Neiko Pane Kudzoka kweHosha “Dzinorapika”?
MUMWE musha uchangobva kusanocheneswa. Sezvo mazuva, mavhiki, uye mwedzi zvinopfuura, zvisinei, huruva netsvina zvinoonekazve zvishoma nezvishoma. Kusanochenesa kumwe, naizvozvo, hakuna kukwana. Kutarisirwa kunopfuurira kunodikanwa.
Kwenguva yakati kwakaratidzika kuti mushonga womuzuva razvino uno wakanga wasanopedza mararia, TB (rurindi), uye njovhera. Asi kusanotarisirwa kuri madikanwa kupfurikidza nokunzvera nokurapa kazhinji kazhinji kwainyanyoregeredzwa. Zvino “huruva netsvina” zvakaonekazve. “Munyika yose, mugariro wemararia wakakomba uye uri kuipisisa,” anodaro Dr. Hiroshi Nakajima weWHO (World Health Organization). “Vanhu vanofanira kuziva kuti TB yakadzoka—uye yakadzoka ine simba guru,” inonyevera kudaro nyanzvi yorurindi Dr. Lee Reichman. Uye The New York Times yakazivisa mukuvamba megumi rino ramakore, kuti: “Zvirwere zvitsva zvenjovhera zviri pamwero wakakwiririsa chifo cha 1949.”
Mararia—Yotyisidzira Inodokuva Hafu Yenyika
Zvino, anodokuva makore 40 chifo chaapo yakaziviswa kuva yodokupedzwa, mararia inomutsa tyisidziro yakakomba muAfghanistan, Brazil, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam, uye mumativi akasiana-siana eAfrica. “Vana vaviri vanofa noutachiona hwacho miniti iri yose,” rinoshuma kudaro pepanhau reFrance Le Figaro. Chiverengero chenzufu dzegore negore mamirioni maviri—kupfuura zvikuru vanourawa neAIDS.
Vanodokuva vanhu vane mamirioni 270 vanotapurwa nechitandira chemararia, asi mabhirioni 2,2 anorangarirwa kuva ari mungozi. “Kunodaro sei kuti mararia, yakambopedzwa kana kuti yakadzorwa zvikuru nokuda kwe 90 muzana yechiverengero chavagari venyika, zvino yotyisidzira vanopfuura 40 muzana vedu?” anobvunza kudaro Phyllida Brown muNew Scientist. Zvikonzero zvacho zvakawanda.
Kutemwa kwamasango nokudzorwa kwenyika navokumwe. Kugara munharaunda dzamasango dzine mvura yakawanda dzakazara noutunga kwakaparira kutanga kwemararia muBrazil. “Chatakava nacho chakanga chiri kuvhozhokerwa kweimba youtunga,” inodaro nyanzvi yezvokudzivirira kutapurwa nehosha Claudio Ribeiro. Vagari vemo, iye anodaro, “vakanga vasina ruzivo rwokuzviwanira rwemararia uye vasina dziviriro kuhosha yacho.”
Kutamira kune imwe nzvimbo. Vapoteri vanotsvaka basa vanobva kuMyanmar vanodirana kumigodhi yamatombo anokosha yeBorai, taundi duku riri muThailand. “Kutama kwavo kwenguva dzose kunoita kuti kudzorwa kwemararia kuve kusingabviri chose chose,” inoshuma kudaro Newsweek. Zvimwe zvirwere zvine 10 000 zvemararia zvinonyorwa mwedzi nomwedzi—pakati pavacheri vemigodhi chete!
Kushanya kwokuona nyika. Vakawanda avo vanoshanyira nharaunda dzakazara noutunga vanodzokera kumusha vatapurwa. Nokudaro, muna 1991 zvimwe zvirwere zvine 1 000 zvakarapwa muUnited States uye 10 000 muEurope. Gore negore mazana avashanyi vokuona nyika navashandi vemhiri kwamakungwa vanodzokera kuCanada vatapurwa. Muchinoitika chengwavaira, vana vaviri vakatapurwa nefivhiri nokukurumidza pashure pokunge mhuri yadzoka kubva kuAfrica. Chiremba haana kufungidzira mararia. “Pakasvika nguva apo vabereki vakavaendesa kuchipatara, kwakanga kwava kunyanyononoka,” inoshuma kudaro Globe and Mail yeToronto. “Vakafa mukati memaawa omumwe nomumwe.”
Marudzi anodzivisa mirimo. WHO inozivisa kuti marudzi anodzivisa mirimo emararia akapararira kunyika dzose dzinopisa dzeAfrica. MuSoutheast Asia, inodaro Newsweek, “kudziviswa kwemirimo kuri kuenderera mberi nokukurumidza zvikuru zvokuti mamwe marudzi nokukurumidza angagona kuva asingarapiki.”
