyambirira, anali Yesu iyemwini . . . Lingaliro loyambirira limeneli, lamphamvu ndi lowonekera bwino chotero, linakhalapobe kwanthaŵi yaitali. ‘Akatswiri azaumulungu onse amene anakhalako msonkhano wa ku Nicaea usanachitike anaimira chigonjero cha Logos kwa Mulungu.’”⁠²

Momvana ndi zimenezi, m’bukhu lakuti The Search for the Christian Doctrine of God, R. P. C. Hanson, ananena kuti:

“Palibe katswiri wazaumulungu m’Tchalitchi Chakum’maŵa kapena Chakumadzulo yemwe anakhalako usanabuke Mkangano wa Arius [m’zaka za zana lachinayi], yemwe samawona Mwanayo m’lingaliro lina kukhala wogonjera kwa Atate.”⁠³

M’bukhu lakuti The Church of the First Three Centuries, Dr. Alvan Lamson anawonjezera umboni wotsatira wonena za chiphunzitso cha akulu atchalitchi amene anakhalako Msonkhano wa ku Nicaea (325 C.E.) usanachitike:

“Abambo ambiri, ngati sionse, amene anakhalako msonkhano wa ku Nicaea usanachitike anavomereza kuti Mwanayo ngwamng’ono . . . Chenicheni chakuti anawona Mwanayo kukhala wosiyana ndi Atate chasonyezedwa ndi mmene anavomerezera momvekera bwino kuti iye ngwamng’ono. . . . Anamuwona kukhala wosiyana ndi wogonjera.”⁠⁴

Mofananamo, m’bukhu lakuti Gods and the One God, Robert M. Grant ananena zotsatirazi ponena za Ochirikiza:

“Kumasulira Kristu kwa ochirikiza, kofanana ndi kwa Chipangano Chatsopano, kwakukulukulu nkwakuti ali wogonjera. Nthaŵi zonse Mwanayo ngwogonjera kwa Atate, omwe ali Mulungu mmodzi wa Chipangano Chakale. . . . Pamenepo, zimene timapeza mwa olemba oyambirira ameneŵa sindizo chiphunzitso cha Utatu . . . Msonkhano wa ku Nicaea usanachitike, maphunziro azaumulungu Achikristu anali kwakukulukulu ochirikiza unansi wogonjera.”⁠⁵

Chiphunzitso cha Utatu wa Chikristu Chadziko chimanena kuti Mwanayo ali wolingana ndi Mulungu Atate muumuyaya, mphamvu, udindo, ndi nzeru. Koma Ochirikiza ananena kuti Mwanayo sanali wolingana ndi Mulungu Atate. Anawona Mwanayo kukhala wogonjera. Chimenecho sindicho chiphunzitso cha Utatu.

Kusonyeza Chiphunzitso cha m’Zaka za Zana Loyamba

Ochirikiza ndi Abambo ena a Tchalitchi oyambirira anasonyeza kumlingo waukulu zimene Akristu m’zaka za zana loyamba anaphunzitsa ponena za unansi wa Atate ndi Mwana. Tawonani mmene zimenezi zasonyezedwera m’bukhu la The Formation of Christian Dogma:

“M’nyengo Yoyambirira Yachikristu munalibe chizindikiro cha vuto la mtundu uliwonse la Utatu kapena mkangano, wonga womwe unayambitsa kulimbana kwakukulu m’Tchalitchi pambuyo pake. Mosakaikira chifukwa chake chinali chenicheni chakuti, m’Chikristu Choyambirira, Kristu anali . . . munthu wapamwamba m’gulu la angelo lakumwamba, yemwe analengedwa ndi kusankhidwa ndi Mulungu kaamba ka kudzetsa Ufumu wa Mulungu . . . pamapeto pa nyengo.”⁠⁶

Ikumanena zowonjezereka ponena za chiphunzitso cha Abambo Atchalitchi oyambirira, The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia imavomereza kuti:

“M’malingaliro oyambirira a Tchalitchi chinali chizoloŵezi polankhula za Mulungu Atate kumuwona Iye kukhala choyamba, osati monga Atate wa Yesu Kristu, koma monga magwero a zamoyo zonse. Chifukwa chake Mulungu Atate, titero kunena kwake, ali Mulungu wopanda wina wolingana naye. Malongosoledwe akuti wopanda chiyambi, wosakhoza kufa, wosasintha, wosalongosoleka, wosawoneka, ndi wosalengedwa amamuyenera Iye. Ndiye analenga zinthu zonse, kuphatikizapo milimo ya chilengedwe, kuchokera ku zinthu zosakhalako. . . .

