Akatswiri a Zamankhwala

MUNTHU wina wazaka 61, wa ku Belgium dzina lake José, amene amachokera m’katauni kotchedwa Oupeye, anauzidwa kuti adzafunika kuikidwa chiŵindi china. “Sindinadandaulepo choncho chibadwire,” iye anatero. Zaka makumi anayi zapitazo, palibe akanaganiza za kuika munthu chiŵindi china. Ngakhale cha m’ma 1970, mwaŵi wakuti upulumuka ukaikidwa chiŵindi unali pafupifupi 30 peresenti basi. Komabe, lero, kuika munthu chiŵindi china kukuchitidwa kaŵirikaŵiri, ndipo kukuyenda bwino kwambiri.

Koma pali vuto lina lalikulu. Chifukwa chakuti nthaŵi zambiri kuika chiŵindi china kumatayitsa magazi ambiri, madokotala nthaŵi zambiri amaika anthuwo magazi m’kati mwa opaleshoniyo. Chifukwa cha chikhulupiriro chake chachipembedzo José sanafune kulandira magazi. Koma anafuna kuti amuike chiŵindi china. Kodi n’zosatheka? Ena angaganize choncho. Koma dokotala wamkulu wa opaleshoni anaona kuti iye pamodzi ndi om’thandiza adakatha kuchita opaleshoniyo bwinobwino popanda kuika magazi. Ndipo zimenezo n’zimenedi iwo anachita! Patangotha masiku 25 okha atachitidwa opaleshoni, José anabwerera kunyumba kukakhalanso limodzi ndi mkazi wake ndi mwana wake wamkazi.a

Chifukwa cha anthu amene magazini ya Time inawatcha kuti “akatswiri a zamankhwala,” chithandizo ndi opaleshoni zopanda kuika munthu magazi tsopano n’zofala kuposa kale lonse. Koma kodi n’chifukwa chiyani ambiri akuzifuna motere? Kuti tiyankhe funso limenelo, tiyeni tione mbiri yovuta ya kuika anthu magazi.

Kuika Anthu Magazi—Nkhani Yovuta kwa Nthaŵi Yaitali

“Ngati maselo ofiira a magazi akanakhala kuti angotulukiridwa monga mankhwala atsopano, kukanakhala kovuta kwambiri kuwavomereza mwalamulo.”—Dr. Jeffrey McCullough.

NTHAŴI yozizira ya m’chaka cha 1667, wamisala wovuta wotchedwa Antoine Mauroy anam’tengera kwa Jean-Baptiste Denis, amene anali dokotala wamkulu wa Mfumu Louis XIV ya ku France. Denis anali ndi “mankhwala” oyenera a misala ya Mauroy. Mankhwala ake anali kumuika magazi a thole la ng’ombe, amene iye anali kuganiza kuti angathe kutontholetsa wodwala wakeyo. Koma zinthu sizinamuyendere bwino Mauroy. N’zoona kuti atamuika kachiŵiri magaziwo, anayamba kupeza bwino. Koma mosakhalitsa misala inam’gwiranso munthu wa chifalansa ameneyu, ndipo mwamsanga anamwalira.

Ngakhale kuti patapita nthaŵi anatulukira kuti chimene chinapha Mauroy ndi mankhwala ena akupha, zimene Denis anali kufufuza pogwiritsa ntchito magazi a nyama zinabukitsa nkhani yovuta kwambiri ku France. Potsiriza, mu 1670 njira imeneyi anailetsa. M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, Nyumba ya Malamulo ku England ndiponso ngakhale papa anailetsanso. Moti kunalibenso zoika anthu magazi m’zaka 150 zotsatira.

Zoopsa Zake Zoyamba

M’zaka zoyambira mu 1800, kuika anthu magazi kunayambiranso. Amene anayambitsanso njirayi anali mngelezi yemwe anali katswiri wa zauzamba wotchedwa James Blundell. Chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito njira zabwinopo ndiponso zida zapamwamba, kuphatikizanso apo anali kunenetsa kuti magazi a munthu okha basi ndiwo ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndipo mwanjira imeneyi Blundell anatchukitsa njira yoika anthu magazi.

