Rutivi 5

Sayenzi—Kutsvaka Zvokwadi Kunopfuurira Kworudzi Rwomunhu

Kuita “Zvishamiso” Zvomuzana Ramakore Rechi 20

IZVO zvairatidzika muzana ramakore rechi 19 kuva “zvishamiso” zvisingabviri zvava chinhu chaicho muzana ramakore rechi 20. Mukati mechizvarwa chimwe chete, vanhu vakabva pakuchaira Model T Ford yavo vamene kusvikira kumufaro wokuona mucolor TV vanhu vachifamba pamwedzi. Kure nokurangarirwa sokwechienzi, “zvishamiso” zvakaitwa musayenzi nhasi zvinorerutswa zvikuru.

“Zviitwa zvesayenzi zvapamavambo pezana ramakore rechi 20,” inodaro The New Encyclopædia Britannica, “zvakanyanyokura zvokusatogona kurongwa mundaza.” Inonongedzera ku“mutoo unozivikanwa navose weenderero mberi,” zvisinei, ichitaura kuti “munzvimbo huru imwe neimwe, fambiro mberi yakanga yakavakirwa pabasa rinorondedzera rinobudirira rezana ramakore rechi 19.” Ikoku kunosimbisa idi rokuti sayenzi kutsvaka zvokwadi kunopfuurira.

Vakatsiviwa naMapoka

Masangano esayenzi, mapoka enyanzvi dzesayenzi akasangana kuti atsinhane mifungo namashoko, akaitwa muEurope pakuvamba somuzana ramakore rechi 17. Kuti azivise zviwanwa zvazvino uno, aya masangano akatovamba kubudisa magazini awo amene. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kutsinhano hurusa yamashoko yakabatira kusimbisa hwaro paigona kuitirwa imwezve fambiro mberi yesayenzi.

Pakazosvika zana ramakore rechi 19, mayunivhesiti akanga ava anobatanidzwa zvikuru mukunzvera kwesayenzi, uye mumakore anoteverana marabhoritari awo akaita kuwana kunokosha.a Pakazosvika mavambo ezana ramakore rechi 20, mafemu amabhizimisi akanga achitangawo marabhoritari okunzvera, ayo pashure penguva yakati akatanga mishonga mitsva, zvinhu zvesynthetic (kubatanidza mapurasitiki), uye zvimwe zviitwa. Vanhu vazhinji vakabetserwa naizvozvi, uye mafemu anonzvera akawana mamirioni amadhora mumhindu.

Kutangwa kwaaya marabhoritari namapoka okunzvera kwakakarakadza kukombamira kukunzvera kwakarongwa mukupesana nenhamburiko yomunhu oga. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzesayenzi dzakashamisika kana ikoku kwakanga kuri mutoo wakanakisisa. Muna 1939, John D. Bernal, nyanzvi yephysics uye nyanzvi yezvimiro zvinoonekera zveX-ray yeIreland, yakamutsa mubvunzo, unoti: “Sayenzi inofanira kuita enderero mberi kupfurikidza netsinhirano yapanhambo nenhambo yebasa ravanhu vane mano here, mumwe nomumwe achitevera nzwisiso yake amene, kana kuti kupfurikidza namapoka kana kuti zvikwata zvavashandi vanobetserana uye vachibatanidza basa rawo mukuwirirana negadziriro yakati yakatofungwa kunyange zvazvo ichichinja?”

Nemhaka yokuoma nomutengo wakakwirira wokunzvera, Bernal akataura nokuda kwokushandira mumapoka, achitaura kuti chinetso chakanga chichingova bedzi nzira yokuronga nayo nomutoo wakafanira mubato. Akadeya kutaura, kuti: “Basa romushandira pamwe nomutoo unowedzera richakombamira kukuva chimiro chokunzvera kwesayenzi.” Zvino, inopfuura hafu yezana ramakore gare gare, kunooneka kuti Bernal akanga akarurama. Kombamiro yakapfuurira, ichikurumidzisa muitiro wokuita “zvishamiso” zvesayenzi zvomuzana ramakore rechi 20.

“Mwari Akaita Kuti Zvivepo!”

