Kodi Tchalitchi Choyambirira Chinaphunzitsa Kuti Mulungu Ali Utatu?

Gawo 4​—Kodi chiphunzitso cha Utatu chinayamba liti ndipo motani?

Nkhani zitatu zoyambirira za mpambo uno zinasonyeza kuti chiphunzitso cha Utatu sichinaphunzitsidwe ndi Yesu ndi ophunzira ake ngakhale ndi Atsogoleri a Tchalitchi oyambirira. (Nsanja ya Olonda ya November 1, 1991; February 1, 1992; ndi April 1, 1992) Nkhani yomalizira ino idzafotokoza mmene chiphunzitso cha Utatu chinayambira ndi mbali imene inachitidwa ndi Msonkhano wa ku Nicaea mu 325 C.E.

M’CHAKA cha 325 C.E., wolamulira Wachiroma Constantine anaitanitsa bungwe la mabishopo mumzinda wa Nicaea ku Asia Minor. Chifuno chake chinali kuthetsa mikangano yachipembedzo yosalekeza pa unansi wa pa Mwana wa Mulungu ndi Mulungu Wamphamvuyonse. Ponena za zotulukapo za msonkhano umenewo, Encyclopædia Britannica imati:

“Constantine mwiniyo anayang’anira, akumatsogoza mwachangu makambitsiranowo, ndipo iye mwiniyo anatulutsa . . . mawu otsiriza osonyeza unansi wa Kristu kwa Mulungu m’chiphunzitso chotulutsidwa ndi bungwelo, ‘munthu mmodzi [ho·mo·ouʹsi·os] ndi Atate.’ . . . Mowopsedwa kwambiri ndi wolamulirayo, mabishopowo, kusiyapo aŵiri okha, anasaina chiphunzitsocho, ambiri a iwo anatero motsutsana kwambiri ndi lingaliro lawo.”⁠¹

Kodi wolamulira wachikunja ameneyu analowerera chifukwa cha zikhutiro zake Zabaibulo? Ayi. A Short History of Christian Doctrine imafotokoza kuti: “Kwakukulukulu Constantine analibe chidziŵitso chirichonse ponena za mafunso amene anali kufunsidwa m’maphunziro a zaumulungu Achigriki.”⁠² Zimene iye anazindikiradi nzakuti kugaŵanika kwachipembedzo kunali chiwopsezo kuulamuliro wake, ndipo anafuna kuti kuthetsedwe.

Kodi Unayambitsa Chiphunzitso cha Utatu?

Kodi Msonkhano wa ku Nicaea unayambitsa, kapena kutsimikizira Utatu monga chiphunzitso cha Chikristu Chadziko? Ambiri amaganiza kuti ndimo mmene zinaliri. Koma maumboni amasonyeza zosiyana.

Chiphunzitso cholengezedwa ndi bungwelo chinatsimikizira zinthu zina zonena za Mwana wa Mulungu zomwe zikachititsa atsogoleri ena achipembedzo kumulingalira kukhala wofanana ndi Mulungu Atate mwanjira ina. Komabe, kuli kopereka chidziwitso kuwona zimene Chiphunzitso cha ku Nicaea sichinanene. Monga momwe chinafalitsidwira poyambirira, chiphunzitso chonsecho chinati:

“Tikhulupirira Mulungu mmodzi, Atate wamphamvuyonse, mpangi wa zinthu zonse zowoneka ndi zosawoneka;

“Ndi mwa Ambuye mmodzi Yesu Kristu, Mwana wa Mulungu, wobadwa kwa Atate, wobadwa yekha, ndiko kuti kwa munthu mmodzi Atateyo, Mulungu wochokera kwa Mulungu, kuunika kochokera ku kuunika, Mulungu wowona wochokera kwa Mulungu wowona, wobadwa osati wopangidwa, wokhala munthu mmodzi ndi Atate, mwa Amene zinthu zonse zinakhalako, zinthu zakumwamba ndi zinthu zapadziko lapansi, Amene chifukwa cha anthufe ndi chifukwa cha chipulumutso chathu anatsikira pansi pano navala thupi akumasandulika munthu, navutika naukitsidwanso patsiku lachitatu, anakwera kumwamba, ndipo adzadza kudzaweruza amoyo ndi akufa;