Koma mu 1873, dokotala wa ku Poland, F. Gesellius, anachedwetsa kufalanso kwa njira yoika anthu magazi potulukira nkhani inayake yoopsa, yakuti: Pafupifupi theka la anthu amene anawaika magazi anafa. Madokotala odziŵika bwino atamva zimenezi, anayamba kudzudzula njirayo. Kutchuka kwa njira yoika anthu magazi kunathanso.

Kenaka, mu 1878, dokotala wa ku France Georges Hayem anatenga madzi a mchere n’kuikako zina ndi zina ndipo ananena kuti angathe kuloŵa m’malo mwa magazi. Mosiyana ndi magazi, madzi a mchere sankadwalitsanso matenda ena, ndipo sanali kuundana m’thupi, komanso anali kuyenda mosavuta. Choncho, mpake kuti njira ya Hayem yogwiritsa ntchito madzi a mchere inayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Komabe, modabwitsa, anthu ambiri anayamba kuganiza kuti magazi anali abwinopo. N’chifukwa chiyani zinatero?

Mu 1900, katswiri wa ku Austria wa zimene zimayambitsa matenda Karl Landsteiner, anatulukira kuti pali magulu a magazi, ndipo anapeza kuti gulu limodzi la magazi siliyenderana ndi linzake nthaŵi zonse. N’chifukwa chake zotsatira za anthu ambiri amene anawaika magazi zinali zangozi! Koma tsopano zimenezo zidakathetsedwa, mwa kungoonetsetsa kuti gulu la magazi la wopereka magazi n’logwirizana ndi la wolandira magaziwo. N’chidziŵitso chimenechi, madokotala anayambanso kuidalira njira yoika anthu magazi, nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse itangokwana.

Kuika Anthu Magazi Ndiponso Nkhondo

M’kati mwa nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse, asilikali ovulala anali kuwaika magazi mosaumira. Inde, magazi amaundana mwamsanga, ndipo m’mbuyomo kukanakhala kosatheka kufika nawo malo omenyera nkhondo. Koma kumayambiriro kwa zaka zoyambira 1900, Dr. Richard Lewisohn, wa ku chipatala chotchedwa Mount Sinai mu mzinda wa New York, anayesa mankhwala ena otchedwa sodium citrate kuti aone ngati angathe kuchititsa kuti magazi asaundane ndipo zinathekadi. Madokotala ena anaona njira yochititsa chidwi imene anaitulukirayi monga chozizwitsa. “Zinkangooneka ngati kuti dzuŵa laimitsidwa,” analemba motero Dr, Bertram M. Bernheim, amene anali dokotala wotchuka m’masiku amenewo.

Magazi anali kufunika mowonjezereka pankhondo yachiŵiri yapadziko lonse. Paliponse anthu anali kuona zikwangwani zolembedwa mawu monga akuti “Perekani Magazi Tsopano,” “Magazi Anu Angathe Kum’pulumutsa,” ndiponso “Iye Anapereka Magazi Ake. Kodi Inunso Mupereka Anu?” Kuitanitsa magazi kumeneku kunachititsa anthu ambiri kuperaka magazi awo. Pankhondo yachiŵiri yapadziko lonse, mayuniti a magazi okwanira 13,000,000 anaperekedwa ku United States. Akuti ku London anatenga magazi opitirira magaloni 68,500 ndi kuwagaŵa. N’zoona, kuti kuika anthu magazi kunali ndi mavuto angapo obweretsa matenda, monga mmene anadzaonera mwamsanga pambuyo pake.

Matenda Opatsirana Kudzera M’magazi

Nkhondo yachiŵiri yapadziko lonse itatha, kupita patsogolo kwakukulu kwa zachipatala kunatheketsa kuchita maopaleshoni ambiri amene poyamba sanali oti n’kuwaganizira n’komwe. Zotsatirapo zake zinali zakuti magazi anawasandutsa malonda apadziko lonse opindulitsa kwambiri n’cholinga chakuti madokotala azipeza magazi okwanira kuika anthu, poti ankati ndiyo njira yoyenera yochitira opaleshoni.