Pana May 24, 1844, uku kukuwa kwamashoko mana kwakatumirwa norunhare rwomumhepo nenzira inobudirira naSamuel Morse, mugadziri weMorse code, padaro rinopfuura makiromita 50. Manyuko omuzana ramakore rechi 19 e“zvishamiso” zvakatevera zvekurukurirano dzorunhare rwomumhepo zvomuzana ramakore rechi 20 zvino akanga achivamba.

Mamwe makore 30 gare gare, muna 1876, Alexander Graham Bell akanga achigadzirira kuedza muchina wokutumira nawo mashoko naThomas Watson, mubetseri wake, apo Bell akateura acid. Kudanidzira kwake, “VaWatson, uyai kuno. Ndinokudai,” kwakava kunopfuura kungodanidzirawo hako nokuda kwebetsero. Watson, ari mukamuri rakaparadzana, akanzwa shoko, akariziva somutsetse wamashoko unonzwika zvizere wokutanga wati wambotumirwa norunhare, uye akauya achimhanya. Runhare runorira rwakaita kuti vanhu vamhanye chifocho.

Mukati mamakore 93 apfuura, zivo yesayenzi, ichiva pamwe chete noruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, yakagovera vanhu muzviverengero zvinoramba zvichikura zvikuru mupimo wokurarama nawo usina kutongowanwa nakare kose. Nyika yakadukupiswa kuva mwero wenharaunda. Zvinhu “zvisingabviri” zvazova zvenguva dzose. Kutaura idi, runhare, terevhizheni, motokari, uye ndege—uye chiverengero chipi nechipi chamamwe “manenji” omuzana ramakore rechi 20—rutivi rukuru kwazvo rwenyika yedu zvokuti tinokanganwa hedu kuti rudzi rwomunhu rwakararama rwusinazvo kworutivi rukuru rwokuvapo kwarwo.

Sezvo zana ramakore rakavamba, inodaro The New Encyclopædia Britannica, “rukundo rwesayenzi rwakaratidzika kuva runopikira zivo nesimba muhuwandu hukurusa.” Asi enderero mberi dzoruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu dzakaitwa munguva ino hadzina kufarikanywa kunzvimbo iri yose mumwero wakaenzana, uyewo idzo dzose hadzigoni kukamuraniswa sedzinobetsera nomutoo wakajeka. “Vanhu vashomanene,” inowedzera kudaro kuti, “vaigona kudeya kuona zvinetso izvo idzi budiriro chaidzo dzingaunza kumhoteredzo yavo yenzanga neyomusikirwo.”

Chii Chakasakisa Zvinetso?

Hapana chikanganiso chinogona kuwanwa kumaidi esayenzi anotibetsera kunzwisisa chisiko chapose pose zviri nani, kana kuti noruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu urwo nenzira inoshanda rwunoadzora nokuda kwebetsero yorudzi rwomunhu.

Zviviri izvi—sayenzi noruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu—zvanguve zvichiwirirana. Asi mukuwirirana nebhuku rinonzi Science and the Rise of Technology Since 1800, “batano yazvo yapedyo, zvino inozivikanwa, haina kusimbiswa zvizere kutozosvikira pamisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvikuru.” Sezvinooneka kunyange mukati morutivi rwokutanga rwechinjo yenzvimbo dzamabasa okugadzirwa kwezvinhu, wirirano yakanga isati iri yapedyo. Nepo zivo yesayenzi ichangobva kuwanwa yakabetsera kukutangwa kwezviitwa zvitsva, ndozvakaitawo ruzivo rwokuzviwanira rwamano, basa rounyanzvi, uye unyanzvi mumabasa ounyanzvi emichina.

Zvisinei, pashure pokunge chinjo yamabasa okugadzirwa kwezvinhu yavamba, kuunganidzwa kwezivo yesayenzi kwakawedzerwa, kupfurikidza nako kuchiita nzvimbo yakafara paigona kushandira ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu. Ruchikuchidzirwa nezivo itsva, ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu rwakatanga kuedza nzira dzokuderedza kushanda zvakaoma, kuvandudza utano, uye kuchengeta nyika iri nani, inofadza zvikuru.

