Rutivi 3
Sayenzi—Kutsvaka Zvokwadi Kunopfuurira Kworudzi Rwomunhu
Rudzidziso Nesayenzi—Mubatanidzwa Wakaipa
ZVIURU zvamakore okutsvakwa kwezvokwadi yesayenzi zvinoratidzika kuva zvakagadza hwaro hwakasimba nokuda kwokutsvaka kunotevera. Chokwadi hapana chinhu chaigona kupinganidza imwezve enderero mberi. Bva, rinodaro The Book of Popular Science, “sayenzi yakaguma nomutoo wakashata zvamazvirokwazvo mukati mezana ramakore rechitatu, rechina nerechishanu A.D.”
Zvinoitika zviviri nomutoo une revo zvakabetsera uyu mugariro. Muzana rokutanga ramakore, nhambo itsva yorudzidziso yakanga yapinzwa naJesu Kristu. Uye makumi amakore anoverengeka pamberi pezvi, muna 31 P.N.V., imwe nhambo itsva yezvamatongerwe enyika yakanga yaberekwa nokutangwa kwoUmambo hweRoma.
Mukusafanana navazivi vechiGiriki vakavatangira, vaRoma “vaifarira zvikuru mukupedza zvinetso zvezuva riri rose zvoupenyu kutaura zvavaiva mukutsvaka zvokwadi iri yoga,” rinodaro bhuku renongedzero radudzwa pamusoro apa. Nenzira ine mufungo, ipapoka, “betsero dzavo kusayenzi chaiyo dzakava duku zvikuru.”
VaRoma vaiva mudziyo wakashandiswa, zvisinei, mukupfuudzira mberi zivo yesayenzi yakanga yaungana kutozosvikira munguva iyeyo. Somuenzaniso, Pliny Mukuru akaita muunganidzwa wesayenzi mukati mezana rokutanga ramakore inonzi Nhau Yomusikirwo. Kunyange zvazvo yakanga isati iri isina zvikanganiso, yakachengeta chaizvo marudzi akasiana-siana amashoko esayenzi ayo neimwe nzira angadai akarasika kune zvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi.
Pakureva nezvorudzidziso, ungano yechiKristu inowedzera nokukurumidza yakanga isina kubatanidzwa mukutsvaka sayenzi panguva iyeyo. Hakusati kuri kuti maKristu aiishora seyakadaro, asi chinhu chokutanga chechiKristu, sechakagadzwa naKristu amene, nomutoo wakajeka chakanga chiri mukunzwisisa nokuparadzira zvokwadi yorudzidziso.—Mateo 6:33; 28:19, 20.
Pamberi pokupera kwezana rokutanga ramakore, maKristu akawa pakutenda akanga atotanga kushatisa zvokwadi yorudzidziso iyo vakanga vatumwa kuti vaparadzire. Ikoko gare gare kwakatungamirira kukutanga kwavo chimiro chokuwa pakutenda chechiKristu, sezvakanga zvadeya kuziviswa. (Mabasa 20:30; 2 VaTesaronika 2:3; 1 Timotio 4:1) Zvinoitika zvinotevera zvakaratidzira kuti kuramba kwavo zvokwadi yorudzidziso kwakava pamwe chete nechimiro chendangariro chokusakendenga—padzimwe nguva kunyange chokupokanidza—kuzvokwadi yesayenzi.
Europe ye“chiKristu” Inorasikirwa Nokutungamirira Kwayo
The World Book Encyclopedia rinotsanangura kuti mukati meMiddle Ages (kubvira muzana ramakore rechi 5 kusvikira kune rechi 15), “muEurope, vazivi vaifarira zvikuru ruzivo rwaMwari, kana kuti fundo yorudzidziso, kupfuura fundo yomusikirwo.” Uye ikoku “kunosimbisa paruponeso panzvimbo pokufeyafeyiwa kwomusikirwo,” Collier’s Encyclopedia inoonesa kuti, “yakanga iri yemhinganidzo huru kupinda chikuchidziro kusayenzi.”