Komabe, pasanapite nthaŵi, panabwera nkhaŵa yokhudza matenda ogwirizana ndi kuika anthu magazi. Mwachitsanzo, pankhondo ya ku Korea, pafupifupi 22 peresenti ya anthu amene analandira magazi anayamba kudwala matenda a kutupa chiwindi otchedwa hepatitis kuposeratu katatu chiŵerengero cha pa nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse. Mmene imafika 1970, bungwe lotchedwa Malikulu Oona za Kupeŵa Matenda ku United States linati anthu amene anali kufa chifukwa cha matenda a kutupa chiwindi opatsirana chifukwa cha kuikidwa magazi anafika pa 3,500 pachaka. Ena anati chiŵerengerocho chinali chachikulu moŵirikiza kakhumi.

Chifukwa choyeza bwino magazi ndiponso kusankha bwino opereka magazi, anthu otenga matenda a kutupa chiwindi a hepatitis B kudzera m’magazi anachepa. Koma kenako panabwera kachilombo katsopano kamene nthaŵi zina kamapha. Kachilomboko kanali kuyambitsa matenda a kutupa chiwindi a hepatitis C ndipo kanapulula anthu kwambiri. Anthu 4 miliyoni a ku America akuti anatenga kachilomboko, zikwi mazana ambiri a iwo anakatenga m’njira yoikidwa magazi. N’zoona kuti m’kupita kwa nthaŵi, kuyeza magazi mosamala kunachepetsa kufala kwa matenda a kutupa chiwindi a hepatitis C. Komabe, anthu ambiri akuopa kuti mavuto ena angayambe ndipo angadzadziŵidwe zinthu zitathina kale.

Vuto Lina: Magazi Okhala ndi Kachilombo ka HIV

M’zaka za m’ma 1980, anatulukira kuti magazi angathe kukhala ndi kachilombo ka HIV, kamene kamayambitsa matenda a AIDS. Poyamba, anthu osunga magazi sanali kufuna kuganiza kuti mwina magazi amene ankasunga anali ndi matendaŵa. Ambiri a iwo anali kukayikira kuti HIV ndi vutodi. Malingana ndi zimene ananena Dr, Bruce Evatt, “kunali ngati kuti munthu wina wangoti tulukiru kuchokera m’chipululu ndiye amvekere, ‘ndaona chim’zukwa.’ Iwo anamvetsera, koma sanakhulupirire ngakhale pang’ono.”

Komabe, m’mayiko ambiri mwakhala mukuchitika nkhani zimene zaululitsa kuti magazi ena ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV. Ku France, akuti pafupifupi anthu 6,000 kapena 8,000 anapatsidwa kachilombo ka HIV poikidwa magazi m’zaka zapakati pa 1982 ndi 1985. Kuika anthu magazi akuti n’kumene kumachititsa 10 peresenti ya okhala ndi HIV mu Africa kutenga kachilomboka ndiponso kuti 40 peresenti ya odwala matenda a AIDS ku Pakistan atenge matendaŵa. Lero, chifukwa cha kupita patsogolo kwa kuyeza magazi, kufalitsa kachilombo ka HIV poika anthu magazi n’kochepa m’mayiko otukuka. Komabe, vuto la kufalitsa kachilomboka likupitirizabe m’mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene momwe mulibe njira zoyesera magazi.

N’chifukwa chake m’zaka zaposachedwapa anthu akhala ndi chidwi pa nkhani ya kupereka mankhwala opanda magazi ndiponso kuchita opaleshoni yopanda magazi. Koma kodi imeneyi ndiyo njira yosaopsa?