“Ndi mu Mzimu Woyera.”⁠³

Kodi chiphunzitso chimenechi chimanena kuti Atate, Mwana, ndi mzimu woyera ali anthu atatu mwa Mulungu mmodzi? Kodi chimanena kuti atatuwo ngofanana muumuyaya, mphamvu, udindo, ndi nzeru? Ayi, sichimatero. Palibiretu mawu amaziko ofotokoza lingaliro la anthu atatu mwa munthu mmodzi. Chiphunzitso choyambirira cha ku Nicaea sichinayambitse kapena kutsimikizira Utatu.

Kwakukulukulu, chiphunzitso chimati Mwana ndi Atate ngofanana mwa “munthu mmodzi.” Koma sichimanena kanthu kalikonse kotero ponena za mzimu woyera. Zokha zomwe chimanena nzakuti “tikhulupirira . . . mu Mzimu Woyera.” Chimenecho sichiri chiphunzitso cha Utatu cha Chikristu Chadziko.

Ngakhale mawu amaziko akuti “munthu mmodzi” (ho·mo·ouʹsi·os) kwenikweni sanatanthauze kuti bungwelo linakhulupirira kuti Atate ndi Mwana ngolingana. New Catholic Encyclopedia imafotokoza kuti:

“Nkokayikiritsa ngati Bungwelo linafuna kutsimikizira kuchuluka kwa anthu mwa Atate ndi Mwana.”⁠⁴

Ngati bungwelo likadatanthauza kuti Mwana ndi Atate aŵiriwo anali mmodzi, sukadakhalabe Utatu. Ukanangokhala anthu aŵiri mwa Mulungu mmodzi, osati atatu mwa mmodzi monga momwe chiphunzitso cha Utatu chimafunikiritsa.

“Lingaliro la Anthu Ochepa”

Ku Nicaeako, kodi mabishopo onse anakhulupirira kuti Mwanayo anali wolingana ndi Mulungu? Ayi, padali malingaliro opikisana. Mwachitsanzo, lingaliro limodzi linaperekedwa ndi Arius, yemwe anaphunzitsa kuti Mwanayo anali ndi chiyambi chotsimikizirika cha nthaŵi ndipo chotero sanali wolingana ndi Mulungu koma anamgonjera m’zinthu zonse. Kumbali ina, Athanasius anakhulupirira kuti Mwanayo anali wolingana ndi Mulungu mwanjira ina. Ndipo panali malingaliro ena.

Ponena za chosankha cha bungwelo cha kulingalira Mwanayo kukhala wofanana (wa mumpangidwe wofanana) ndi Mulungu, Martin Marty akunena kuti: “Kwenikwenidi msonkhano wa ku Nicaea unaimira lingaliro la anthu ochepa; kuthetsedwa kwa mkanganowo kunali kovuta ndipo sikunavomerezedwe ndi ambiri amene sanalingalire mofanana ndi Arius.”⁠⁵ Mofananamo, bukhu lakuti A Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church limanena kuti “chiphunzitso chotsimikizirika bwino chosiyana ndi cha Arius chinavomerezedwa ndi oŵerengeka okha, ngakhale kuti oŵerengeka ameneŵa anapambana m’kukwaniritsa zokhumba zawo.”⁠⁶ Ndipo A Short History of Christian Doctrine imati:

“Lingaliro limene linawonekera kukhala losavomerezeka kwa mabishopo ambiri ndi akatswiri azamaphunziro aumulungu a Kummaŵa ndilo linaikidwa m’chiphunzitso ndi Constantine mwiniyo, homoousios [“munthu mmodzi”], lomwe kwenikweni linayambitsa mkangano pakati pa osunga mwambo akale ndi ampatuko.”⁠⁷

Pambuyo pa msonkhanowo, mkanganowo unapitirizabe kwazaka makumi ambiri. Amene anayanja lingaliro lakuti Mwana ngwolingana ndi Mulungu Wamphamvuyonse anakhala osayanjidwa kwakanthaŵi. Mwachitsanzo, Martin Marty amanena motere ponena za Athanasius: “Kutchuka kwake kunabuka ndi kuzimiririka ndipo anali wothawa kaŵirikaŵiri [m’zaka zapambuyo pa msonkhanowo] kwakuti kwenikweni anali woyendayenda.”⁠⁸ Athanasius anatha zaka zambiri ali wothawa chifukwa chakuti atsogoleri andale zadziko ndi atchalitchi anatsutsa malingaliro ake akuti Mwana ali wolingana ndi Mulungu.