Dzidziso dzaKristu dzakanga dzisiri kuitirwa kubatira mhinganidzo yakadaro. Kunyanguvezvo, kusanzwisisika kwemifungo yorudzidziso yenhema yechiKristudhomu, kubatanidza kunyanyosimbiswa kworuponeso rwomweya usingafi unofungidzirwa, kwakakurudzira uku kutanga. Kudzidza kukurusa kwakanga kuri muudzori hwechechi uye kwaikudziridzwa zvikurukuru mumisha yamamongi. Ichi chimiro chendangariro chorudzidziso chakaderedza kutsvakwa kwezvokwadi yesayenzi.
Zvinhu zvesayenzi zvaiva zvechipiri kuruzivo rwaMwari kubvira pakuvamba chaipo peNguva yaVose. Chaizvoizvo enderero mberi bedzi yesayenzi yakafanirwa nokududzwa yakanga iri munzvimbo yomushonga. Somuenzaniso, munyori wezvokurapa weRoma Aulus Celsus womuzana rokutanga ramakore N.V., akaidzwa kuti “Hippocrates wavaRoma,” akanyora icho zvino chinorangarirwa kuva mabhuku akakurumbira ezvokurapa. Nyanzvi yokusanganiswa kwemishonga yechiGiriki Pedanius Dioscorides, chiremba wokuvhiya aine mauto eRoma aNero, akapedza bhuku rinoshandiswa roruzivo rwokusanganiswa kwemishonga rakanga richishandiswa zvakafara kwamazana amakore. Galen, muGiriki womuzana rechipiri ramakore, kupfurikidza nokuwana ruzivo rwokushanda kwomuviri rwokuedza, akapesvedzera rondedzero yokurapa nechiito kubvira munguva yake kusvikira kuMiddle Ages.
Nhambo yokumira kwesayenzi yakapfuurira kunyange pashure pezana ramakore rechi 15. Chokwadi, masayendisiti eEurope akaita kuwana munguva ino, asi nokuda kworutivi rukurusa, akanga asati ari okutanga. Magazini yeTime, inoti: “[MaChina] aiva mhizha dzokutanga dzenyika dzesayenzi. Kare Varungu vasati, ivo vaiziva mashandisirwe ecompass, kuita mapepa neunga, [uye] kutsikirira namabhii anobvisika.”
Nokudaro, nemhaka yenzvimbo isina chinhu yavose yomufungo wesayenzi muEurope ye“Kristu,” tsika dzisiri dzechiKristu dzakatungamirira.
Enderero Mberi yeSayenzi
Pakuzosvika pazana ramakore rechipfumbamwe, masayendisiti eArab akanga ari kukurumidza kuva vatungamiriri munhau dzesayenzi. Zvikurukuru muzana ramakore rechi 10 nerechi 11—apo chiKristudhomu chakanga chisingabereki zvibereko—vakafarikanya nhambo yakaisvonaka yebasa. Vakaita betsero dzinokosha kumushonga, bazu roruzivo rwemishonga, fundo yezvirimwa, ruzivo rwemitemo yechisiko, unyanzvi hworuzivo rwemitumbi yomuchadenga, uye kupfuura zvose, masvomhu. (Ona bhokisi, peji 19.) Maan Z. Madina, purofesa biyake wapaArabic wapaColumbia University, anotaura kuti “trigonometry yazvino uno pamwe chete nealgebra uye geometry zviitwa zvamaArab mumwero wakati kuti.”
Huzhinji hweiyi zivo yesayenzi hwakanga huri hwapakuvamba. Asi humwe hwacho hwakavakirwa panheyo yakafara youzivi hwavaGiriki uye hwakaparirwa, nomutoo unoshamisa zvikuru, nokubatanidzwa kworudzidziso.