[Bokosi patsamba 6]

Kuika Munthu Magazi—Palibe Muyezo Wachipatala Wodziŵira Ngati Kukufunika

Chaka chilichonse ku United States kokha, mayuniti opitirira 11,000,000 a maselo ofiira a magazi amathiridwa mwa odwala 3,000,000. Poona ukulu wa chiŵerengero chimenechi munthu angaganize kuti madokotala ali ndi muyezo umene amaonetsetsa kuti aziutsatira popereka magazi. Komatu, magazini ya zachipatala yotchedwa The New England Journal Of Medicine inanena kuti n’zodabwitsa kuti pali chidziŵitso chochepa kwambiri “chakuti chingagwiritsidwe ntchito posankha zakuti aike munthu magazi.” N’zoonadi, pali kusiyana kwakukulu pochita zimenezi. Osati kokha poona kuti munthu amuike chiyani ndiponso kuti mlingo wake ukhale wotani komanso poona ngati kuika munthu magazi kuli kofunika n’komwe. “Zoti munthu ayenera kuikidwa magazi zimadalira dokotalayo osati wodwala,” ikutero magazini ya zachipatala yotchedwa Acta Ana̗sthesiologica Belgica. Poganizira mawu ali pamwambawa, n’zosadabwitsa kuti pa kufufuza kwina kumene anakufalitsa m’magazini ya zachipatala yotchedwa The New England Journal of Medicine anapeza kuti “pafupifupi 60 peresenti ya oikidwa magazi sakhala ofunika kuwaika magazi.”

[Zithunzi patsamba 5]

Magazi anali kufunika mowonjezereka pankhondo yachiŵiri yapadziko lonse

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Imperial War Museum, London

U.S. National Archives photos

Kufunika Kowonjezereka kwa Chithandizo Ndiponso Opaleshoni Zopanda Magazi

“Anthu onse amene amachita ntchito yokhudza magazi ndi amene amasamalira matenda ofunika opaleshoni ayenera kuganizira kuchita opaleshoni yopanda magazi.”—Dr. Joachim Boldt, polofesa woona za kugonetsa anthu powachita opaleshoni, wa ku Ludwigshafen, Germany.

VUTO la AIDS lachititsa asayansi kuchitapo zinthu mowonjezereka kuti ku opaleshoni kusamakhale kodetsa nkhaŵa. Mwachionekere ndiye kuti zimenezi zayambitsa kuyeza magazi mosamala zedi. Komabe akatswiri amanena kuti mfundo zimenezi sizipangitsa kuti asapereke magazi opanda matenda ngakhale pang’ono. Magazini yotchedwa Transfusion (Kuika munthu magazi) inanena kuti: “Ngakhale kuti mabungwe akuwononga ndalama zambiri kuti magazi amene akusunga akhale opanda matenda, tikukhulupirira kuti odwala ayesetsabe kupeŵa kuikidwa magazi chifukwa chakuti magazi osungidwawo sangakhale opandiratu matenda alionse.”

N’zosadabwitsa kuti madokotala ambiri akumaganizira kaye popereka magazi. “Kuika anthu magazi si kwabwino n’komwe, ndipo tikuchita zotheka kuti tikupeŵe tikamathandiza aliyense,” akutero Dr. Alex Zapolanski, wa ku San Francisco, California.

Anthu ayamba kudziŵa kuopsa kwa kuikidwa magazi. Inde, kufufuza kumene kunachitika mu 1996 kunasonyeza kuti 89 peresenti ya anthu a ku Canada angasankhe njira ina m’malo mwa kuikidwa magazi. “Si odwala onse amene angakane kuikidwa magazi monga mmene amachitira a Mboni za Yehova,” ikutero magazini ya zachipatala yotchedwa Journal of Vascular Surgery. “Komabe, vuto la kufalitsa matenda ndiponso kuwonongeka kwa chitetezo chathupi likusonyezeratu kuti tiyenera kupeza njira zina kaamba ka odwala athu onse.”

Njira Imene Ambiri Amasankha

Ubwino wake n’ngwakuti pali njira ina—njira ya chithandizo ndiponso opaleshoni yopanda magazi. Odwala ambiri samaiona monga njira yofunika kokha pamene asoŵa chochita koma monga njira imene amasankha, ndipo ali ndi zifukwa zabwino. Stephen Geoffrey Pollard, amene ali dokotala wamkulu wa opaleshoni wa ku Britain, ananena kuti chiŵerengero cha odwalabe ndiponso akufa pakati pa anthu amene amachitidwa opaleshoni yopanda magazi “n’chongofanana ndi cha odwala amene amalandira magazi, ndipo nthaŵi zambiri iwo savutika ndi matenda otengedwa kapena oyamba pambuyo pa opaleshoni amene nthaŵi zambiri amayamba chifukwa choikidwa magazi.”