“Zimenezi zingawoneke kukhala zikupereka lingaliro lakuti moyenerera Atate yekha ndiye Mulungu ndipo Mwana ndi Mzimu ali achiŵiri. Ndemanga zochuluka zoyambirira zimawoneka kukhala zikuchirikiza zimenezi.”⁠⁷

Ngakhale kuti bukhu lanazonse limeneli limapitiriza kululuza chowonadi chimenechi ndi kunena kuti chiphunzitso cha Utatu chinalandiridwa m’nyengo yoyambirira, zenizeni zimatsutsa kunenako. Talingalirani mawu a katswiri wa zaumulungu wotchuka Wachikatolika Kadinala John Henry Newman akuti:

“Tiyeni tinene kuti ziphunzitso zonse, zimene zazikidwapo Ambuye wathu, zinali kukhulupiriridwa mosasintha ndi mosatsutsika ndi Tchalitchi Choyambirira . . . Koma nzosiyanadi ndi chiphunzitso cha Utatu wa Chikatolika. Sindimaliwona lingaliro mwa limene tinganene kuti pali pangano lochivomereza la [akulu atchalitchi] oyambirira . . .

“Ziphunzitso zoyambirira sizimatchula . . . [Utatu] mpang’ono pomwe. Zimatchuladi Anthu Atatu; koma sizimatchula kuti muli chinsinsi m’chiphunzitsocho, kuti Anthu Atatuwo ali Mmodzi, Olingana, amuyaya, osalengedwa, amphamvuyonse, osamveka, ndipo sizimatchula lingaliro limenelo.”⁠⁸

Zimene Justin Martyr Anaphunzitsa

Mmodzi wa Ochirikiza oyambirira anali Justin Martyr, yemwe anakhalako m’zaka zoyambira pafupifupi 110 mpaka 165 C.E. Palibe zolembedwa zake zomwe zilipo zimene zimatchula anthu atatu olingana mwa Mulungu mmodzi.

Mwachitsanzo, malinga ndi Jerusalem Bible Lachikatolika, Miyambo 8:22-30 imati ponena za Yesu asanakhale munthu: “Pamene Yahweh anakhala ndi chifuno chakulenga analenga ine choyamba, asanalenge kalikonse. . . . Kunalibe nyanja, pamene ndinabadwa . . . Mapiri asanakhazikike, ndinabadwa . . . ndinali kumbali kwake kwa [Mulungu], monga mmisiri.” Polongosola mavesiwa, Justin anati m’bukhu lake la Dialogue With Trypho:

“Lembali lanena kuti Mwanayu anabadwa kwa Atate zinthu zonse zisanalengedwe; ndipo aliyense avomereza kuti wobadwayo ali wolekana ndi wombala.”⁠⁹

Pokhala kuti Mwanayo anabadwa kwa Mulungu, Justin anagwiritsira ntchito mawu akuti “Mulungu” kwa Mwanayo. M’bukhu lake la First Apology, iye anati: “Atate wa chilengedwe chonse ali ndi Mwana; amenenso, pokhala Mawu wobadwa yekha wa Mulungu, alinso Mulungu.”⁠¹⁰ Baibulo nalonso limatchula Mwana wa Mulungu ndi dzina laulemu lakuti “Mulungu.” Pa Yesaya 9:6 limamutcha ‘Mulungu Wamphamvu.’ Koma m’Baibulo, angelo, anthu, milungu yonyenga, ndi Satana amatchedwanso “milungu.” (Angelo: Salmo 8:5; yerekezerani ndi Ahebri 2:6, 7. Anthu: Salmo 82:6. Milungu yonyenga: Eksodo 12:12; 1 Akorinto 8:5. Satana: 2 Akorinto 4:4.) M’Malemba Achihebri, liwu la “Mulungu,” ʼEl, limangotanthauza “Wamphamvu,” kapena “Wolimba.” Liwu lolingana nalo m’Malemba Achigiriki ndilo the·osʹ.

Ndiponso, liwu Lachihebri logwiritsiridwa ntchito pa Yesaya 9:6 limasonyeza kusiyana kotheratu pakati pa Mwana ndi Mulungu. Apapo Mwanayo akutchedwa ‘Mulungu Wamphamvu,’ ʼEl Gib·bohrʹ, osati “Mulungu Wamphamvuyonse.” Liwulo m’Chihebri ndi ʼEl Shad·daiʹ ndipo limagwira ntchito kwa Yehova Mulungu yekha.

