Nguva Yemberi Yorudzidziso Pakurangarirwa Kwenguva Yarwo Yakapfuura
Chikamu 15: 1095-1453 N.V.—Kutendeukira Kumunondo
“Vanhu vachaparapatikira rudzidziso, vachanyora nokuda kwarwo, vacharurwira, vacharufira; vangaita chinhu chiri chose kunze kwokurarama mukuwirirana narwo.”—Charles Caleb Colton, mufundisi weEngland womuzana ramakore rechi 19
CHIKRISTU mumakore acho apakuvamba chairumbidzwa navadaviri vairarama mukuwirirana norudzidziso rwavo. Mudzivirirwo yokutenda kwavo, nomutoo wokushingaira vaishandisa “munondo womudzimu, ndiko kuti, shoko raMwari.” (VaEfeso 6:17, NW) Asi gare gare, sokuratidzira kunoita zvinoitika zvapakati pa 1095 na 1453, maKristu nezita bedzi, asati achirarama mukuwirirana nechiKristu chechokwadi, akatendeukira kukushandisa mamwe marudzi eminondo.
Pakuzosvika muzana rechitanhatu ramakore, Umambo hweRoma hwokuMadokero hwakanga hwaguma. Hwakanga hwatsiviwa nomubiyahwo wokuMabvazuva, Umambo hweByzantine hune Constantinople sedzimbahwe rahwo. Asi machechi avo akasiana-siana, anotambura ukama hwavo husina kutsiga zvikurusa, nokukurumidza akazviwana amene achityisidzirwa nemhandu yaose, umambo hwechiIslam hunokurumidza kupararira.
Chechi yokuMabvazuva yakaziva ikoku, pakupedzisira, apo muzana ramakore rechinomwe vaMuslim vakatapa Egipita namamwe mativi oUmambo hweByzantine hwaiva kuChamhembe kweAfrica.
Risingasviki zana ramakore gare gare, chechi yokuMadokero yakakatyamadzwa kuona chiIslam chichigura nomuSpain chichipinda muFrance, chichisvika kumakiromita ane 160 eParis. VaKaturike veSpain vazhinji vakatendeukira kuchiIslam, nepo vamwe vakagamuchira mitoo yechiMuslim ndokugamuchira tsika yechiMuslim. “Vashatiriswa nokurashikirwa kwacho,” rinodaro bhuku rinonzi Early Islam, Chechi yakapfuurira kushanda pakati pavanakomana vayo veSpain kukuchidzira matsive.”
Mazana amakore anoverengeka gare gare, pashure pokunge vaKaturike veSpain vawanazve nyika hurusa, ivo vaka“tendeukira kuvadzorwi vavo vechiMoslem ndokuvatambudza noutsinye. Vakavamanikidzira kuramba kutenda kwavo, vakavatanda munyika, ndokushandisa mitoo yakakasharara yokudzura chisaririra chiri chose chetsika yeSpain neMoslem.”
Airwisana Zvikuru Kwazvo
Muna 1095 Pope Urban II akadanira vaKaturike veEurope kutora munondo chaiwoiwo. ChiIslam chaizobviswa munyika tsvene dzeMiddle East idzo chiKristudhomu chakakambira kuva namaruramiro apoga kwadziri.
Pfungwa yehondo “yakarurama” yakanga isiri itsva. Somuenzaniso, yakanga yakumbirwa mukurwisana navaMuslim muSpain neSicily. Uye rinenge gumi ramakore pamberi pechikumbiro chaUrban, anodaro Karlfried Froehlich wePrinceton Theological Seminary, Pope Gregory VII “akaona muchiono militia Christi nokuda kwokurwisana navavengi vose vaMwari uye akanga atofunga nezvokutumira uto kuMabvazuva.”
Chiito chaUrban murutivi chaipindura chikumbiro chebetsero inobva kuna Alexius mambo weByzantine. Bva sezvo ukama pakati pedivi rokuMabvazuva nerokuMadokero echiKristudhomu airatidzika kuva anovandudzika, papa angavewo akakuchidzirwa nebviro yakagoverwa naikoku yokubatanidza machechi anorwisana. Zvisinei hazvo, iye akadana Dare reClermont, iro rakazivisa kuti avo vanodisisa kupinda mune ichi chiito “chitsvene” vaizobvumirwa ruregerero rwazvose (kubviswa kwechirango chechivi). Mhinduro yakanga yakanaka nomutoo usingakarirwi. “Deus volt” (“Mwari anokuda”) kwakava kudanidzira kwokuwana simba muMabvazuva nokuMadokero.
