Wosindikiza Amene Anasiya Chizindikiro Chake

KODI munayesapo kupeza lemba m’Baibulo ndiyeno nkuiŵala kumene lili? Komabe, mwa kungokumbukira liwu limodzi lokha, munakhoza kulipeza mwa kugwiritsira ntchito kokodansi ya Baibulo. Kapena munapezekapo pamsonkhano Wachikristu pamene opezekapo mazanamazana, kapena ngakhale zikwizikwi anatsegula ma Baibulo awo ndi kuŵerenga lemba patangopita masekondi ochepa lembalo litatchulidwa.

Pambali ziŵirizo, muyenera kuyamikira mwamuna wina amene mwina simukumdziŵa. Anakupeputsirani kuŵerenga Baibulo, ndipo anagwira ntchito yaikulu kuchititsa kuti ife lerolino tikhale ndi ma Baibulo olondola. Anachititsanso mpangidwe umene ma Baibulo ambiri ali nawo.

Mwamunayo dzina lake ndi Robert Estienne.a Iye anali wosindikiza, mwana wa wosindikiza, wobadwira ku Paris, France, chakuchiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 16. Nyengoyo inali ya Renaissance ndi Kukonzanso. Makina osindikizira anakhala chiŵiya chochirikizira zonse ziŵirizo. Henri Estienne, bambo wa Robert, anali wosindikiza womveka, yemwe anatulutsa mabuku abwino koposa a m’nthaŵi ya Renaissance. Ntchito yake inaphatikizapo kusindikiza mabuku a maphunziro ndi a za Baibulo a University of Paris ndi sukulu ya zaumulungu​—Sorbonne.

Koma tiyeni tikambitsirane za mwana wake, Robert Estienne. Zambiri sizikudziŵika ponena za maphunziro ake akusukulu. Komabe, kuyambira pamene anali wamng’ono, anadziŵa Chilatini ndipo posapita nthaŵi anaphunzira Chigiriki ndiponso Chihebri. Robert anaphunzirira luso la kusindikiza kwa atate wake. Pamene anatenga ntchito ya kusindikiza ya atate wake a Henri mu 1526, Robert Estienne anali kale katswiri wodziŵa kwambiri zilankhulo. Ngakhale kuti anafalitsa mabuku aukatswiri Achilatini ndi ena, chikondi chake chachikulu ndipo chosakayikirika chinali pa Baibulo. Pofunitsitsa kuchitira Baibulo Lachilatini zimene zinachitidwa kale pa mabuku Achilatini, Estienne anayamba kubwezeretsa molondola kwambiri malemba oyamba a m’zaka za zana lachisanu a Baibulo la Jerome la Vulgate Yachilatini.

Vulgate Yokonzedwa Bwino

Jerome anali atatembenuza Baibulo kuchokera m’Chihebri ndi Chigiriki choyamba, koma pofika m’nthaŵi ya Estienne, Vulgate inali itakhalako kwa zaka chikwi. Chifukwa cha kuijambula mobwerezabwereza m’mibadwo yambiri, Vulgate inakhala ndi zolakwa zambirimbiri. Ndiponso, m’nyengo ya Middle Ages, mawu ouziridwa ndi Mulungu a Baibulo anasanganizikana ndi nthano za m’nyengo yapakati, ndime zotanthauziridwa malinga ndi kuganiza kwa munthu, ndi zowonjezera zonyenga. Zimenezi zinaloŵana kwambiri ndi malemba a Baibulo kwakuti zinayamba kulandiridwa monga zolemba zouziridwa.

Kuti achotsemo zonse zimene munalibe poyamba, Estienne anagwiritsira ntchito njira zopendera malemba mwaukatswiri zimene zinagwiritsiridwa ntchito popenda mabuku a akatswiri. Anafunafuna malembo a pamanja akale kwambiri ndi abwino koposa omwe analipo. M’malaibulale a m’Paris ndi apafupi naye ndi kumalo onga ngati Évreux ndi Soissons, anapeza malembo a pamanja akale ambiri, ena olingaliridwa kukhala a m’zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi. Estienne anayerekezera mosamalitsa malemba a Chilatini osiyanasiyana ndime ndi ndime akumasankha ndime zimene zinaoneka kukhala zodalirika kwambiri. Buku limene linatulukapo, Baibulo la Estienne, linafalitsidwa nthaŵi yoyamba mu 1528 ndipo linali chipambano chachikulu pa kuwongolera kulondola kwa malemba a Baibulo. Panatsatira makope owongoleredwa a Estienne. Iye asanakhaleko ena anayesa kuwongolera Baibulo la Vulgate, koma lake linali kope loyamba kukhala ndi njira yaluso kwambiri yophunzirira malembo. M’mphepete mwake, Estienne anasonyeza malo amene sanaikepo ndime zina zokayikitsa kapena amene anali otheka kukhala ndi mamasuliridwe angapo. Anasonyezanso malembo a pamanja kumene anapeza ukumu wa kuwongolera kumeneku.