Komabe, onani kuti ngakhale kuti Justin anatcha Mwanayo “Mulungu,” sananene mpang’ono pomwe kuti Mwanayo ndimmodzi wa anthu atatu olingana, kuti aliyense ndi Mulungu koma atatuwo nkupanga Mulungu mmodzi. Mmalomwake, anati m’bukhu lake la Dialogue With Trypho:

“Pali . . . Mulungu wina ndi Ambuye [Yesu asanakhale munthu] wogonjera kwa Mpangi wa zinthu zonse [Mulungu Wamphamvuyonse]; [Mwanayo] amatchedwanso Mngelo, chifukwa chakuti Iye [Mwanayo] amalengeza kwa anthu zirizonse zimene Mpangi wa zinthu zonse​—amene alibe Mulungu wina womposa​—amafuna kulengeza kwa iwo. . . .

“[Mwanayo] ali wosiyana ndi Iye amene anapanga zinthu zonse,​—nditanthauza, kukhala olekana, osati [kusiyana] m’chifuno.”⁠¹¹

Ndime yokondweretsa imapezeka m’bukhu la Justin la First Apology, mutu 6, m’mmene anatsutsa chinenezo cha akunja chakuti Akristu ali okana Mulungu. Analemba kuti:

“[Mulungu] Iyeyo, ndi Mwana (yemwe anadza kuchokera kwa Iye natiphunzitsa zinthu zimenezi, ndi khamu la angelo abwino omtsata ndi ofanana Naye), ndi Mzimu waulosi, tizilambira ndi kuzilemekeza.”⁠¹²

Wotembenuza ndime imeneyi, Bernhard Lohse, anati: “Powona ngati kuti kutchula kwake angelo kukhala anthu amene amalemekezedwa ndi kulambiridwa ndi Akristu sikunakwanire, Justin sanazengereze kutchula angelo asanatchule Mzimu Woyera.”⁠¹³​—Onaninso An Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine.⁠¹⁴

Chotero, ngakhale kuti Justin Martyr akuwoneka kuti anapatuka pachiphunzitso chowona cha Baibulo pankhani yonena za amene ayenera kulambiridwa ndi Akristu, mowonekera bwino sanawone Mwana kukhala wolingana ndi Atate, monga momwe angelo sanalingaliridwe kukhala olingana Naye. Ponena za Justin, tigwiranso mawu m’bukhu la Lamson la Church of the First Three Centuries kuti:

“Justin anawona Mwana kukhala wosiyana ndi Mulungu, ndi wamng’ono kwa iye: osiyana osati, m’lingaliro lamakono, monga mmodzi wa mbali zitatu, kapena anthu, . . . koma wosiyana m’nzeru ndi mkhalidwe; wokhala ndi mkhalidwe wake weniweni wapadera, wolekana ndi Mulungu, kwa amene anatengako mphamvu zake zonse ndi maina aulemu; woikidwa pansi pa iye, ndipo wogonjera ku chifuniro chake m’zinthu zonse. Atate ali wamkulu; Mwana ali wogonjera: Atate ndiye magwero a mphamvu; Mwanayo amalandirako: Atate ayambitsa zinthu; Mwanayo, pokhala mtumiki wake kapena chiŵiya, azichita. Ali aŵiri olekana, koma amamvana, kapena ali amodzi, m’chifuno; chifuno cha Atate chimatsogoza Mwanayo nthaŵi zonse.”⁠¹⁵

Ndiponso, palibe paliponse pamene Justin ananena kuti mzimu woyera ndimunthu wolingana ndi Atate ndi Mwana. Choncho palibe lingaliro lirilonse mwa limene tinganene mowona mtima kuti Justin anaphunzitsa Utatu wamakono wa Chikristu Chadziko.

Zimene Clement Anaphunzitsa

Clement wa ku Alexandria (wokhalako pafupifupi 150 mpaka 215 C.E.) nayenso anatcha Mwana “Mulungu.” Anamutchanso “Mlengi,” liwu limene silimagwiritsiridwa ntchito konse m’Baibulo ponena za Yesu. Kodi iye anatanthauza kuti Mwanayo ali wolingana m’njira zonse ndi Mlengi wamphamvuyonse? Ayi. Mwachiwonekere Clement anali kuloza ku Yohane 1:3, pamene pamati ponena za Mwana: ‘Zonse zinalengedwa [mwa, NW] iye.’⁠¹⁶ Mulungu anagwiritsira ntchito Mwanayo monga mmisiri m’ntchito Yake yakulenga.​—Akolose 1:15-17.