Chotero kunena kuti Msonkhano wa ku Nicaea wa mu 325 C.E. unayambitsa kapena kutsimikiziritsa chiphunzitso cha Utatu sikuli kowona. Chimene pambuyo pake chinadzakhala chiphunzitso cha Utatu sichidaliko panthaŵiyo. Lingaliro lakuti Atate, Mwana, ndi mzimu woyera ali onse anali Mulungu wowona ndi olingana muumuyaya, m’mphamvu, muudindo, ndi m’nzeru, komabe Mulungu mmodzi yekha​—atatu mwa Mulungu mmodzi​—silinayambidwe ndi bungwe limenelo kapena ndi Abambo oyambirira Atchalitchi. Monga momwe The Church of the First Three Centuries likulongosolera:

“Chiphunzitso chotchuka chamakonochi cha Utatu . . . sichimachirikizidwa konse ndi zolembedwa za Justin [Martyr]: ndipo zofananazo zinganenedwenso ponena za Abambo onse amene anakhalako msonkhano wa ku Nicaea usanachitike; ndiko kuti, olemba Achikristu onse a m’zaka mazana atatu pambuyo pa kubadwa kwa Kristu. Nzowona, kuti amalankhula za Atate, Mwana ndi mneneri kapena Mzimu woyera, koma osati monga thupi limodzi lopangidwa ndi angapo olingana, osati monga Atatu mwa Mmodzi, osati m’lingaliro lirilonse lovomerezedwa tsopano ndi Okhulupirira Utatu. Zosiyanazo ndizo zenizeni. Chiphunzitso cha Utatu, monga momwe chalongosoledwera ndi Abambo ameneŵa, poyamba chinali chosiyana ndi chiphunzitso chamakono. Tikulongosola zimenezi monga zenizeni mofanana ndi maumboni alionse m’mbiri ya malingaliro aumunthu.”

“Tikupereka chitokoso kwa munthu aliyense kutulutsa wolemba mmodzi yekha woyenera, mkati mwa zaka mazana atatu zoyambirira, amene anakhulupirira chiphunzitso chimenechi cha [Utatu] m’lingaliro lake lamakono.”⁠⁹

Komabe, msonkhano wa ku Nicaea unali potembenukira. Unatsegula khomo la kuvomereza kwaukumu kuti Mwana anali wolingana ndi Atate, ndipo zimenezo zinalambulira njira lingaliro lamtsogolo la Utatu. Bukhulo Second Century Orthodoxy, lolembedwa ndi J. A. Buckley, limati:

“Podzafika kumapeto kwa zaka za zana lachiŵiri, Tchalitchi chapadziko lonse chidali chogwirizanabe pa lingaliro limodzi lalikulu; onse anavomereza ukulu wa Atate. Iwo onse analingalira Mulungu Atate Wamphamvuyonse kukhala yekha wamkulukulu, wosasintha, wosalongosoleka ndi wopanda chiyambi. . . .

“Pamene olemba nkhani a m’zaka za zana lachiŵiri ndi atsogoleri ena amenewo anatha kufa, Tchalitchi chenichenicho chinayamba . . . kuterereka pang’onopang’ono koma motsimikizirika kulinga ku lingaliro limenelo . . . limene ku Msonkhano wa ku Nicaea kaindeinde wa kuthetsa chikhulupiriro choyambirira linafikiridwa. Kumeneko, kagulu kakang’ono ka anthu onyanyuka maganizo kanakakamiza malingaliro ake ampatuko pa anthu ochuluka amanyazi, ndipo mochilikizidwa ndi olamulira andale zadziko, kanakakamiza, kunyengerera ndi kuwopseza amene anakalimira kusunga chiyero cha chikhulupiriro chawo kukhala chosadetsedwa.”⁠¹⁰