Kodi chithandizo chopanda magazi chinayamba bwanji? Mukaganiza mozama muona kuti funsoli n’lodabwitsa, chifukwa chakuti kuchiza kopanda magazi kunayamba magazi asanayambe n’komwe kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Inde, ndi m’zaka za m’ma 1900 pamene njira yoika anthu magazi yapita patsogolo mwakuti n’kumagwiritsidwa ntchito paliponse. Komabe, m’zaka za posachedwapa anthu ena atchukitsa njira ya opaleshoni yopanda magazi. Mwachitsanzo, m’ma 1960 katswiri wotchuka wa za opaleshoni Denton Cooley anachita maopaleshoni oyamba ong’amba mtima mosagwiritsa ntchito magazi.

Chifukwa cha kufala kwa matenda a kutupa chiwindi a hepatitis pakati pa olandira magazi m’ma 1970, madokotala ambiri anayamba kufunafuna njira zoloŵa m’malo mwa magazi. Pofika m’ma 1980 magulu akuluakulu ambiri a zachipatala anali kuchita opaleshoni popanda magazi. Kenaka pamene mliri wa AIDS unabuka, kaŵirikaŵiri magulu ameneŵa anali kufunsidwa zochita ndi ena amene anali okonzeka kuyamba kutsatira njira zomwezo. M’ma 1990 zipatala zambiri zinayambitsa ntchito zopereka njira zina zochizira odwala awo.

Tsopano pakakhala matenda a ngozi amene kale ankafunikira magazi, madokotala agwiritsa ntchito njira zochizira popanda magazi ndipo zinthu zakhala zikuyenda bwino. “Maopaleshoni akuluakulu okhudza mtima, mitsempha, ziberekero, matenda achikazi, mafupa ndiponso zikhodzodzo angathe kuchitidwa bwinobwino mopanda kugwiritsa ntchito magazi kapena chilichonse chochokera kumagazi,” anatero Dr. H.W. Wong, m’magazini yotchedwa Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia.

Ubwino umodzi wa opaleshoni yopanda magazi n’ngwakuti imachititsa kuti odwala azisamalidwa bwino kwambiri. “Chofunika kwambiri kuti magazi asatayike ndicho luso la dokotala wa opaleshoni,” akutero Dr. Benjamin J. Reichstein, amene ali wamkulu wa za opaleshoni ku Cleveland, Ohio. Magazini ina ya zamalamulo ku South Africa inanena kuti nthaŵi zina opaleshoni yopanda magazi imakhala “yofulumirirapo, yosavulaza ndiponso yotsikirapo mtengo.” Ikuwonjezaponso kuti: “Mosakayikira kwa odwala ambiri chisamaliro chimene akhala akupatsidwa pambuyo pake chakhala chotsikirapo mtengo ndiponso chosataya nthaŵi.” Izi ndi zifukwa zochepa chabe zimene zachititsa kuti kuzungulira padziko lonse pakhale zipatala zopitirira 180 zimene zili ndi ntchito zimene cholinga chake chachikulu ndicho kupereka chithandizo ndiponso kuchita opaleshoni mopanda magazi.

Nkhani ya Magazi ndi Mboni za Yehova

Kaamba ka zifukwa za m’Baibulo, Mboni za Yehova zimakana kuikidwa magazi.a Koma iwo amalola ndiponso amayesetsa kupeza mankhwala oloŵa m’malo mwa magazi. “Mboni za Yehova zimafuna chithandizo chabwino kwambiri cha mankhwala,” anatero Dr. Richard K. Spence, pamene anali mkulu wa za opaleshoni pachipatala china ku New York. “Monga gulu, dokotala sangapeze anthu ena ofuna chithandizo amene ali odziŵa zinthu kwambiri monga iwo.”

