N’chifukwa Chiyani Anthu Amagwiritsa Ntchito Mankhwala Osokoneza Bongo?
“NDILI ndi zaka 13, mchemwali wa mnzanga wampamtima anatiitana kuti tipite kunyumba kwawo madzulo. Aliyense anayamba kusuta chamba. Poyamba ndinakana kusuta nawo, koma atandipatsa kangapo, mapeto ake ndinalaŵa.” Michael wa ku South Africa, anafotokoza kuti anayamba motero kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo.
“Banja lathu n’lokonda zachikhalidwe ndipo limaimba nyimbo za ku Ulaya za chamba cha classic. Ndinkaimba nawo m’gulu lina la oyimba nyimbo, ndipo woyimba wina ankakonda kusuta chamba panthaŵi yopumira. Kwa miyezi ingapo ndithu anali kuumirira kuti nane ndisuteko. Mapeto ake ndinalawa ndipo ndinayambira pamenepo kusuta chamba.” Umu ndi mmene Darren, wa ku Canada, anayambira kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo.
Anthu aŵiriwa, anayambanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ena osiyanasiyana osokoneza bongo ndiponso ena owonjezera mphamvu. Akamaganizira zam’mbuyo, pakuti tsopano anasiya, amavomereza kuti anzawo ndiwo anawachititsa kuti ayambe kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalaŵa. Michael anati, “Sindinkaganizako zoti ndingadzayambe kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalaŵa, koma chifukwa chakuti anyamata amenewo anali anzanga okhawo amene ndinali nawo, sindikadachitira mwina kuposa kungowatsanzira.”
Zosangalatsa
N’zoona kuti anthu ambiri amayamba kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalaŵa chifukwa cha anzawo, ndipo makamaka achinyamata ndiwo angatengeke mtima mosavuta. Ndiponso amatengera zochita za anthu ena otchuka amene amawakhumbira, amenenso amakopa achinyamata ambiri oterowo.
Anthu ochita zosangalatsa ndiwo ali pavuto lalikulu lamankhwala osokoneza bongo. Nthaŵi zambiri oyimba nyimbo otchuka amayamba kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oopsa kwambiri panthaŵi inayake m’kati mwantchito yawo. Anthu ambiri otchuka m’mafilimu amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo mwachizoloŵezi.
Asangalatsi amatha kuchititsa kuti mankhwala osokoneza bongo akhale okopa ndi osangalatsa mwakuti achinyamata ambiri satha kuugwira mtima. Maganizi ya Newsweek ya 1996 inati: “Misewu ya mumzinda wa Seattle n’njodzaza ndi achinyamata amene anasamukiramo kuti azigwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo chifukwa chakuti Cobain, woyimba nyimbo wina ankagwiritsanso ntchito mankhwalawo.”
Magazini, mafilimu, ndiponso mawailesi akanema, amachititsa mankhwalaŵa kukhala okopa. Moteronso akatswiri ena okonza mafashoni a zovala akamaonetsa zovala zawo, amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito akazi owonda kwambiri poyerekezera anthu amene satha kukhala popanda mankhwalaŵa.
N’chifukwa Chiyani Anthu Ena Amalephera Kuwasiya?
Pali zifukwa zina zambiri zimene zimachititsa kuti anthu azigwiritsabe ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Zina mwa zifukwazi ndizo kukhumudwa kwambiri, kusokonezeka maganizo, ndiponso kusoŵa chochita m’moyo. Zifukwa zinanso ndizo umphaŵi, ulova, ndiponso kutsanzira khalidwe loipa la makolo.
Anthu ena amene satha kugwirizana ndi anzawo amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwalaŵa n’cholinga choti asamavutike akakhala ndi ena. Iwo amakhulupirira kuti mankhwalawo amawalimbitsa mtima, amawapatsa nzeru ndiponso amawachititsa kuti azikondedwa. Ena amangoona kuti kuli bwino kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalaŵa kusiyana ndi kumavutika n’kulimbana ndi zovuta zam’moyo wawo.