Estienne anaikamonso mbali zina zambiri zatsopano m’zaka za zana la 16. Anasiyanitsa mabuku owonjezera a Apocrypha ndi Mawu a Mulungu. Anaika buku la Machitidwe pakati pa Mauthenga Abwino ndi makalata a Paulo. Pamwamba pa tsamba lililonse, iye anaikapo mawu aakulu angapo othandiza aŵerengi kupeza ndime zofunikira. Zimenezi zinali chitsanzo choyambirira cha zimene ambiri lerolino amatcha running head. M’malo mwa kugwiritsira ntchito zilembo zazikulu za Chigothic, kapena zilembo zakuda zimene zinachokera ku Germany, Estienne anali mmodzi wa anthu oyamba kusindikiza Baibulo lonse m’zilembo zooneka bwino zosavuta kuŵerenga za roman zimene zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri lerolino. Anaikamonso malifalensi ambiri ndi mawu a chilankhulo kuti amveketse ndime zina.

Anthu apamwamba ambiri ndi agulupa anayamikira kwambiri Baibulo la Estienne, pakuti linali labwino kuposa kope lina lililonse la Vulgate losindikizidwa. Kope lake linakhala muyezo ndipo posapita nthaŵi ambiri anayamba kupanga makope awo ofanana nalo ku Ulaya yense chifukwa cha kukoma kwa chilankhulo chake, ukatswiri, ndi phindu lake.

Wosindikiza wa Mfumu

“Kodi upenya munthu wofulumiza ntchito zake? Adzaima pamaso pa mafumu,” Miyambo 22:29 imatero. Francis I, mfumu ya France, anazindikira ukatswiri watsopano wa Estienne ndi luso lake la zilankhulo. Estienne anakhala wosindikiza wa mfumu wa Chilatini, Chihebri, ndi Chigiriki. Pokhala wotero, Estienne anatulutsa mabuku amene ngakhale tsopano adakali aukatswiri pa zolemba za Chifrenchi. Mu 1539 anatulutsa Baibulo la Chihebri loyamba ndi labwino koposa losindikizidwa ku France. Mu 1540 anaikamo zithunzi m’Baibulo lake Lachilatini. Koma m’malo mwa zithunzi zokongola za zochitika za m’Baibulo zimene zinali zofala m’nyengo ya Middle Ages, Estienne anaikamo zojambula wamba zophunzitsa kwambiri zosonyeza umboni wa zofukula m’mabwinja kapena zopima ndi malongosoledwe a m’Baibulo lenilenilo. Zithunzi zosindikiza ndi thabwa zimenezi zinasonyeza bwino lomwe nkhani zonga za likasa la chipangano, zovala za mkulu wansembe, chihema, ndi kachisi wa Solomo.

Akumagwiritsira ntchito zosindikizira Zachigiriki zapadera zimene anaoda kuti asindikizire malembo a pamanja a mfumu, Estienne anatulutsanso kope loyamba laukatswiri la Malemba Achigiriki Achikristu. Ngakhale kuti makope aŵiri oyamba Achigiriki a Estienne sanali abwinopo pa mabuku a Desiderius Erasmus, m’kope lachitatu la 1550, Estienne anawonjezamo zoyerekezerera ndi malifalensi otengedwa m’malembo a pamanja pafupifupi 15, kuphatikizapo Codex Bezae ya m’zaka za zana lachisanu C.E. ndi Baibulo la Septuagint. Kope la Estienne limeneli ambiri analilandira kwakuti pambuyo pake linakhala maziko a yotchedwa Textus Receptus, kapena Malemba Olandiridwa, imene matembenuzidwe ambiri otsatira anazikidwapo, kuphatikizapo King James Version ya mu 1611.