Kushaikwa kwepfuma. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo makiriniki anoshaiwa midziyo yokushandisa kuita kunzvera kwakapfava kunozivikanwa seblood smear. Mune dzimwe chikamu chikuru chendaza yendyiko dzoutano chinodikanwa nokuda kwemimwe migariro yekurumidziro, kuchiguma neperevedzo yemishonga inouraya zvipukanana uye mishonga. Pane dzimwe nguva inhau yemhindu. “Hamuna mhindu muhosha dzomunzvimbo dzinopisa dzapasi,” inobvuma kudaro New Scientist, “nemhaka yokuti, kazhinji kazhinji, avo vanotapurwa havagoni kutenga mishonga.”
Rurindi—Muurayi Wekare Ane Zvisakiso Zvitsva
Streptomycin, murimo wakavimbisa kudzora rurindi, wakatanga kushandiswa muna 1947. Panguva iyeyo, kwakafungwa kuti rurindi rwaizobviswa kwechigarire. Asi kuzivikanwa kwakamwe kamwe kwokuti mugariro wacho wakashata kwakasvika kune dzimwe nyika: Mwero yeTB yakawedzera nomutoo unooneka zvikuru mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya. “Munzvimbo dzourombo muAmerica,” inoshuma kudaro The Washington Post, “mwero yeTB yakaipisisa kupfuura iyo yomunyika dzine urombo zvikurusa dzomuchikamu cheSahara cheAfrica.” MuCôte d’Ivoire mune icho imwe magazini inoidza kuti “kuzivikanwazve kwakamwe kamwe kwoutsinye kworurindi.”
Dr. Michael Iseman anochema, kuti: “Taiziva marapirwe arwo. Tairudzora. Asi takakundikana.” Chii chakadzivisa kurwisana norurindi?
AIDS. Sezvo ichisiya munhu asina dziviriro yokurwisa utachiona, AIDS inorangarirwa kuva chisakiso chikuru chokutangazve kweTB. “Kana vasingafi nechimwe chinhuwo zvacho pakutanga,” anodaro Dr. Iseman, “inodokusvika 100 muzana yavarwere veAIDS vane utachiona hweTB vachatanga chirwere chacho.”
Mhoteredzo. Matirongo, misha yokurerera, nzvimbo dzavasina misha, zvipatara, uye mamwe masangano zvinogona kuva nzvimbo dzokutangira rurindi. Dr. Marvin Pomerantz anorondedzera kuti kumwe kushandisa kwechipatara kurapa kwokupfapfaidza kwakawedzera kukosora kwavarwere vane mabayo uye kupfurikidza nako kwakaparira denda chairo reTB pakati pavashandi.
Kushaikwa kwepfuma. Nokukurumidza apo kwakaratidzika sokunge kuti rurindi rwakanga rwadzorwa, mari yakava shoma, uye ngwariro yavose yakaenda kune imwe nzvimbo. “Panzvimbo pokubvisa TB,” anodaro Dr. Lee Reichman, “takabvisa gadziriro dzinoda mari dzokurapa rurindi.” Nyanzvi yemishonga Patrick Brennan inoti: “Mukuvamba kwama 1960 ndakanga ndanyanyoshanda pamushonga wedzivirirwo yeTB asi ndakasarudza kubuda pakuri nemhaka yokuti ndakafunga kuti TB yakanga yarapwa.” Nokudaro, kudzoka kworurindi kwakabata vanachiremba vakawanda vasingazivi. “Mukati mevhiki rimwe [mukupera kwa 1989],” akadaro mumwe chiremba, “Ndakaona zvimwe zvirwere zvitsva zvina izvo mudzidzisi wangu wechikoro chezvokurapa akati handisati ndaizotongozvionazve.”
Njovhera—Kudzokazve Kunouraya
Pasinei hapo nokubudirira kwepenicillin, njovhera ichiri yakapararira muAfrica. MuUnited States, iri kuita kudzoka kwayo kwakasimba zvikurusa mumakore 40. Mukuwirirana neThe New York Times, njovhera zvino iri “kunyengedza chizvarwa chavanachiremba vasina kutongoona, kana vakambodaro, chirwere.” Neiko iri kutangazve?
Crack. Kupindwa muropa necrack kwakakuchidzira icho mumwe chiremba anoidza kuti “kunyanyozvigutsa zvikuru kwokushandiswa kwecocaine nevatano.” Nepo varume kazhinji kazhinji vachiba kuti vatsigire kupindwa muropa kwavo, vakadzi vane bviro huru yokutsinhanisa mirimo nevatano. “Mudzimba dzecrack,” anodaro Dr. Willard Cates, Jr., weU.S. Centers for Disease Control, “kune vatano nezvikomba zvakawanda. Tapuro ipi kana ipi inova yakatekeshera mumhoteredzo idzodzo ichava imwe inopfuudzwa.”
Kushaika kwedziviriro. “Pasinei hapo nenhimbe ye‘vatano yakakotsekana,’” inoshuma kudaro Discover, “vachiri kuyaruka vanoshaiwa ushingi pamusoro pokushandisa makondomu kuti vazvidzivirire vamene pahosha.” Imwe fundo muUnited States yakazivisa kuti 12,6 muzana bedzi yaavo vane zvikomba zvevatano zvine ngozi vaishandisa makondomu nguva dzose.