Mukuvamba zvikuru meNguva yaVose, chiKristudhomu chakapinda muPersia uye pashure pacho muArabia uye India. Mukati mezana ramakore rechishanu, Nestorius, tateguru waConstantinople, akava akabatanidzwa mukuitirana nharo kwakatungamirira kumapoka akakamukana mukati mechechi dzokuMabvazuva. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kukuumbwa kweboka rakapanduka, vaNestoria.
Muzana ramakore rechipfumbamwe, apo rudzidziso rutsva kwechiIslam rwakabuda kamwe kamwe panyika ndokuvamba nhimbe yarwo yokufutunuka, vaNestoria vakakurumidza kupfuudzira zivo yavo kuvakundi vavo vechiArab. Mukuwirirana neThe Encyclopedia of religion, “vaNestoria vakanga vari vokutanga kusimudzira sayenzi yechiGiriki nouzivi kupfurikidza nokushandurira magwaro echiGiriki muchiSyria uye ipapo muchiArab.” Vakanga variwo “vokutanga kupinza mishonga yechiGiriki muBaghdad.” Masayendisiti echiArab akavamba kuvakira pazvinhu zvavakadzidza kuvaNestoria. ChiArab chakatsiva chiSyria somutauro wesayenzi muumambo hweArab ndokubvumikisa kuva mutauro wakanga wakakodzera zvikuru nokuda kwokunyora kwesayenzi.
Asi vaArab kunze kwokupinza zivo, ivo vakaipawo. Apo vaMoor vakatamira muEurope nomuSpain—kundogara kwaanopfuura makore 700—vakauya netsika yechiMuslim yakavhenekerwa. Uye mukati medzinonzi Hondo dzoRudzidziso dzechiKristu sere, pakati pa 1096 na 1272, varwi vehondo dzorudzidziso vokuMadokero vakaororwa nepepuko yechiIslam yakavandudzika yavakasangana nayo. Vakadzoka, sokutaura kunoita mumwe munyori, vaine “mifungo mitsva mizhinji.”
Kupfaviswa Kwamasvomhu echiArab
Betsero imwe inokosha yakaitwa namaArab kuEurope yakanga iri yokuunzwa kwenhamba dzechiArab kuti dzitsive kushandiswa kweRoma kwamabhii. Zvomenemene, “nhamba dzechiArab” ishoko risina kukodzera. Shoko rakarurama zvikuru zvimwe i“nhamba dzechiHindu nechiArab.” Chokwadi, nyanzvi yamasvomhu nenyanzvi yoruzivo rwemitumbi yomuchadenga yechiArab yomuzana ramakore rechipfumbamwe al-Khwārizmī yakanyora pamusoro peiyi gadziriro, asi yakanga yaitora kunyanzvi dzamasvomhu dzechiHindu dzeIndia, dzakanga dzaiita anopfuura makore ane chiuru pamberi pezvi, muzana ramakore rechitatu P.N.V.
Gadziriro yacho yakanga ichizivikanwa zvishoma muEurope nyanzvi yamasvomhu yakakurumbira Leonardo Fibonacci (aizivikanwawo saLeonardo wePisa) isati yaipinza muna 1202 muLiber abaci (Bhuku raAbacus). Achienzanisira betsero yegadziriro yacho, akatsanangura, kuti: “Nhamba pfumbamwe dzeIndia ndeidzi: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1. Neidzi nhamba pfumbamwe uye nechiratidzo cha 0 . . . nhamba ipi neipi inganyorwa.” Pakutanga Varungu vakanga vachinonoka kugamuchira. Asi pakuzosvika pakupera kweMiddle Ages, vakanga vagamuchira gadziriro itsva yokuverenga, uye rupfave rwayo rwakakurudzira enderero mberi yesayenzi.
Kana uchipanikira kuti nhamba dzechiHindu nechiArab kupfaviswa kwenhamba dzavaRoma dzaichimboshandiswa, edza kubvisa LXXIX muna MCMXCIII. Wakangaidzika here? Zvimwe kubvisa 79 mu 1 993 kungava kunenge kuri nyore zvikuru.