Nhevedzano yenzendo dzehondo yakavamba iyo yakafukidza rutivi ruri nani zvikuru rwamazana maviri amakore. (Ona bhokisi papeji 30.) Pakutanga vaMuslim vakafunga kuti vavhojokeri vaiva vaByzantine. Asi pashure pokuziva mavambo avo echokwadi, vakavaidza kuti vaFrank, vanhu veGermany avo France gare gare yakawana zita rayo. Kuti vagonangana nedenho yaava “voutsinye” veEurope, pfundepfunde yakakura pakati pavaMuslim nokuda kwejihad, hondo tsvene kana parapatiko.
Purofesa weBritain Desmond Stewart anoratidzira, kuti: “Nokuda kwomuzivi ari wose kana mushambadzi akadyara mbeu dzepepuko yechiIslam kupfurikidza nomutemo nomuenzaniso, kwakanga kune murwi uyo chiIslam chakanga chiri chikuchidziro chokuenda kuhondo.” Pakuzosvika pahafu yechipiri yezana ramakore rechi 12, mutungamiriri wavaMuslim Nureddin akanga aumba uto rinokwanisa rehondo kupfurikidza nokubatanidza vaMuslim kuchamhembe kweSyria nokumusoro kweMesopotamia. Naizvozvo “sezvo maKristu oMunhambo Yapakati akatora zvombo kuti afambidzire mberi rudzidziso rwaKristu,” anopfuurira kudaro Stewart, “vaMoslem vakatora zvombo kuti vafambidzire mberi rudzidziso rwoMuporofita.”
Chokwadika, kufambidzira mberi mitoo yorudzidziso nguva dzose kwakanga kusati kuri simba rinosunda. Bhuku rinonzi The Birth of Europe rinoti kuna vaEurope vazhinjisa, Hondo Dzorudzidziso “dzakagovera banza risingadzivisiki kuti dziwane mukurumbira, kana kuunganidza zvipambwa, kana kuwana pfuma itsva, kana kubata ushe nyika dzose—kana kupukunyuka zvinofinha mukuzvipinza mungozi kune mbiri.” Vashambadzi veItaly vakaonawo banza rokutanga nzvimbo dzokushambadzira munyika dzokuMabvazuva kweMediterranean. Bva pasinei hapo nesundo, sezvinooneka vose vaidisa kufira rudzidziso rwavo—mungava muhondo yaka“rurama” yechiKristudhomu kana mujihad yechiMuslim.
Munondo Unounza Miuyo Isingakarirwi
“Kunyange zvazvo Hondo Dzorudzidziso dzakanangidzirwa mukurwisana navaMuslim muMabvazuva,” rinodaro The Encyclopedia of Religion, “rushingairo rwavarwi veHondo Dzorudzidziso rwakashandisirwa pavaJudha vaigara munyika idzo varwi veHondo Dzorudzidziso vakatorwa madziri, ndiko kuti, muEurope. Rutivi rwakakurumbira pakati paVarwi Vehondo Dzorudzidziso rwaiva matsive nokuda kworufu rwaJesu, uye vaJudha vakava vanyajambwa vokutanga. Kutambudzwa kwavaJudha kwakaitikira muRouen muna 1096, kwakateverwa nokukurumidza nokuponda muWorms, Mainz, neCologne.” Ikoku kwaingova bedzi nhangaruvanze yomudzimu wokuramba chiSem wamazuva oKuparadzanya eGermany yechiNazi.
Hondo Dzorudzidziso dzakawedzerawo kusagadzikana kwokuMabvazuva nokuMadokero kwakanga kwave kuchiwedzera chifo cha 1054, Tateguru Michael Cerularius wokuMabvazuva naCardinal Humbert woKumadokero vakadzingana muchechi. Apo varwi veHondo Dzorudzidziso vakatsiva vafundisi vechiGiriki namabhishopi echiRatini mumaguta akapambwa, kukamukana kwokuMabvazuva nokuMadokero kwakasvika pakutapura vanhuwo zvavo.