Asika ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu harugoni kuva ruri nani kupfuura zivo yesayenzi apo runovakirwa. Kana zivo yesayenzi ine chikanganiso, zvinoitika zvoruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvinovakirwa pairi nenzira yakafanana zvichava nechikanganiso. Kazhinji kazhinji, miuyo yakashata ichava inooneka bedzi pashure pokunge kuvadziko yakati yaitwa. Somuenzaniso, ndiani hake aigona kuve akadeya kuona kuti kushandiswa kwamaaerosol spray anoshandisa chlorofluorocarbons kana kuti hydrocarbons pane rimwe zuva kwaizokuvadza ozone layer inodzivirira pasi?

Chimwezve chinhu chinobatanidzwawo—vavariro. Nyanzvi yesayenzi yakazvitsaurira ingafarira zivo seyakadaro uye ingadisa kupedza makumi amakore oupenyu hwayo mukunzvera. Asi muzvinabhizimisi, uyo angava anofarira zvikuru kurondwa kwemhindu, anodisa kushandisa zivo pakarepo. Uye ndowezvamatongerwe enyika akadini achamirira nenzira yokushivira makumi amakore asati ashandisa ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu rwaanofunga kuti rwungamupa betsero yezvamatongerwe enyika kana rwukashandiswa pakarepo?

Nyanzvi yephysics Albert Einstein yakazivisa chinetso apo yakati: “Simba risina kusunungurwa reatomu rakachinja chinhu chiri chose kunze kwemiitiro yedu yokufunga uye isu nokudaro tinokukurukira kungwavaira isingaenzaniswi.” (Kutsveyamiswa kwamashoko ndokwedu.) Hungu, zvinetso zvakawanda zvakaparirwa ne“zvishamiso” zvomuzana ramakore rechi 20 hazvina kumuka bedzi nemhaka yezivo ine zvikanganiso yesayenzi asiwo nemhaka yoruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runokurumidza uye rusingadzorwi runokuchidzirwa nefariro dzoudyire.

Somuenzaniso, sayenzi yakawana kuti kunzwika nomufananidzo zvinogona kutumirwa kunzvimbo dziri kure—terevhizheni. Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu rwakatanga unyanzvi huri madikanwa hwokuziva hwokuita kudaro. Asika wakanga uri muitiro wakaipa wokufunga wenhengeseranwa yamakaro navatengi vanoraira vanoshandisa iyi zivo yakatanhamara noruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu mukutumidzira mifananidzo youtere nezviono zvamasimba masimba zvokubayana mumakamuri okutandarira ane rugare.

Nenzira yakafanana, sayenzi yakawana kuti zvinhu zvingagona kuchinjwa kuva simba. Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu rwakatanga unyanzvi huri madikanwa hwokuita kudaro. Asi wakanga uri muitiro wakaipa wokufunga wezvezvamatongerwe enyika vourudzi vanoshandisa iyi zivo noruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu mukuvaka mabhomba enyukireya achiri kurembera seSword of Damocles pamusoro penzanga yenyika.

Kuchengeta Sayenzi Iri Munzvimbo Yayo

Kunoratidzira mumwezve muitiro wakaipa wokufunga kana vanhu vachibvumidza zvishandiswa zvakaitwa muruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakaitwa savaranda kuti zvive vanatenzi. Magazini yeTime yakanyevera nezveiyi ngozi muna 1983 apo yakasarudza, asati ari munhu wayo wenguva dzose akava nepesvedzero huru pazvinoitika zvegore rakapfuura, asi “muchina wakava nebetsero huru pazvinoitika zvegore rakapfuura,” komupiyuta.

Time yakarangarira, kuti: “Sezvo vanhu vachitsamira pakomupiyuta kuti vaite zvinhu zvavaichimboita mukati memisoro yavo, chii chinoitika kumisoro yavo? . . . Kana duramashoko rinochengetwa muyeuko yekomupiyuta richigona kururamisa nomutoo uri nyore mhosho dzipi nedzipi dzokuperetera, chii chiri donzo rokudzidza kuperetera? Uye kana ndangariro ichisunungurwa pamuitiro wokuva noungwaru, ichaita nhangemutange mukurondwa kwemifungo inokosha kana kuti nenzira yousimbe kupedzera nguva yayo pamitambo yakawanda yevhidhiyo here? . . . Komupiyuta inokuchidzira zvomenemene mubato wouropi here kana kuti, kupfurikidza nokuita basa rayo rakawanda zvikuru, inohubvumidza kusaita basa?”