Clement anatcha Mulungu Wamkuluyo “Mulungu ndi Atate wa Ambuye wathu Yesu”⁠¹⁷ nanena kuti “Ambuye ali Mwana wa Mlengi.”⁠¹⁸ Iye ananenanso kuti: “Mulungu wa onse ali kokha ubwino umodzi, Mlengi yekha, ndipo Mwana [ali] mwa Atate.”⁠¹⁹ Choncho iye analemba kuti Mwana ali ndi Mulungu womposa.

Clement ananena za Mulungu kukhala “woyamba ndi wopereka yekha wa moyo wamuyaya, umene Mwana, yemwe anaulandira kwa Iye [Mulungu], anatipatsa.”⁠²⁰ Mwachiwonekere Mpatsi woyamba wa moyo wamuyaya ali wamkulu kwa amene aupitirizira kwa ena, titero kunena kwake. Chifukwa chake, Clement ananena kuti Mulungu “ali woyamba, ndi wamkulukulu.”⁠²¹ Ndiponso, ananena kuti Mwanayo “ali pafupi kwambiri ndi Iye amene ali Wamphamvuyonse yekhayo” ndikuti Mwanayo “amalamulira zonse mogwirizana ndi chifuniro cha Atate wake.”⁠²² Mobwerezabwereza Clement anasonyeza kupambana kwa Mulungu Wamphamvuyonse pa Mwanayo.

Ponena za Clement wa ku Alexandria, timaŵerenga mu The Church of the First Three Centuries kuti:

“Tingagwire mawu m’ndime zosiyanasiyana zolembedwa ndi Clement m’mene anasonyeza bwino kuti Mwanayo ali wamng’ono. . . .

“Timadabwa kuti munthu wina angaŵerenge ndemanga za Clement mosasamala, nalingalira panthaŵi yomweyo kuti iye anawona Mwanayo kukhala wosalekana​—mmodzi​—ndi Atate. Kudalira kwake pa iye ndi mkhalidwe wake wotsika, monga momwe tidziwonera, zimapezeka paliponse. Clement anakhulupirira kuti Mulungu ndi Mwanayo ali olekana; m’mawu ŵena, anthu aŵiri,​—mmodzi wamkulu, winayo wogonjera.”⁠²³

Ndiponso, tikhozanso kunena kuti: Ngakhale kuti nthaŵi zina Clement awoneka kukhala atapatuka pazimene Baibulo limanena ponena za Yesu, palibe paliponse pamene analankhula za Utatu wopangidwa ndi anthu atatu olingana mwa Mulungu mmodzi. Ochirikiza monga Tatian, Theophilus, ndi Athenagoras, amene anakhalako m’nthaŵi yapakati pa Justin ndi Clement, anali ndi malingaliro ofanana. Lamson ananena kuti “mofanana ndi Justin sanali okhulupirira Utatu; ndiko kuti, sanakhulupirire mwa Anthu Atatu olingana, ndi osagaŵanikana, koma anaphunzitsa chiphunzitso chosiyana kotheratu ndi chikhulupiriro chimenechi.”⁠²⁴

Nthanthi ya Zaumulungu ya Tertullian

Tertullian (wokhalako pafupifupi 160 mpaka 230 C.E.) anali woyamba kugwiritsira ntchito liwu Lachilatini la trinitas. Monga zatchulidwira ndi Henry Chadwick, Tertullian ananena kuti Mulungu ali ‘mkhalidwe umodzi mwa anthu atatu.’⁠²⁵ Komabe, zimenezi sizimatanthauza kuti analingalira za anthu atatu onse olingana ndi amuyaya. Komabe, malingaliro ake anagwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi olemba pambuyo pake kupangira chiphunzitso cha Utatu.