Sorbonne Itsutsana ndi Kukonzanso

Chifukwa cha malingaliro a Luther ndi Okonzanso ena amene anali kufalikira mu Ulaya yense, Tchalitchi cha Katolika chinafuna kulamulira zimene anthu anali kulingalira mwa kuika malamulo oyang’anira zimene anali kuŵerenga. Pa June 15, 1520, Papa Leo X anatulutsa lamulo lonena kuti buku lililonse lonena za “mipatuko” siliyenera kusindikizidwa ayi, kugulitsidwa, kapena kuŵerengedwa m’dziko lililonse Lachikatolika ndi kuti akuluakulu a boma asungitse lamulolo m’madera awo. Ku England, Mfumu Henry VIII anasiyira Cuthbert Tunstall bishopu Wachikatolika ntchito ya kuletsayo. Komabe, kumbali yaikulu ya Ulaya yense, amene anali ndi ukumu wosatsutsika pankhani za chiphunzitso, wachiŵiri kwa papa, linali bungwe la akatswiri a zaumulungu pa University of Paris​—a Sorbonne.

Bungwe la Sorbonne linali chiŵiya cholankhuliramo chiphunzitso cha Chikatolika. Kwa zaka mazana ambiri linaonedwa kukhala mzati wa chikhulupiriro cha Chikatolika. Ziŵalo za Sorbonne zinatsutsa makope onse olongosoka a Vulgate ndi matembenuzidwe ake, zikumalingalira kuti amenewo sanali chabe “osathandiza tchalitchi komanso owononga.” Zimenezi sizinali zachilendo panthaŵiyo imene Okonzanso anali kukayikira ziphunzitso za tchalitchi, madzoma ake, ndi miyambo yake zimene zinalibe ukumu wa Malemba. Komabe, akatswiri a zaumulungu ambiri a bungwe la Sorbonne anaona ziphunzitso za tchalitchi zolemekezedwazo kukhala zofunika kwambiri kuposa matembenuzidwe olondola a Baibulo lenilenilo. Wina wa akatswiriwo anati: “Ziphunzitsozo zitangokhazikika, Malemba ali ngati mchirikizo wa khoma umene umachotsedwa khomalo litamangidwa.” Ochuluka mwa akatswiriwo sanali kudziŵa Chihebri ndi Chigiriki, komabe anasuliza maphunziro a Estienne ndi akatswiri ena a m’nyengo ya Renaissance amene anali kufufuza matanthauzo oyamba a mawu ogwiritsiridwa ntchito m’Baibulo. Profesa wina wa bungwe la Sorbonne anafikira ngakhale pa kunena kuti “kupititsa patsogolo chidziŵitso cha Chigiriki ndi Chihebri kudzangowononga chipembedzo chonse.”

Sorbonne Iukira

Ngakhale kuti makope oyamba a Vulgate ya Estienne sanaletsedwe ndi akatswiriwo, mikangano yokha inalipo. M’zaka za zana la 13, Vulgate inali itapatulidwa kukhala Baibulo lalamulo payunivesitepo, ndipo kwa anthu ambiri malemba ake anali osalakwa. Ndiponso akatswiriwo anali atatsutsa katswiri wolemekezeka Erasmus chifukwa cha ntchito yake pa Vulgate. Choonadi chakuti wosindikiza wambayo akakhala ndi mphamvu ya kuwongolera malemba alamulo chinali chowopsa kwa ena.

Mwinamwake chimene makamaka chinadetsa nkhaŵa akatswiri a zaumulungu chinali mawu a Estienne a m’mphepete. Mawuwo anakayikitsa kuona kwa malemba a mu Vulgate. Cholinga cha Estienne cha kumveketsa ndime zina chinachititsa kuti aimbidwe mlandu wa kuloŵerera m’maphunziro a zaumulungu. Iye anakana mlanduwo, akumanena kuti mawu ake anali chabe ndemanga zachidule kapena za chilankhulo. Mwachitsanzo, mawu ake ponena za Genesis 37:35 anafotokoza kuti liwulo “helo” [Chilatini, infernum] silinayenera kumvedwa kukhala likutanthauza malo kumene oipa amalangidwa. Akatswiriwo ananena kuti iye anatsutsa kusafa kwa mzimu ndi mphamvu ya “oyera mtima” ya kutetezera.

Komabe, mfumu inayanja Estienne ndi kumtetezera. Francis I anakonda kwambiri maphunziro a m’nyengo ya Renaissance, makamaka zolemba za wosindikiza wake wachifumu. Kwasimbidwa kuti Francis I ankapitadi kwa Estienne ndi kuti panthaŵi ina anadikirira mtima uli phe pamene Estienne anali kuwongolera malemba komaliza. Pochirikizidwa ndi mfumu, Estienne sanagonjetsedwe ndi a Sorbonne.