Pfuma yakaganhurirwa. Inodaro The New York Times: “Kutapudzwa kwendaza yendyiko kwakadzivisa makiriniki avose uko njovhera zhinjisa nedzimwe hosha dzinopfuudzwa muvatano dzinorapwa.” Kupfuurirazve, mitoo yokunzvera nayo nguva dzose haina kururama. Mune chimwe chipatara chiverengero chakati chavanamai chakasununguka vacheche vakatapurwa, bva kunzverwa kweropa kwekare kwavanamai hakuna kupa ufakazi hwenjovhera.
Mugumo Unooneka Here?
Hondo yomunhu yokurwisana nehosha yave iri iya yenguva refu neinokangaidza. Kazhinji kazhinji zvikuru budiriro mukurwisana nezvirwere zvakati inokurirwa nekundikano murwisano nezvimwe. Munhu akashurikidzirwa kuhondo inopfuurira zvokuti iye haatongogoni kukurira here? Kuchazombova nenyika isina hosha here?
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Kuparadza Kwenjovera
NJOVHERA inoparirwa neTreponema pallidum, utachiona hwakaumbika sechinhu chakamonereka, uye kazhinji kazhinji inobatirwa kupfurikidza nemitezo yevatano. Utachiona ipapo hunopinda muropa ndokupararira mumuviri wose.
Mavhiki anoverengeka pashure petapuro, chironda chinonzi chancre chinooneka. Kazhinji kazhinji chinomera pamitezo yevatano asi panzvimbo pezvo chingaoneka pamiromo, matonziro, kana kuti minwe. Chancre pakupedzisira inopora pasina kusiya vanga. Asi utachiona hunopfuurira kupararira mumuviri wose kutozosvikira zviratidzo zvechipiri zvaoneka: tumhezi, pahuro panorwadza, mapfundo anobanda, kurasikirwa nebvudzi, kufunuka ganda, uye kuzvimba kwameso.
Kana isina kurapwa, njovhera inogara mumugariro wokusashanda uyo ungagara kwenduramo. Kana mukadzi akava nenhumbu mukati meiyi nhano, mwana wake angaberekwa ari bofu, akaremara, kana kuti akafa.
Makumi amakore gare gare, zvimwe zvichaenda kumwero wapashure wenjovhera, umo utachiona hungagara mumwoyo, muuropi, muzongoza, kana kuti mamwe mativi omuviri. Kana utachiona hukagara muuropi, berevere, kazhinji kazhinji kuoma mitezo, uye kunyange kupenga zvingava muuyo. Pakupedzisira, hosha yacho ingabvumikisa kuva inouraya.
[Kwazvakatorwa]
Biophoto Associates/Science Source/Photo Researchers
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“Kuedzesera Kukuru”
IKOKO ndiko uko Dr. Lee Reichman anoidza rurindi. “Kunogona kuratidzika sedzihwa, kuzvimba kwamachubhu emhepo, flu,” iye anodaro. “Naizvozvo kutoti chiremba ari kufunga pamusoro peTB, iye angapotsa kunzvera.” X ray yomuchipfuva inodikanwa kusimbisa utachiona.
Rurindi runopfuudzwa kumunhu nomunhu kupfurikidza nemhepo. Kukosora kunogona kuparira zvimedu zviri zvidukusa zvakaringanira kupinda mumapapu. Zvisinei, dziviriro dzomuviri dzinowanzova dzakasimba zvakakwana kuti dzidzivise utachiona kupararira. Dr. Reichman anotsanangura, kuti: “Vanongova bedzi [avo] vane utachiona hwakawanda muchipfuva chavo—zvinhu zvine mamirioni 100 mukuenzanisira nezvisingasviki 10 000 zvavatakuri vasingatapurwi—[avo vanogona] kuparadzira hosha yacho.”
[Kwazvakatorwa]
SPL/Photo Researchers
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Kudziya Kwenyika Yose neMararia
MARARIA haingagoni kuvamba kana pasina utunga hunotapura hunonzi Anopheles gambiae. “Chinja chiverengero che[zvipembenene] zvinotakura hosha uye unochinja kutapura kwehosha,” inodaro The Economist.
Kuedza kwamarabhoritari kwakaratidza kuti wedzero duku mutembiricha dzinogona kutapura zvikuru chiverengero chezvipembenene. Nokudaro, dzimwe nyanzvi dzinogumisa kuti kudziya kwenyika yose kungava nesimba gurusa pakutapura kwemararia. “Kana tembiricha yose yaPasi ikawedzera kunyange dhigirii Celsius rimwe kana kuti maviri [madhigirii Fahrenheit maviri kusvikira kumana],” anodaro Dr. Wallace Peters, “ingagona kuwedzera nharaunda dzokuberekera dzoutunga zvokuti mararia ingagona kuva inoparadzirwa zvakafara zvikuru kupinda zvairi zvino.”
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Dr. Tony Brain/SPL/Photo Researchers
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Matumba avasina misha anogona kuva nzvimbo dzokutangira rurindi
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Melchior DiGiacomo