Kukamukana pakati pamachechi maviri kwakava kwakakwana mukati meHondo Yorudzidziso Yechina apo, mukuwirirana nowaichimbova Mufundisi weAnglican weCanterbury Herbert Waddams, Pope Innocent III akaita “basa rakapetwa.” Kuno rumwe rutivi, papa akanga akashatirwa pamusoro pokudzingwa kwaConstantinople. (Ona bhokisi papeji 30.) Akanyora, kuti: “Ko Chechi yavaGiriki inogona sei kukarirwa kupinda kudzokera mukunamata kuNzvimbo Yechiremera yavaApostora apo iyo yakaona vaRatini vachigadza muenzaniso wechakaipa uye vachiita basa radhiabhorosi zvokuti, uye nechikonzero chakanaka, vaGiriki vatovavenga zvikurusa kupinda imbwa.” Kuno rumwe rutivi, iye akashandisa nyore nyore mugarirowo kupfurikidza nokugadza umambo hwechiRatini ikoko mukudzora kwatateguru wokumadokero.
Pashure pamazana maviri amakore okunenge kurwa kunopfuurira, Umambo hweByzantine hwakaneteswa zvikuru zvokuti hwakanga husingakwanisi kukurira denho dzavaTurk veOttoman, avo, pana May 29, 1453, pakupedzisira vakapamba Constantinople. Umambo hwakanga hwaparadzwa kwete bedzi nomunondo wechiIslam asi nomunondo wakashandiswa nechechi biyayo youmambo muRomawo. ChiKristudhomu chakakamukana chakanga chapa chiIslam hwaro hwakakodzera nokuda kwokutamira muEurope.
Minondo Yezvamatongerwe Enyika neChitambudzo
Hondo Dzorudzidziso dzakasimbaradza nzvimbo youpapa yorudzidziso noutungamiriri hwezvamatongerwe enyika. Dza“kapa vanapapa simba rokudzora mukurukurirano dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzeEurope,” anonyora kudaro wezvenhau John H. Mundy. Munguva isati iri refu “chechi yakanga yava hurumende hurusa yeEurope . . . , [ichikwanisa] kushandisa simba guru rezvamatongerwe enyika kupfuura imwe hurumende ipi neipi yokuMadokero.”
Uku kusvika musimba kwakanga kwava kunobvira apo Umambo hweRoma hwokuMadokero hwakaputsika. Chechi yakasiiwa sesimba bedzi rinobatanidza muMadokero uye nenzira iyeyo yakavamba kuita rutivi rwokushingaira zvikuru mune zvamatongerwe enyika munzanga kupinda zvakaita chechi yokuMabvazuva, iyo panguva iyeyo yakanga ichiri muudzori hwomubati ushe wehurumende, mambo weByzantine. Uhu hutanhamari hwezvamatongerwe enyika hwaiva nechechi yokuMadokero hwakapa chivimbo kukambiro yahwo yechiremera chapapa, pfungwa yechechi yakarambwa yokuMabvazuva. Nepo yaibvumira kuti papa akanga akafanirwa norukudzo, chechi yokuMabvazuva yakasabvumira kuti iye akanga ane chiremera chokupedzisira pamusoro pedzidziso kana simba rapamutemo.
Ichisundwa nesimba rezvamatongerwe enyika nepwiso inotungamirirwa zvisinokufanira yorudzidziso, Chechi yeRoma Katurike yakasvasvavirira munondo kuti idzure chishoro. Kuvhima vatsauki kwakava basa rayo. Mapurofesa enhau vanaMiroslav Hroch naAnna Skýbová vapaKarls University muPrague, Czechoslovakia, vanorondedzera kuti Bvunzurudzo, dare chairo rakarongedzerwa kubata nezvitendero zvisizvo, zvakashanda sei: “Mukusiana nomuitiro wose, mazita avacheri . . . haana kufanira kuva anoziviswa.” Pope Innocent IV akabudisa chirevo “Ad extirpanda” muna 1252, icho chakabvumira kutambudza. “Kuva vanopisirwa padanda rokutambudzira, mutoo wenguva dzose waishandiswa kuuraya vatsauki pazana ramakore rechi 13, . . . kwakanga kune mufananidziro wakwo, unoratidzira kuti kupfurikidza nokushandisa uru rudzi rwechirango, chechi yakanga isina mhaka yokuteura ropa.”
Vabvunzurudzi vairanga makumi ezviuru zvavanhu. Zvimwe zviuru zvaipisirwa padanda rokutambudzira, kuchiparira Will Durant kutsinhira, kuti: “Tichiita rubvumidzo rwuri rwose rwunodikanirwa wezvenhau uye runobvumirwa muKristu, tinofanira kuronga Bvunzurudzo . . . seiri pakati pemhaka dzakaipisisa dziri pachinyorwa chorudzi rwomunhu, chinoratidzira utsinye husingazivikanwi mumhuka ipi neipi.”
Zvinoitika zveBvunzurudzo zvinoyeuchidza mashoko aBlaise Pascal, muzivi nowezvesayenzi wechiFrench womuzana ramakore rechi 17, uyo akanyora kuti: “Vanhu havatongoiti chakashata zvikuru kwazvo uye mumufaro saapo vanochiita mupwiso yorudzidziso.” Zvamazvirokwazvo, kuvheyesa munondo wechitambudzo mukurwisana navanhu vesekete rakasiana rorudzidziso kwave kuri chiratidzo chorudzidziso rwenhema chifo chaapo Kaini akaponda Abheri.—Genesi 4:8.
Vakaparadzaniswa Nomunondo Wokusanzwana
Kakavadzano yourudzi nokuita kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwakaparira muna 1309 kutamiswa kwenzvimbo yokugara yapapa kubva Roma kuenda kuAvignon. Kunyange zvazvo yakadzorerwa kuRoma muna 1377, rimwezve gakava rakaparirwa nokukurumidza pashure pacho nokusarudzwa kwapapa mutsva, Urban VI. Asi boka rimwe chetero ravafundisi vakamusarudza rakasarudzawo papa anokwikwidza, Clement VII, uyo akagara muAvignon. Zvinhu zvakatova zvakanyongana zvikuru pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechi 15, apo kwechinguvana vanapapa vatatu vaibata ushe panguva imwe cheteyo!
Uyu mugariro, unozivikanwa sokuMadokero, kana Mukuru, Wokukamukana, wakapedzwa neDare reConstance. Rakakumbira nheyo yedzidziso, dzidziso yokuti chiremera chokupedzisira chavafundisi zvikurukuru chiri pamatare avose uye kwete pachiremera chapapa. Nokudaro, muna 1417 dare rakakwanisa kusarudza Martin V sapapa mutsva. Kunyange zvazvo yakanga yabatanazve, chechi yakanga yaneteswa nomutoo wakakomba. Zvisinei, pasinei hapo namavanga, dare ravanapapa rakaramba kubvuma dikanwo ipi neipi yokuchinja. Mukuwirirana naJohn L. Boojamra, weSaint Vladimir’s Orthodox Theological Seminary, iyi kundikano “yakavanzarika hwaro hweChinjo yezana ramakore rechitanhatu.”
Vakanga Vachirarama Mukuwirirana Norudzidziso Rwavo Here?
Mutangi wechiKristu akaraidza vateveri vake kuita vadzidzi asi haana kuvaudza kushandisa simba rokunyama mukuita kudaro. Kureva idi, akanyevera chaizvoizvo kuti “vose vanoshandisa munondo vachaparadzwa nomunondo.” Nomutoo mumwe chetewo, haana kuraidza vateveri vake kukuvadza munyama munhu upi noupi akanga asina ndangariro yakanaka. Nheyo yechiKristu yaifanira kuchengetwa yakanga iri yokuti: “Muranda waShe haadikanirwi kurwa, asi anodikanirwa kuva munyoro kuna vose, anokwaniriswa kudzidzisa, anoramba achizvidzora amene pane zvakashata, anorairidza nounyoro avo vasina ndangariro yakanaka.”—Mateo 26:52; 2 Timotio 2:24, 25.
Kupfurikidza nokutendeukira kumunondo chaiwoiwo wehondo, uyewo kuminondo yokufananidzira yezvamatongerwe enyika nechitambudzo, chiKristudhomu nomutoo wakajeka chakanga chisiri kutevera utungamiriri hwoUyo wachaikambira kuva chinaye soMutangi. Chatoputsanywa nokusanzwana, chakatyisidzirwa nokuputsika chose chose. ChiKaturike cheRoma chakanga chiri “Rudzidziso Runoda Zvikurukuru Chinjo.” Asika chinjo yaizoitika here? Kana yaizoitika, rini? Ichibva kunaaniko? Chinyorwa chedu chaMukai! No. 1, 1991 chichatiudza zvakawanda.
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Ihondo Yakaisvonaka yechiKristu Here?
Ko Hondo Dzorudzidziso dzaiva hondo dzakaisvonaka dzakaraidzwa maKristu kurwa here?—2 VaKorinte 10:3, 4; 1 Timotio 1:18.
Hondo Yorudzidziso Yokutanga (1096-99) yakaparira kutapwazve kweJerusarema uye kutangwa kwehurumende ina dzechiRatini muMabvazuva: Umambo hweJerusarema, Ruwa rweEdessa, Dunhu reAntiokia, uye Ruwa rweTripoli. Chimwe chiremera chakanokorwa mashoko nowezvenhau H. G. Wells chinotaura nezvokutapwa kweJerusarema, kuti: “Kuuraya kwakanga kuchityisa; ropa ravakurirwi rakayerera nomumigwagwa, kutozosvikira vanhu vachakwaira muropa sezvavakatasva. Pakuvira kwezuva, ‘vachidanidzira nokuda kwomufaro mukurusa,’ varwi vehondo dzorudzidziso vakauya paGuva vachibva mukutsika kwavo chisviniro chewaini, ndokuisa maoko avo ane makwapa eropa pamwe chete mumunyengetero.”
Hondo Yorudzidziso Yechipiri (1147-49) yakatangwa nokuda kwokurashikirwa noRuwa rweEdessa yakaenda kuvaMuslim veSiria muna 1144; yakaguma apo vaMuslim vakadzorera murubudiriro “vahedheni” vechiKristudhomu.
Hondo Yorudzidziso Yechitatu (1189-92), yakaitika pashure pokunge vaMuslim vatorazve Jerusarema, vaita kuti Richard I, “Ano Ushingi” weEngland, ave somumwe wavatungamiriri vayo. Nokukurumidza yaka“putsanyika,” rinodaro The Encyclopedia of Religion, “kupfurikidza nokupererwa nesimba, kurwisana, uye kushaikwa kwebatira pamwe.”
Hondo Yechina Yorudzidziso (1202-4) yakaendeswa kuConstantinople ichibva Egipita nokuda kwokushaikwa kwemari; betsero yokunyama yakavimbiswa mukudzorera kubetsera kugadza pachigaro choumambo Alexius, muedzeseri akaiswa muuranda weByzantine kuumambo. “Kupambwa [kwakava muuyo] kweConstantinople kwakaitwa navarwi veHondo Dzorudzidziso ndichimwe chinhu icho Orthodox yokuMabvazuva isina kutongokanganwa kana kuti kukanganwira,” rinodaro The Encyclopedia of Religion, richiwedzera, kuti: “Kana musi mumwe upi noupi uchizorongwa nokuda kwokusimbiswa kwakatsiga kwokukamukana, wakaisvokodzera zvikuru—zvisinei mumurangariro—igore ra 1204.”
Hondo Yorudzidziso Yavana (1212) yakaunza rufu kuzviuru zvavana vechiGermany nevechiFrench vasati vatombosvika mugumo wavo.
Hondo Yorudzidziso Yechishanu (1217-21), yokupedzisira yakadzorwa napapa, yakakundikana nokuda kwoutungamiriri husina kukwana uye dzongonyedzo yavafundisi.
Hondo Yorudzidziso Yechitanhatu (1228-29) yakatungamirirwa naMambo Frederick II weHohenstaufen, uyo Pope Gregory IX akanga adzinga kare.
Hondo Yorudzidziso Yechinomwe Neyechisere (1248-54 uye 1270-72) dzakatungamirirwa naLouis IX weFrance asi dzakaputsika pashure porufu rwake kuChamhembe kweAfrica.
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Nzvimbo yamakuva yechiJudha muWorms, Germany—chiyeuchidzo cheHondo Yorudzidziso Yokutanga