Msonkhano wa ku Constantinople

Mu 381 C.E., Msonkhano wa ku Constantinople unatsimikizira Chiphunzitso cha ku Nicaea. Ndipo unawonjezera kanthu kenaka. Unatcha mzimu woyera kukhala “Ambuye” ndi “mpatsi wa moyo.” Chiphunzitso chomveketsedwa bwino cha mu 381 C.E. (chomwe kwenikweni chimagwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi matchalitchi lerolino ndi chomwe chimatchedwa “Chikhulupiriro cha ku Nicaea”) chimasonyeza kuti Chikristu Chadziko chinali nenene kupanga chiphunzitso chotsimikizirika cha Utatu. Komabe, ngakhale msonkhano umenewu sunamalize chiphunzitsocho. New Catholic Encyclopedia imavomereza kuti:

“Nkosangalatsa kuti zaka 60 pambuyo pa Nicaea I Msonkhano wa ku Constantinople I [381 C.E.] unapeŵa homoousios m’kufotokoza kwake umulungu wa Mzimu Woyera.”⁠¹¹

“Akatswiri achita kakasi ndi kuwonekera kupanda mphamvu kwa mbali ya mawu a chiphunzitso chimenechi; mwachitsanzo, kulephera kwake kugwiritsira ntchito liwulo homoousios pofotokoza kuti Mzimu Woyera ngwampangidwe umodzimodzi ndi Atate ndi Mwana.”⁠¹²

Bukhu la nazonse limodzimodzilo limavomereza kuti: “Liwu lakuti homoousios silimapezeka m’Malemba.”⁠¹³ Ayi, Baibulo silimagwiritsira ntchito liwulo kaya polankhula za mzimu woyera kapena Mwana kukhala ali mpangidwe umodzimodzi ndi Mulungu. Linali liwu losakhala la m’Baibulo limene linathandiza kuyambitsa chiphunzitso chosakhala cha Baibulo, inde, chotsutsanadi ndi Baibulo cha Utatu.

Ngakhale pambuyo pa Constantinople, panapita zaka mazana angapo chiphunzitso cha Utatu chisanavomerezedwe m’Chikristu Chadziko chonse. New Catholic Encyclopedia imanena kuti: “Kumadzulo . . . kukuwonekera kuti kudalibe ndemanga iriyonse yonena za Constantinople I ndi chiphunzitso chake.”⁠¹⁴ Bukhu limeneli likusonyeza kuti chiphunzitso cha bungwelo sichinavomerezedwe mofala Kumadzulo kufikira m’zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chiŵiri kapena lachisanu ndi chitatu.

Akatswiri amavomerezanso kuti Chiphunzitso cha Athanasius, chomwe chimagwidwa mawu kaŵirikaŵiri monga mafotokozedwe opereka muyezo ndi chichilikizo cha Utatu, sichinalembedwe ndi Athanasius koma wolemba wosadziŵika wapambuyo pake. The New Encyclopædia Britannica ikupereka ndemanga yakuti:

“Chikhulupirirocho chinali chosadziŵika ku Tchalitchi cha Kum’maŵa kufikira zaka za zana la 12. Kuyambira zaka za zana la 17, kaŵirikaŵiri akatswiri anavomereza kuti Chikhulupiriro cha Athanasius sichinalembedwe ndi Athanasius (amene anafa mu 373) koma mwinamwake chinalembedwa kummwera kwa Falansa mkati mwa zaka za zana la 5. . . . Chisonkhezero cha chikhulupirirocho chikuwonekera kukhala chinali kwakukulukulu kummwera kwa Falansa ndi Spanya m’zaka za zana la 6 ndi 7. Chinagwiritsiridwa ntchito m’dzoma la tchalitchi ku Jeremani m’zaka za zana la 9 ndipo pambuyo pake pang’ono m’Roma.”⁠¹⁵

Mmene Chinayambira

Chiphunzitso cha Utatu chinayamba mwapang’onopang’ono mkati mwa nyengo ya zaka mazana ambiri. Malingaliro autatu a anthanthi Achigiriki onga Plato, amene anakhalako zaka mazana ambiri Kristu asanabadwe, analoŵerera mwapang’onopang’ono m’ziphunzitso za tchalitchi. Monga momwe The Church of the First Three Centuries ikunenera kuti:

“Timachilikiza lingaliro lakuti chiphunzitso cha Utatu chinalinganizidwa mwapang’onopang’ono ndi mochedwerapo; kuti magwero ake anali osiyana kotheratu ndi Malemba Achiyuda ndi Achikristu; kuti chinakula, ndipo chinaloŵetsedwa m’Chikristu, kupyolera mwa Azimbambo ochirikiza Plato; kuti m’nthaŵi ya Justin, ndi nthaŵi yaitali pambuyo pake, mpangidwe wosiyana ndi wochepera wa Mwana unaphunzitsidwa padziko lonse; ndi kuti kuwonekera kwachimbuuzi koyambirira kwa Utatu kunawonekera poyera.”⁠¹⁶

Milungu yokhala itatu itatu, kapena yautatu inali yofala ku Babulo ndi Igupto Plato asanakhaleko. Ndipo zoyesayesa za opita ku tchalitchi zakukopa osakhulupirira a muulamuliro wa Roma kunatsogolera ku kuvomerezedwa kwapang’onopang’ono kwa ena a malingaliro amenewo kuloŵa m’Chikristu. Pomalizira pake zimenezi zinatsogolera ku kuvomerezedwa kwa chiphunzitso chakuti Mwana ndi mzimu woyera anali olingana ndi Atate.a

Ngakhale liwulo “Utatu” linavomerezedwa mwapang’onopang’ono. Munali m’theka lomalizira la zaka za zana lachiŵiri pamene Theophilus, bishopo wa ku Antiokeya ku Suriya, analemba m’Chigiriki ndi kuyambitsa liwu lakuti tri·asʹ, kutanthauza “atatu,” kapena “utatu.” Ndiyeno Tertullian wolemba Wachilatini wa ku Carthage, Kumpoto kwa Afirika, m’zolemba zake anayambitsa liwu lakuti trinitas, lomwe limatanthauza “utatu.”b Koma liwulo tri·asʹ silimapezeka m’Malemba ouziridwa Achikristu Achigriki, ndipo liwulo trinitas silimapezeka m’matembenuzidwe Achilatini a Baibulo otchedwa Vulgate. Mawu aŵiri onsewo sanali ochokera m’Baibulo. Koma liwu lakuti “Utatu,” lozikidwa pa malingaliro achikunja, linaloŵerera m’mabuku amatchalitchi ndipo pambuyo pa zaka za zana lachinayi linakhala mbali ya chiphunzitso chawo.

Chotero, sizikutanthauza kuti akatswiri anasanthula Baibulo mosamalitsa kuti awone ngati chiphunzitso chimenecho chinaphunzitsidwa m’Baibulomo. Mmalomwake, kwakukulukulu ndale zadziko ndi ndale zatchalitchi ndizo zimene kwakukulukulu zinatsimikizira chiphunzitsocho. M’bukhu lakuti The Christian Tradition, wolemba nkhani Jaroslav Pelikan akusonyeza “mfundo zosakhala zamaphunziro a zaumulungu m’kutsutsanako, zimene zambiri zake zinawonekera kukhala zokonzekereratu mobwerezabwereza kutsimikizira chotulukapo chake, zomwe zinatsutsidwa ndi mphamvu zina zofanana nazo. Kaŵirikaŵiri chiphunzitsocho chinawonekera kukhala chandamale​—kapena chotulukapo​—cha ndale zatchalitchi ndi mikangano ya umunthu.”⁠¹⁷ Profesa wa ku Yale E. Washburn Hopkins anafotokoza motere: “Kufotokoza komalizira kovomerezedwa ndi onse kwa utatu kwakukulukulu kunaphatikizapo ndale zatchalitchi.”⁠¹⁸

Chiphunzitso cha Utatu nchopanda pake chotani nanga pochiyerekezera ndi chiphunzitso chokhweka cha Baibulo chakuti Mulungu ndiye wamkulukulu ndipo alibe wolingana naye! Monga momwe Mulungu amanenera, “kodi mudzandifanizira ndi yani, ndi kundilinganiza ndi kundiyerekeza, kuti ife tifanane?”​—Yesaya 46:5.