Chifukwa china chimene achinyamata amagwiritsira ntchito mankhwalaŵa n’kunyong’onyeka. Buku lotchedwa The Romance of Risk—Why Teenagers Do the Things They Do limatchulapo za kunyong’onyeka ndi kusoŵa chisamaliro cha makolo ponena kuti: “Anyamata ndi atsikana akamachokera kusukulu amapeza kunyumba kulibe aliyense. N’zosadabwitsa kuti amasukidwa ndipo safuna kukhala okha. Anzawo amabwera, koma ngakhale atakhala ndi anzawowo nthaŵi zambiri amanyong’onyekabe. Amangoonerera wailesi yakanema kapena mavidiyo a nyimbo kapenanso amatsegula Intaneti kuti apeze zosangalatsa. Choncho m’posavuta kuti ayambe kusuta fodya, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi kumwa mowa.”
Michael, amene tam’tchula poyamba paja, ananena izi pa nkhani ya kusoŵa chisamaliro cha makolo ake kunyumba: “M’banja mwathu tinkakhala mosangalala. Banja lathu linali logwirizana kuposa mabanja ambiri. Koma makolo athu ankagwira ntchito yolembedwa, ndipo tinalibe wotiyang’anira masana. Chinanso n’chakuti makolo athu ankangotileka kuti tizichita chilichonse chimene tikufuna. Sankatipatsa mwambo. Makolo anga sankadziŵa kuti ndinali kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo.”
Akangozoloŵera, anthu ambiri amagwiritsabe ntchito mankhwalaŵa pa chifukwa chosalira kufunsa: amawasangalatsa. Michael, amene ankagwiritsa ntchito mankhwalaŵa tsiku lililonse, analongosola mmene ankamvera motere: “Ndinkangoona ngati ndili kwinakwake. Ndinkaiwalako za mavuto anga onse. Palibe chinkandiopsa. Chilichonse chinkangooneka ngati chosangalatsa.”
Munthu wina wa ku South Africa, dzina lake Dick, amene anagwiritsapo ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, analongosola mmene chamba chinkamusangalatsira atayamba kuchisuta ali ndi zaka 13: “Nthabwala iliyonse inkandiseketsa. China chilichonse chinkandiseketsa kwambiri.”
Sizioneka kuti achinyamata amaopa akamachenjezedwa kuti mankhwala osokoneza bongo n’ngoopsa. Iwo amangokhala ndi maganizo oti “sizingandichitikire ine.” Buku lotchedwa Talking With Your Teenager limatchula chifukwa chimene achinyamata amanyalanyazira machenjezo akuti mankhwalaŵa amawononga thanzi ponena kuti: “Iwo n’ngamphamvu ndiponso olimba kwambiri moti sakhulupirira kuti angavutike m’thupi. Maganizo omadzitenga ngati ‘wolimba’ ameneŵa n’ngofala kwambiri paunyamata. Achinyamata amaona zinthu monga kansa yam’mapapo, uchidakwa wa mowa, ndiponso uchidakwa wamankhwala osokoneza bongo, ngati zinthu zongochitikira anthu achikulire osati iwowo.” Ambiri chifukwa chakuti sadziŵa kuopsa kwake, n’chifukwa chake timawaona akutengeka mtima kwambiri ndi mankhwalaŵa. Kodi mankhwalaŵa n’ngoopsa motani?
Mankhwala Ovinitsa Usiku Wonse
Mankhwala otchedwa ecstasy, nthaŵi zambiri amawagwiritsa ntchito ku madansi ochezera usiku wonse. Amene amagulitsa mankhwalaŵa amanyengerera anthu kuti akagwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawo adzasangalala kwambiri ndiponso adzakhala ndi mphamvu kwabasi povina usiku wonse osatopa. Mankhwalaŵa amathandiza ovinawo kuti azivinabe kwa maola ambiri mpaka kutopa kwambiri kufika ‘pothekeratu’ monga ananenera wolemba wina.” Wachinyamata wina analongosola mmene mankhwalaŵa amatengera mtima ponena kuti: “Kukoma kwake kumayamba kumvekera kuzala za kumapazi, kenaka thupi lonse limangomva bwino mpaka kumafika kumutu.”