Hunyanguvezvo, vamwe vanhu vanoororwa kwazvo nezviitwa zvesayenzi zvokuti vanosimudzira sayenzi kuunodokuva umwari. Nyanzvi yesayenzi Anthony Standen yakakurukura ikoku mubhuku rayo ra 1950 rinonzi Science Is a Sacred Cow. Kunyange kana tikabvumira kututsira kunobvira, Standen ane pfundo: “Apo nyanzvi yesayenzi yakapfeka nguvo yebasa . . . inoita kutaura kwakati nokuda kwavanhu vose zvavo, ingasanzwisiswa, asi zvimwe iyo ine chokwadi chokudavirwa. . . . Vanhu vehurumende, nyanzvi dzamabasa okugadzirwa kwezvinhu, vashumiri vorudzidziso, vatungamiriri vehurumende, vazivi, vose vanopanikirwa uye vanotsoropodzwa, asi nyanzvi dzesayenzi—nyangwe. Nyanzvi dzesayenzi vanhu vanorumbidzwa vamire pashongwe yapamusoro-soro zvikuru yomukurumbira mukuru, nokuti dzine maruramiro adzo chete okushandisa nheyo yokuti ‘Chakatenderwa musayenzi . . . ’ iyo inoratidzika kuva inoramba bviro yose yokusabvumirana.”

Nemhaka youyu muitiro wakaipa wokufunga, vamwe vanhu vanoshandisa dzinoratidzika kuva pokanidzano pakati pesayenzi neBhaibheri sechibvumikiso cho“uchenjeri” hwesayenzi mukupesana no“kudavira mashura” kworudzidziso. Vamwe vanotoona mune idzi dzinonzi pokanidzano chibvumikiso chokusavapo kwaMwari. Zvisinei, muhuchokwadi handi Mwari asati aripo asi kupfuurezvo pokanidzano dzinofungidzirwa idzo vafundisi vakaita mukududzira zvisina kururama Shoko rake. Ivo kupfurikidza nako vanovirimira Muvambi woumwari weBhaibheri uye panguva imwe cheteyo vanokuvadza kutsvaka zvokwadi yesayenzi kunopfuurira kworudzi rwomunhu.

Mukuwedzera, kupfurikidza nokukundikana kurovedza vateveri vavo kushandisa chibereko chomudzimu waMwari, ava vatungamiriri vorudzidziso vanochengeta mugariro woudyire unosakisa vanhu kufunga zvikurukuru nezvezvishuvo zvavo vamene nokuda kwenyaradzo nebetsero zvomunhu oga. Kazhinji kazhinji ikoku kunodaro pandyiko yavamwe, kunyange kusvika kupfundo rokushandisa zvisina kufanira zivo yesayenzi kuuraya vanhu biyavo.—VaGaratia 5:19-23.

Rudzidziso rwenhema, zvezvamatongerwe enyika zvavanhu vasina kukwana, uye nhengeseranwa ine makaro zvakaumba vanhu kuti vave zvavari zvino, “vanozvida vamene, . . . vasingaongi, . . . vasingazvidzori,” vanozvitutumadza vanosundwa nomuitiro wakaipa wokufunga.—2 Timotio 3:1-3, NW.

Ava ndivo vanhu namasangano vakaita denho dzezana ramakore rechi 21 idzo sayenzi zvino iri kukumbirwa kuzopedza. Ichabudirira here? Rava mhinduro muchikamu chokupedzisira cheiyi nhevedzano muchinyorwa chedu chinotevera.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Mashoko okukwezva vaverengi ari papeji 30]

Kana zivo yesayenzi ine chikanganiso, zvinoitika zvakavakirwa pairi zvichava nechikanganiso

[Mashoko okukwezva vaverengi ari papeji 32]

Handi zviitwa zvose zvesayenzi zvinobetsera

[Vakatipa Mifananidzo iri papeji 29]

From the Collections of Henry Ford Museum & Greenfield Village

NASA photo