Chimene Chinaimira

Kodi kuyambika kwapang’onopang’ono kwa lingaliro la Utatu kunaimira chiyani? Kunali mbali ya kugwa kuchoka pa Chikristu chowona kumene Yesu ananeneratu. (Mateyu 13:24-43) Mtumwi Paulo ananeneratunso za mpatuko umene unali nkudza:

“Idzabweradi nthaŵi imene, mmalo mokhutira ndi chiphunzitso cholama, anthu adzakhala ndi nkhaŵa yakukhala ndi zinthu zatsopano ndipo adzadzisonkhanitsira mipambo yathunthu ya aphunzitsi malinga ndi zokonda zawo; ndipo kenaka, mmalo momvetsera ku chowonadi, adzatembenukira ku nthano.”​—2 Timoteo 4:3, 4, Jerusalem Bible Yachikatolika.

Imodzi ya nthano zimenezo inali chiphunzitso cha Utatu. Nthano zina zachilendo m’Chikristu zimenenso zinayamba pang’onopang’ono zinali: kusakhoza kufa kwa moyo wa munthu, purigatoriyo, Limbo, ndi chizunzo chamuyaya m’moto wahelo.

Chotero, kodi chiphunzitso cha Utatu nchiyani? Kwenikweni ndicho chiphunzitso chachikunja chonyengezera kukhala Chachikristu. Chinachilikizidwa ndi Satana kuti anyenge anthu, kupangitsa Mulungu kukhala wosokoneza ndi wachinsinsi kwa iwo. Zimenezi zimawachititsanso kukhala ofunitsitsa kwambiri kuvomereza malingaliro ena onyenga achipembedzo ndi zizolowezi zolakwa.

“Ndi Zipatso Zawo”

Pa Mateyu 7:15-19, Yesu ananena kuti mukhoza kuzindikira chipembedzo chonyenga mosiyana ndi chipembedzo chowona mwanjira iyi:

“Yang’anirani mupeŵe aneneri onyenga, amene adza kwa inu ndi zovala zankhosa, koma mkati mwawo ali afisi [olusa]. Mudzaŵazindikira ndi zipatso zawo. Kodi atchera mphesa paminga, kapena nkhuyu pamtula? Chomwecho mtengo wabwino uliwonse upatsa zipatso zokoma; koma mtengo wamphuchi upatsa zipatso zoipa. . . . Mtengo uliwonse wosapatsa chipatso chokoma, audula, nautaya kumoto.”

Talingalirani chitsanzo chimodzi. Yesu ananena pa Yohane 13:35 kuti: “Mwa ichi adzazindikira onse kuti muli akuphunzira anga, ngati muli nacho chikondano wina ndi mnzake.” Ndiponso, pa 1 Yohane 4:20 ndi 21, Mawu ouziridwa a Mulungu amalengeza kuti:

“Munthu akati, kuti, Ndikonda Mulungu, nadana naye mbale wake, ali wabodza: pakuti iye wosakonda mbale wake amene wamuwona, sakhoza kukonda Mulungu amene sanamuwona. Ndipo lamulo ili tiri nalo lochokera kwa iye, kuti iye amene akonda Mulungu akondenso mbale wake.”

Gwiritsirani ntchito lamulo lalikulu lakuti Akristu owona ayenera kukondana ku zimene zinachitika m’nkhondo zonse ziŵiri zadziko za m’zaka za zana lino, limodzinso ndi m’nkhondo zina. Anthu azipembedzo zofanana za Chikristu Chadziko anakumana pamabwalo ankhondo ndipo anaphana chifukwa chakusiyana mitundu. Mbali iriyonse inadzinenera kukhala Yachikristu, ndipo mbali iriyonse inachilikizidwa ndi atsogoleri ake achipembedzo, amene anadzinenera kuti Mulungu anali kumbali yawo. Kuphana kumeneko kwa “Mkristu” ndi “Mkristu” ndiko chipatso choipa. Kuli kuswa lamulo Lachikristu la chikondi, kukanidwa kwa malamulo a Mulungu.​—Wonaninso 1 Yohane 3:10-12.