Zithunzi zosonyeza ubongo wa anthu amene amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a ecstasy kaŵirikaŵiri zasonyezeratu kuti mankhwalaŵa n’ngoopsa osati monga mmene amanenera ogulitsa kuti n’ngabwino. Zithunzi zimenezi zaonetsa kuti mankhwalaŵa amawononga mitsempha yopita ku ubongo ndipo amachepetsa madzi am’thupi otchedwa serotonin oyenda m’mitsemphamo. N’zotheka kuti ubongowu ungawonongekeretu. M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, zimenezi zimayambitsa mavuto ena monga kuvutika mumtima ndiponso kuiwalaiwala. Anthu ena ogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a ecstasy amwalira nawo. Ndiyenso anthu ena ambiri ogulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo amasanganiza ecstasy ndi mankhwala ena ovuta kusiya kuti makasitomala awo aziwakondabe kwambiri mankhwalawo.
Kodi N’ngosavuta Motani Kuwapeza?
M’mayiko ambiri mankhwala osokoneza bongo atsika mtengo chifukwa achuluka kwambiri. Chifukwa china chimene chachulukitsa mankhwalaŵa n’kusintha kwa ndale ndi za chuma. Chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri pankhaniyi n’cha ku South Africa, kumene kusintha kwa ndale kwachititsa kuchuluka kwa malonda ndiponso kugulana zinthu ndi mayiko ena. Zimenezi, komanso kuchepa kwa njira zogwirira ozembetsa zinthu m’malire a mayiko zapereka mpata waukulu wa malonda a mankhwalaŵa. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ulova, anthu ambiri amadalira kugulitsa mankhwala oletsedwaŵa kuti apeze ndalama. Kumene kuli mankhwalaŵa, chiwawa sichisoŵako. Nyuzipepala ina inati apolisi akuwaganizira ana ena am’sukulu zam’dera la ku Gauteng, ku South Africa, kuti amagulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Ena mwa anaŵa ndi azaka 13 zokha. Sukulu zingapo m’chigawo chimenechi zayamba kuyeza ana kuti zidziŵe ngati amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo.
Kodi Chimayambitsa Khalidweli N’chiyani?
N’zoonekeratu kuti pali zifukwa zambiri zimene zimachititsa anthu kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalaŵa. Koma zonsezi ndi zizindikiro chabe za vuto lalikulu kwambiri losonyeza chomwe chimayambitsa khalidweli. Wolemba wina wotchedwa Ben Whitaker anakhudzapo mfundo imeneyi polemba kuti: “Kuchuluka kwa anthu ogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo n’chizindikiro chotichenjeza kuti tili ndi zilema zina kuwonjezera pa kusukidwa ndi kuthedwa nzeru. Nanga n’chifukwa chiyani anthu ambiri amaluso awo ndiponso olemekezeka amakonda mankhwalaŵa m’malo molimbana ndi mavuto amene akukumana nawo?”
Funso limeneli n’labwinodi, ndipo likutithandiza kumvetsa kuti dziko lathuli lomwe limakonda chuma komanso kupambana, nthaŵi zambiri limakanika kutikhutiritsa mwamaganizo ndiponso mwauzimu. Ngakhale zipembedzo zambiri zakanika kukhutiritsa zofunika zimenezi chifukwa chakuti zanyalanyaza chifukwa chimene chimayambitsa mavuto amene anthu ali nawo.
Tiyenera kutulukira ndiponso kulimbana ndi choyambitsa vutoli tisanapeze njira yeniyeni imene ingathetse vuto la mankhwala osokoneza bongo. M’nkhani yotsatirayi tikambirana zimenezi.
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Nthaŵi zina anthu otchuka amakopa anthu kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo
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Ambiri mwa oimba nyimbo amasiku ano amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo
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Mankhwala otchedwa ecstasy nthaŵi zambiri amapezeka m’madansi ochezera usiku onse
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AP Photo/Greg Smith
Gerald Nino/U.S. Customs