Kukuchidzirazve Fariro Mukudzidza muEurope
Kuvambira muzana ramakore rechi 12, kuchidziro yokudzidza yakanga yanyandura zvakajeka munyika yechiMuslim yakavamba kuderera. Yakakuchidzirwa, zvisinei, muEurope sezvo mapoka avazivi akavamba kuumba nhangaruvanze dzamayunivhesiti azvino uno. Pakati pezana ramakore rechi 12, mayunivhesiti eParis neeOxford akavapo. University of Cambridge yakatevera muzana ramakore rechi 13, uye ayo ePrague neeHeidelberg ose ari maviri muzana ramakore rechi 14. Pakuzosvika muzana ramakore rechi 19, mayunivhesiti akanga ava nzvimbo huru dzokunzvera dzesayenzi.
Pakuvamba, izvi zvikoro zvakanga zvichipesvedzerwa zvikuru norudzidziso, fundo zhinji dzakavakirwa kana kuti dzakarerekera kuruzivo rwaMwari. Asi panguva imwe cheteyo, zvikoro zvakagamuchira uzivi hwavaGiriki, zvikurukuru manyoro aAristotle. Mukuwirirana neThe Encyclopedia of Religion, “mutoo weDzidzo . . . muMiddle Ages yose . . . wakanga wakavakwa mukuwirirana nokuva nomufungo kwaAristotle kwokurondedzera, kukamuranisa, uye kurangarira mukutsanangurwa kwawo kworugwaro nokupedza kwawo zvinetso.”
Mumwe muzivi womuzana ramakore rechi 13 akanga ane vavariro yokubatanidza kudzidza kwaAristotle noruzivo rwaMwari rwechiKristu akanga ari Thomas Aquinas, gare gare akazonzi “Aristotle wechiKristu.” Asi pane mamwe mapfundo aisiana naAristotle. Somuenzaniso, Aquinas akaramba rondedzero yokuti nyika yakanguve iripo, achibvumirana naMagwaro kuti yakasikwa. Kupfurikidza nokubata “zvakasimba pachitendero chokuti chedu chisiko chapose pose chakarongwa chinogona kunzwisiswa kupfurikidza nebetsero yokurangarira,” rinodaro The Book of Popular Science, iye “akaita betsero inokosha kukubudirira kwesayenzi yazvino uno.”
Murutivi rukurusa, zvisinei, dzidziso dzaAristotle, Ptolemy, uye Galen dzakagamuchirwa sezvokwadi yeevhangeri, kunyange nechechi. Bhuku renongedzero radudzwa pakutanga rinotsanangura, kuti: “MuMiddle Ages, apo fariro mukuedza kwesayenzi necherekedzo dzakananga zvakanga zviri pamwero wakaderera, shoko raAristotle rakanga riri mutemo. Ipse dixit (‘Iye amene akakutaura’) yakanga iri chibvumikiso chokuti vazivi vomunguva yapakati vaisibvumikisa zvokwadi yecherekedzo zhinji dze‘sayenzi.’ Mumigariro iyoyi zvikanganiso zvaAristotle, zvikurukuru mumitemo yechisiko uye unyanzvi hworuzivo rwemitumbi yomuchadenga, zvakapinganidza enderero mberi yesayenzi kwamazana amakore.”
Munhu akadenha iyi omerero youpofu kumirangariro yekare akanga ari Oxford friar Roger Bacon womuzana ramakore rechi 13. Achinzi “munhu mukurusa musayenzi yomunhambo yapakati,” Bacon akanga ari anenge ari oga mukureverera kuedza somutoo wokudzidza nawo zvokwadi dzesayenzi. Kunotaurwa kuti pakuvamba somuna 1269, mazana amakore vamwe vasati vaziva aya maidi, akadeya kutaura motokari, ndege, uye ngarava dzinofambiswa neinjini.