Tsiku Lakuŵerengera Mlandu

Chotero, kugwa kuchoka ku Chikristu sikunatsogolere ku zikhulupiriro zosakhala zaumulungu zokha, monga ngati chiphunzitso cha Utatu, komanso ku zizolowezi zachikunja. Komabe, pali tsiku lakuŵerengera mlandu lomwe likubwera, popeza Yesu anati: “Mtengo uliwonse wosapatsa chipatso chokoma, audula, nautaya kumoto.” Ndicho chifukwa chake Mawu a Mulungu akufulumiza kuti:

“Tulukani mmenemo [m’chipembedzo chonyenga], anthu anga; kuti mungayanjane ndi machimo ake, ndi kuti mungalandireko ya miliri yake; pakuti machimo ake anaunjikizana kufikira m’mwamba, ndipo Mulungu anakumbuka zosalungama zake.”​—Chivumbulutso 18:4, 5.

Posachedwapa Mulungu ‘adzaika m’mitima’ ya maulamuliro andale zadziko kuukira chipembedzo chonyenga. Iwo ‘adzachikhalitsa chabwinja chausiwa, nadzadya nyama yake, nadzachipsereza ndi moto.’ (Chivumbulutso 17:16, 17) Chipembedzo chonyenga ndi nthanthi zake zachikunja zonena za Mulungu zidzawonongedwa kotheratu. Kwenikweni, Mulungu adzanena kwa olondola chipembedzo chonyenga monga momwe Yesu ananenera m’tsiku lake kuti: “Nyumba yanu yasiyidwa kwa inu yabwinja.”​—Mateyu 23:38.

Chipembedzo chowona chidzapulumuka ziweruzo za Mulungu, kotero kuti, potsirizira, ulemu wonse ndi ulemerero zidzaperekedwa kwa Uyo amene Yesu ananena kuti ndiye “Mulungu wowona yekha.” Iye ndiye Amene watchulidwa ndi wamasalmo amene analengeza kuti: “Inu nokha, dzina lanu ndinu Yehova, ndinu Wammwambamwamba pa dziko lonse lapansi.”​—Yohane 17:3; Salmo 83:18.

Malifurensi:

1. Encyclopædia Britannica, 1971, Voliyamu 6, tsamba 386.

2. A Short History of Christian Doctrine, lolembedwa ndi Bernhard Lohse, 1963, tsamba 51.

3. Bukhu lapamwambapa, masamba 52-3.

4. New Catholic Encyclopedia, 1967, Voliyamu VII, tsamba 115.

5. A Short History of Christianity, lolembedwa ndi Martin E. Marty, 1959, tsamba 91.

6. A Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church, lolembedwa ndi Philip Schaff ndi Henry Wace, 1892, Voliyamu IV, tsamba xvii.

7. A Short History of Christian Doctrine, tsamba 53.

8. A Short History of Christianity, tsamba 91.

9. The Church of the First Three Centuries, lolembedwa ndi Alvan Lamson, 1869, masamba 75-6, 341.

10. Second Century Orthodoxy, lolembedwa ndi J. A. Buckley, 1978, masamba 114-15.

11. New Catholic Encyclopedia, 1967, Voliyamu VII, tsamba 115.

12. Bukhu lapamwambapa, Voliyamu IV, tsamba 436.

13. Bukhu lapamwambapa, tsamba 251.

14. Bukhu lapamwambapa, tsamba 436.

15. The New Encyclopædia Britannica, 1985, Kope la 15, Micropædia, Voliyamu 1, tsamba 665.

16. The Church of the First Three Centuries, tsamba 52.

17. The Christian Tradition, lolembedwa ndi Jaroslav Pelikan, 1971, tsamba 173.

18. Origin and Evolution of Religion, lolembedwa ndi E. Washburn Hopkins, 1923, tsamba 339.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Chithunzi patsamba 22]

Mulungu adzachititsa maulamuliro andale kuukira chipembedzo chonyenga

[Chithunzi patsamba 24]

Chipembedzo chowona chidzapulumuka ziweruzo za Mulungu