Mwakupereka chithandizo kwa Mboni za Yehova, madokotala adziŵa bwino njira zambiri zochitira opaleshoni yopanda magazi. Taganizirani nkhani ya katswiri wa opaleshoni ya mtima ndiponso mitsempha wotchedwa Denton Cooley. Kwa zaka zopitirira 27, gulu lake lakhala likuchita maopaleshoni ong’amba mtima pa anthu okwana 663 a Mboni za Yehova. Zotsatira zake zikusonyezeratu kuti n’kotheka kuchita maopaleshoni a mtima abwino popanda kugwiritsa ntchito magazi.

N’zoona kuti anthu ambiri akhala akudzudzula Mboni za Yehova chifukwa chokana magazi. Koma kabuku kolangiza anthu kamene kamafalitsidwa ndi bungwe la akatswiri a zogonetsa anthu powachita opaleshoni lotchedwa Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland kananena kuti mfundo ya a Mboni ili “chizindikiro cha kulemekeza moyo.” Zoona zake n’zakuti, chifukwa cha kusasintha kwawo pa mfundo imeneyi Mboni zathandiza kwambiri kubweretsa chithandizo chabwinopo chimene chikupezeka kwa anthu onse. “Mboni za Yehova zofuna kuchitidwa opaleshoni zasonyeza umo ayenera kuichitira ndipo zalimbikitsa kupititsa patsogolo njira zimenezi zimene zili m’gulu la mbali yofunika kwambiri ya chithandizo cha zachipatala ku Norway,” analemba motero polofesa Stein A, Evensen, wa kuchipatala chotchedwa Norway’s National Hospital.

Kuti zithandize madokotala kupereka chithandizo popanda kugwiritsa ntchito magazi, Mboni za Yehova zinayambitsa ntchito yolankhulana ndi achipatala. Pakali pano pali Makomiti Olankhulana ndi Zipatala opitirira 1,400 amene ali okonzeka kupereka mabuku a zachipatala kwa madokotala ndi akatswiri a zakafukufuku kuchokera m’nkhokwe yachidziŵitso yokhala ndi nkhani 3,000 zokhudza mankhwala ndiponso opaleshoni yopanda magazi. “Si a Mboni za Yehova okha komanso anthu odwala ena onse, pakali pano sangaikidwe magazi mosafunikira ndipo izi zachitika chifukwa cha ntchito ya Makomiti a Mboni Olankhulana ndi Zipatala,” anatero Dr. Charles Baron, polofesa wa pa Boston College Law School.b

Chidziŵitso chimene chakonzedwa ndi Mboni za Yehova chokhudza chithandizo ndiponso opaleshoni yopanda magazi chathandiza anthu ambiri a zachipatala. Mwachitsanzo, pofufuza zinthu zoti alembe m’buku lonena za kuika munthu magazi ake omwe lotchedwa Autotransfusion: Therapeutic Principles and Trends, olemba ake anafunsa a Mboni za Yehova kuti awapatse chidziŵitso chokhudza njira zoloŵa m’malo mwa kuika munthu magazi. A Mboni za Yehovawo anawapatsa zimene anali kupempha. Pothokoza, olemba bukuwo ananena kuti: “Takhala tikuŵerenga zinthu zambiri zokhudza nkhani imeneyi koma izi zokha ndizo zalongosola mwatsatanetsatane ndiponso mosasiyapo kanthu njira zosiyanasiyana zopeŵera kuika anthu magazi.”

Kupita patsogolo pankhani zachipatala kwachititsa anthu ambiri kusankha mankhwala opanda magazi ndiponso opaleshoni yopanda magazi. Kodi tingayembekezere kupita patsogolo kotani m’tsogolo muno? Polofesa Luc Montagnier, amene anatulukira kachilombo koyambitsa matenda a AIDS, ananena kuti: “Kudziŵa kwathu mowonjezereka nkhani zimenezi kukusonyeza kuti tsiku lina kuika anthu magazi kuyenera kudzasiyidwa.” Pakalipano, mankhwala oloŵa m’malo mwa magazi ali m’kati mopulumutsa miyoyo.