Bva, pasinei hapo nokudeya kuona uye ndangariro inoziva, Bacon akanga akaganhurirwa muzivo yake yamaidi. Aidavira zvakasimba muruzivo rwenyeredzi, mashiripiti, uye ruzivo rwokushandura simbi kuva ndarama. Ikoku kunoenzanisira kuti sayenzi zvamazvirokwazvo kutsvaka zvokwadi kunopfuurira, nguva dzose kunogona kuvandudzwa.
Kunyange zvazvo kufeyafeya kwesayenzi kwakaratidzika kuva kusingashandi muzana ramakore rechi 14, zana ramakore rechi 15 zvarakaswedera kukupera kwaro, kutsvaka zvokwadi yesayenzi kworudzi rwomunhu kwakanga kuri kure nokupera. Kutaura idi, makore 500 anotevera aizodzikatidza zvikuru izvo zvakanga zvavatangira. Nyika yakamira pachikumbaridzo chokuchinja kwesayenzi. Uye sezvinoitika kuchinjo iri yose, iyoyi yaizova nemhare dzayo, vanokanganisa vayo, uye kupfuura vose, vanyajambwa vayo. Dzidza zvakawanda muRutivi 4 rwe“Sayenzi—Kutsvaka Zvokwadi Kunopfuurira Kworudzi Rwomunhu muchinyorwa chedu chinotevera.”
[Bhokisi riri papeji 19]
Nguva Yakaisvonaka yeSayenzi yechiArab
Al-Khwārizmī (zana ramakore rechisere kusvikira kune rechipfumbamwe), nyanzvi yamasvomhu uye nyanzvi yoruzivo rwemitumbi yomuchadenga yeIraqi; yakakurumbira nokuda kwokutanga shoko rokuti “algebra,” rinobva mual-jebr, rinoreva muchiArab kuti “mubatanidzwa wamativi akaputsika.”
Abū Mūsā Jābir ibn Ḥayyān (zana ramakore rechisere kusvikira kune rechipfumbamwe), nyanzvi yoruzivo rwokushandura simbi kuva ndarama; yakanzi baba voruzivo rwokusanganiswa kwemishonga yeArab.
Al-Battānī (zana ramakore rechipfumbamwe kusvikira kune rechigumi), nyanzvi yoruzivo rwemitumbi yomuchadenga nenyanzvi yamasvomhu; akavandudza kuverenga kworuzivo rwemitumbi yomuchadenga kwaPtolemy, nokudaro ndokusarudza noururami hukuru zvikuru zvinhu zvakadai sourefu hwegore nohwemwaka.
Ar-Rāzī (Rhazes) (zana ramakore rechipfumbamwe kusvikira kune rechigumi), mumwe wavanachiremba vakaberekerwa muPersia vanozivikanwa zvikurusa; wokutanga kutsauranisa nhomba negwirikwiti uye kuronga mumapoka zvinhu zvose zvakadai semhuka, mirivo, kana kuti zvinocherwa.
Abū ‘Alī al-Ḥasan ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) weBasra (zana ramakore rechi 10 rechi 11), nyanzvi yamasvomhu uye nyanzvi yemitemo yechisiko; akaita betsero dzinokosha kurondedzero yoruzivo rwechiedza nokuona, kubatanidza kukombamiswa kwemwaranzi, mufananidzo unonzwa, kuona kwebinocular, uye kukombamisa mwaranzi kwemhepo yakapota nyika; wokutanga kutsanangura chiono nomutoo wakarurama somuuyo wechiedza chinobva pachinhu chichiuya paziso.
Omar Khayyám (zana ramakore rechi 11 kusvikira kune rechi 12), nyanzvi yamasvomhu, yemitemo yechisiko, nyanzvi yoruzivo rwemitumbi yomuchadenga, chiremba, uye muzivi akakurumbira wePersia; aizivikanwa zvikurusa muMadokero nokuda kwenhetembwa yake.
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 17]
Aristotle (pamusoro) naPlato (pazasi) vakapesvedzera nomutoo une simba mufungo wesayenzi mumazana ose amakore
[Kwazvakatorwa]
National Archaeological Museum of Athens
Musei Capitolini, Roma