Akatswiri a Zaumulungu Aletsa ma Baibulo Ake

Komabe, mu 1545 zochitika zinachititsa mkwiyo wonse wa akatswiri a pa Sorbonne kulunjikitsidwa pa Estienne. Poona kuti kugwirira ntchito pamodzi kutsutsa Okonzanso kungakhale kopindulitsa, mayunivesite Achikatolika a Cologne (Germany), Louvain (Belgium), ndi Paris poyamba adavomerezana kugwirizana pa kuletsa ziphunzitso zampatuko. Pamene akatswiri a zaumulungu pa Louvain University analembera a Sorbonne kuwauza kudabwa kwawo kuti ma Baibulo a Estienne panalibe pampambo wa ku Paris wa mabuku oletsedwa, a Sorbonne monama anayankha kuti akanawaletsadi ngati akanawaona. Tsopano adani a Estienne a m’gulu la akatswiriwo anakhala ndi chidaliro chakuti ulamuliro wogwirizana wa akatswiri a ku Louvain ndi Paris ukakhala wokwanira kukhutiritsa Francis I za zolakwa za wosindikiza wake.

Panthaŵiyo, popeza Estienne anali atachenjezedwa za zolinga za adani ake, anayamba iye kufika kwa mfumu. Estienne ananena kuti ngati akatswiri a zaumulunguwo angapereke mpambo wa zolakwa zilizonse zimene anapeza, iye anali wokonzekera kuzisindikiza limodzi ndi zowongolera za akatswiri a zaumulungu ndi kuziphatikiza m’Baibulo lililonse logulitsa. Mfumu inakondwa nazo zimenezo. Inauza Pierre du Chastel, mtumiki wake, kusamalira nkhaniyo. Mu October 1546 akatswiriwo analembera Du Chastel akumatsutsa kuti ma Baibulo a Estienne anali “chakudya cha aja amene amakana Chikhulupiriro chathu ndi amene amachirikiza . . . mipatuko yomwe ilipo” ndipo anali ndi zolakwa zokhazokha moti anayenera “kufafanizidwa ndi kuwonongedwa” onse. Mfumu pokhala yosakhutira ndi zimenezo, inalamula akatswiriwo kupereka mpambo wa zifukwa zoletsazo kuti zisindikizidwe pamodzi ndi ma Baibulo a Estienne. Iwo analonjeza kuchita zimenezo, komatu anachita zonse zothekera kuti apeŵe kupereka mpambo watsatanetsatane wa zolakwa zimene ananena.

Francis I anamwalira m’March 1547, ndipo amenewo ndiwo anali mapeto a mchirikizi wamphamvu wa Estienne, amenenso anatsutsa mphamvu ya a Sorbonne. Pamene Henry II analoŵa ufumu, anapitirizabe ndi lamulo la atate wake lakuti akatswiriwo apereke mpambo wa zifukwa zoletsa. Komabe, ataona mmene akalonga a Germany anali kugwiritsirira ntchito Kukonzanso pa zolinga za ndale, Henry II sanasamale kwambiri za amene amati mapindu kapena kuipa kwa ma Baibulo a wosindikiza wa mfumu poyerekezera ndi kuchititsa France kukhalabe Wachikatolika ndi wogwirizana pansi pa mfumu yake yatsopano. Pa December 10, 1547, Bungwe la Aphungu a mfumu linalamula kuti ma Baibulo a Estienne sayenera kugulitsidwa kufikira akatswiri a zaumulungu atapereka mpambo wawo wa zifukwa zoletsa.

Aimbidwa Mlandu wa Kukhala Wampatuko

Tsopano akatswiriwo anafunafuna njira yoperekera mlandu wa Estienne kubwalo la milandu lapadera limene linali litangopangidwa kuzenga milandu ya mpatuko. Estienne sanatofunikira kukumbutsidwa za ngozi imene analimo. M’zaka ziŵiri pambuyo pa kupangidwa kwa bwalolo, linadziŵika monga chambre ardente, kapena “chipinda choyaka moto.” Pafupifupi amaliwongo 60 ananyongedwa, kuphatikizapo osindikiza ena ndi ogulitsa mabuku amene anawotchedwa amoyo ku Place Maubert, pafupi kwambiri ndi nyumba ya Estienne. Nyumba ya Estienne inafufuzidwa kaŵirikaŵiri kufunamo umboni uliwonse womupezerapo mlandu. Mboni zoposa 80 zinafunsidwa. Amene akampereka analonjezedwa mphotho ya chigawo chimodzi mwa zinayi za chuma chake ngati iye akapezedwa ndi mlandu wa mpatuko. Komabe, umboni wokha umene iwo anali nawo ndiwo zimene Estienne anasindikiza poyera m’ma Baibulo ake.