Lingaliro la Tertullian ponena za Atate, Mwana, ndi mzimu woyera linali losiyana kwambiri ndi Utatu wa Chikristu Chadziko, pakuti anali wokhulupirira unansi wogonjera. Anawona Mwana kukhala wogonjera kwa Atate. M’bukhu lakuti Against Hermogenes iye analemba kuti:

“Sitiyenera kulingalira kuti pali munthu wina aliyense woposa Mulungu yekha yemwe saali wobadwa ndi wolengedwa. . . . Kodi zingakhale bwanji kuti munthu wina, kupatulapo Atate, angakhale wamkulupo, ndipo makamaka m’nkhaniyi woposa, Mwana wa Mulungu, wobadwa yekha ndi Mawu oyamba kubadwa? . . . [Mulungu] yemwe sanafunikira Wompanga kuti akhaleko, ali ndi malo apamwamba kuposa [Mwanayo] yemwe anali ndi wompanga kuti akhaleko.”⁠²⁶

Ndiponso, m’bukhu la Against Praxeas, anasonyeza kuti Mwanayo ali wosiyana ndi wogonjera kwa Mulungu Wamphamvuyonse mwakunena kuti:

“Atatewo ali magwero a zolengedwa zonse, koma Mwanayo anachokera kumagwerowo ndipo ali mbali ya zolengedwa, pakuti Iye Mwiniyo anavomereza kuti: ‘Atate ali wamkulu kuposa ine.’ . . . Motero Atate ali wosiyana ndi Mwana, pokhala wamkulu kuposa Mwana, monga momwe Wobala aliri wina, ndi Wobadwayo alirinso wina; Wotuma, nayenso, ndiwina, ndipo Wotumidwayo ndiwina; ndiponso, Wopanga ndiwina, ndi Munthu kupyolera mwa amene chinthu chipangidwa ndiwina.”⁠²⁷

M’bukhu la Against Hermogenes, Tertullian anapitiriza kunena kuti panali nthaŵi imene Mwana sanakhaleko monga munthu, kusonyeza kuti sanawone Mwanayo kukhala munthu wochokera kuumuyaya mofanana ndi Mulungu.⁠²⁸ Kadinala Newman anati: “Tiyenera kuyesa Tertullian monga wopanduka [wokhulupirira ziphunzitso zosakhala zamwambo] ponena za chiphunzitso cha kubadwa kwa Ambuye kuchokera kuumuyaya.”⁠²⁹ Ponena za Tertullian, Lamson ananena kuti:

“Monga momwe Tertullian anakhulupiririra, nzeru imeneyi, kapena Logos, monga momwe anatchedwera ndi Agiriki, anasandulika Mawu pambuyo pake, kapena Mwana, ndiko kuti, munthu weniweni, yemwe anakhalako kuyambira kuumuyaya monga mkhalidwe wa Atate. Komabe, Tertullian anamuika pamalo ogonjera kwa Atate . . .

“Malinga ndi chiweruzo chozikidwa pa malongosoledwe aliwonse a Utatu ovomerezedwa lerolino, kuyesa kupulumutsa Tertullian ku kutsutsidwa [monga wopanduka] kukakhala kosaphula kanthu. Sangapirire chiyesocho mpang’ono pomwe.”⁠³⁰

Sanaphunzitse Utatu

Ngati munati muŵerenge zolembedwa zonse za Ochirikiza, mudzapeza kuti ngakhale kuti anapatuka m’mbali zina paziphunzitso za Baibulo, nnena mmodzi wa iwo anaphunzitsa kuti Atate, Mwana, ndi mzimu woyera anali olingana muumuyaya, mphamvu, malo, ndi nzeru.

Zinalinso choncho ndi olemba ena a m’zaka za zana lachiŵiri ndi lachitatu, monga Irenaeus, Hippolytus, Origen, Cyprian, ndi Novatian. Ngakhale kuti ena analinganiza Atate ndi Mwana m’mbali zina, anawona Mwanayo kukhala wogonjera kwa Mulungu Atate m’mbali zina. Ndipo palibe mmodzi wa iwo amene anaganiza kuti mzimu woyera unali wolingana ndi Atate ndi Mwanayo. Mwachitsanzo, Origen (wokhalako pafupifupi 185 mpaka 254 C.E.) ananena kuti Mwana wa Mulungu ali “Woyamba kubadwa wa chilengedwe chonse” ndikuti Malemba “Amamsonyeza kukhala wakale kwambiri kuposa zolengedwa zonse.”⁠³¹

Kuŵerenga kosamalitsa zolembedwa zimenezi za akulu atchalitchi ndi maganizo omasuka kumasonyeza kuti chiphunzitso cha Utatu wa Chikristu Chadziko sichinaliko m’nthaŵi yawo. Monga momwe The Church of the First Three Centuries imanenera:

“Chiphunzitso chotchuka chamakono cha Utatu . . . sichimachirikizidwa ndi zolembedwa za Justin: ndipo zimenezi zinganenedwe ponena za Abambo onse amene anakhalako msonkhano wa ku Nicaea usanachitike; ndiko kuti, kwa olemba onse Achikristu a m’zaka za mazana atatu pambuyo pa kubadwa kwa Kristu. Nzowona, analankhula za Atate, Mwana, ndi waulosi kapena Mzimu woyera, koma osati monga olingana, monga chinthu chimodzi chosalekana, monga Atatu mwa Mmodzi, osati m’lingaliro lirilonse lovomerezedwa tsopano ndi Okhulupirira Utatu. Zenizeni zimasonyeza zosiyana. Chiphunzitso cha Utatu, cholongosoledwa ndi Abambo ameneŵa, chinali chosiyana kwambiri ndi chiphunzitso chamakono. Umboni umenewu udzapirira chiyeso mofanana ndi maumboni alionse m’mbiri ya malingaliro aumunthu.”⁠³²

Kwenikweni, Tertullian asanakhale, Utatu sunkatchulidwa mpang’ono pomwe. Ndipo Utatu “wachipanduko” wa Tertullian unali wosiyana kwambiri ndi umene umakhulupiriridwa lerolino. Pamenepa, kodi ndimotani mmene chiphunzitso cha Utatu, mmene timachidziŵira lerolino, chinayambira? Kodi panali pamene Msonkhano wa ku Nicaea mu 325 C.E.? Tidzapenda mafunso ameneŵa mu Gawo 4 la mpambo umenewu m’kope lamtsogolo la Nsanja ya Olonda.

Malifalensi:

1. A Short History of the Early Church, lolembedwa ndi Harry R. Boer, 1976, tsamba 110.

2. The Formation of Christian Dogma, lolembedwa ndi Martin Werner, 1957, tsamba 125.

3. The Search for the Christian Doctrine of God, lolembedwa ndi R. P. C. Hanson, 1988, tsamba 64.

4. The Church of the First Three Centuries, lolembedwa ndi Alvan Lamson, 1869, masamba 70-1.

5. Gods and the One God, lolembedwa ndi Robert M. Grant, 1986, masamba 109, 156, 160.

6. The Formation of Christian Dogma, masamba 122, 125.

7. The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, 1982, Volyumu 2, tsamba 513.

8. An Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine, lolembedwa ndi Kadinala John Henry Newman, Kope Lachisanu ndi chimodzi, 1989, masamba 14-18.

9. The Ante-Nicene Fathers, lokonzedwa ndi Alexander Roberts ndi James Donaldson, Kusindikizanso kwa ku America kwa Kope la ku Edinburgh, 1885, Volyumu I, tsamba 264.

10. Bukhu lapamwambali, tsamba 184.

11. The Ante-Nicene Fathers, Volyumu 1, tsamba 223.

12. Bukhu lapamwambali, tsamba 164.

13. A Short History of Christian Doctrine, lolembedwa ndi Bernhard Lohse, lotembenuzidwa kuchokera m’Chijeremani ndi F. Ernest Stoeffler, 1963, bukhu loloŵa m’thumba losindikizidwa kachiŵiri, 1980, tsamba 43.

14. An Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine, tsamba 20.

15. The Church of the First Three Centuries, masamba 73-4, 76.

16. The Ante-Nicene Fathers, Volyumu II, tsamba 234.

17. Bukhu lapamwambali, tsamba 227.

18. Bukhu lapamwambali, tsamba 228.

19. Bukhu lapamwambali.

20. Bukhu lapamwambali, tsamba 593.

21. Bukhu lapamwambali.

22. Bukhu lapamwambali, tsamba 524.

23. The Church of the First Three Centuries, masamba 124-5.

24. Bukhu lapamwambali, tsamba 95.

25. The Early Church, lolembedwa ndi Henry Chadwick, losindikizidwa mu 1980, tsamba 89.

26. The Ante-Nicene Fathers, Volyumu III, tsamba 487.

27. Bukhu lapamwambali, masamba 603-4.

28. Bukhu lapamwambali, tsamba 478.

29. An Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine, masamba 19, 20.

30. The Church of the First Three Centuries, masamba 108-9.

31. The Ante-Nicene Fathers, Volyumu IV, tsamba 560.

32. The Church of the First Three Centuries, masamba 75-6.

[Chithunzi patsamba 27]

Clement

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Historical Pictures Service

[Chithunzi patsamba 28]

Tertullian

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Historical Pictures Service