Apanso mfumu inalamula kuti mpambo wa akatswiriwo wa zifukwa zoletsa uperekedwe ku Bungwe la Aphungu ake. Pokhala ouma mutu, akatswiriwo anayankha kuti ‘sunali mwambo wa akatswiri a zaumulungu kulemba zifukwa zimene anatsutsira chinthu kukhala cha mpatuko koma kuti amangoyankha ndi mawu a pakamwa, amene muyenera kukhulupirira, ngati sichoncho kulemberana sikudzatha.’ Henry anagonja. Chiletso chokwana chinaperekedwa. Pafupifupi buku lililonse la Baibulo limene Estienne anatulutsa linatsutsidwa. Ngakhale kuti anapulumuka malaŵi a moto wa Place Maubert, anasankhapo kuchoka ku France ataona kuti ma Baibulo ake onse aletsedwa ndi kuti mwina angadzamvutitsenso.

Wosindikiza Wothaŵa Kwawo

Mu November 1550, Estienne anasamukira ku Geneva, Switzerland. Akatswiriwo ku France analetsa kufalitsa Baibulo lina lililonse kusiyapo Vulgate. Tsopano pokhala waufulu kufalitsa zimene anafuna, Estienne anasindikizanso “Chipangano Chatsopano” cha Chigiriki mu 1551, chokhala ndi matembenuzidwe aŵiri Achilatini (a Vulgate ndi a Erasmus) m’madanga aŵiri. Pambuyo pake mu 1552, anawonjezapo matembenuzidwe Achifrenchi a Malemba Achigiriki okhala ndi danga la malembo Achilatini a Erasmus. M’makope aŵiri ameneŵa, Estienne anayambitsa njira yogaŵira malemba a Baibulo m’mavesi​—njira imodzimodzi imene ikugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwambiri lerolino. Ngakhale kuti ena kumbuyoko anayesa njira zosiyana zogaŵira mavesi, njira ya Estienne ndiyo inalandiridwa. Baibulo lake Lachifrenchi la 1553 linali Baibulo lathunthu loyamba kukhala ndi zigawo za mavesi.

Baibulo Lachilatini la Estienne lokhala ndi matembenuzidwe aŵiri la 1557 nlodziŵikanso chifukwa cha kugwiritsira ntchito kwake dzina laumwini la Mulungu, Jehova, m’Malemba Achihebri onse. M’mawu a m’mphepete mwa salmo lachiŵiri, iye anasonyeza kuti kuika ʼAdho·naiʹ m’malo mwa Tetragrammaton Yachihebri (יהוה) makamaka kunazikidwa pa mwambo wa Ayuda ndipo kunayenera kukanidwa. M’kope limeneli, Estienne anagwiritsira ntchito mawu akanyenye kusonyeza mawu Achilatini amene anawonjezamo kuti amveketse bwino tanthauzo la Chihebri. Njira imeneyi inagwiritsiridwa ntchito pambuyo pake m’ma Baibulo ena, luso limene kaŵirikaŵiri lachititsa chidwi aŵerengi amakono ozoloŵera ntchito yamakono ya mawu akanyenye osonyeza mbali imene ikugogomezeredwa.

Pofuna kupatsa ena chidziŵitso chake, Estienne anapereka moyo wake pa kufalitsa Malemba Oyera. Lerolino aja amene amalemekeza Mawu a Mulungu ayenera kumuyamikira kaamba ka zoyesayesa zake ndi ntchito za ena amene mwakhama anayesetsa kuika mawu a m’Baibulo monga momwe analembedwera poyamba. Njira imene iwo anayamba ikupitirizabe pamene tipeza chidziŵitso china cholondola cha zilankhulo zakale ndi kupeza malembo a pamanja akale ndi olondola kwambiri a Mawu a Mulungu. Imfa ya Estienne itatsala pang’ono kuchitika (1559), iye anali kupanga matembenuzidwe atsopano a Malemba Achigiriki. Iye anafunsidwa: “Kodi ndani adzawagula? Ndani adzawaŵerenga?” Anayankha mwachidaliro kuti: ‘Anthu onse ophunzira odzipereka kwa Mulungu.’

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Chithunzi patsamba 10]

Zoyesayesa za Robert Estienne zathandiza mibadwomibadwo ya ophunzira Baibulo

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris

[Chithunzi patsamba 12]

Zithunzi zophunzitsa kwambiri za Estienne zinatsanziridwa kumibadwomibadwo

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris