Sarajevo—Kubvira Muna 1914 kusvikira kuna 1994

YAKANYORWA NOMUNYORI WEMUKAI! MUSWEDEN

Makore makumi masere apfuura kubvira apo kupfura ikoko kune ngwavaira pana June 28, 1914, muSarajevo. Kupfura kwakauraya Muchinda Francis Ferdinand nomudzimai wake, Muchindakadzi Sophie, uye ipapo ruvengo pakati peAustria-Hungary neSerbia rwakakura kuva Hondo yeNyika I. Nezvemajaya ane mamiriyoni 65 akaendeswa kunhandare dzehondo, anenge mamiriyoni 9 haana kutongodzoka. Ichibatanidza vanokuvadzwa vasati vari varwi, hwerengedzo yavanhu vane mamiriyoni 21 vakaurawa. Vamwe vachiri kutaura pamusoro pokutanga kwehondo iyoyo muna August 1914 senguva apo “nyika yakapenga.”

ZVAKARE kupfura kwave kuchiungira muSarajevo mose. Uye kwete muSarajevo bedzi asiwo mudzinoverengeka dzenyika nhanhatu dzine hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu dzewaichimbova mubatanidzwa weYugoslavia.a Bhuku rinonzi Jugoslavien—Ett land i upplösning (Yugoslavia—Nyika Yakakamukana) rinoti: “Ihondo yavagari vemo umo muvakidzani anorwisa muvakidzani. Mafi agara kwenguva refu nezvimiro zvendangariro zvokunyumwira zvakakura kuva ruvengo. Urwu ruvengo rwakatungamirira kukurwa uye kurwa kwakatungamirira kukuuraya kukuru noruparadziko rukuru. Kwakaita semamirire ezvinhu anotambudza kana kuti, panzvimbo pezvo, kupfuurira kworuvengo runokura, nyumwiro, uye kuuraya.”

Apo hondo dzakatanga muYugoslavia muna June 1991, kwakanga kusingakatyamadzi kuti vanhu vakawanda vakayeuka kupfura kwakaitwa muSarajevo muna June 1914. Uku kurwisana kutsva kwaizotungamirira kumigumisiro mimwe cheteyo inoparadza here? Rugare muEurope rwaizotyisidzirwa here? Chirongwa cho “kuchenesa rudzi” (kuurawa kwoune nokudzingwa kweboka redzinza, rezvamatongerwe enyika, kana kuti retsika) chaigona kupararira kusvikira kumamwe mativi enyika here? Dzvinyiriro yamarudzi ose yakashandiswa kuedza kugumisa kurwa. Asi chii chaizvoizvo chiri chisakiso chaichoicho chezvinetso muyaichimbova Yugoslavia? Zviitiko zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi muSarajevo zvine chinhu chipi nechipi chokuita nokuuraya muna 1914 here?

Yugoslavia neHondo yeNyika I

Kurwisana hakusati kuri kutsva. Pakutanga chaipo pezana rino ramakore, Balkan Peninsula yakataurwa nezvayo se“nzvimbo yakanyanduka yeEurope.” Jugoslavien—Ett land i upplösning rinoti: “Inhau yokuputsika kwomubatanidzwa uko kunyanduka kwave kuchikura kwenguva refu zvikuru. Chazvoizvo, kurwisana kwakanga kuchitovako apo Umambo hweSerbia, Croatia neSlovenia [raichimbova zita reYugoslavia] hwakaitwa pamugumo weHondo yeNyika I.” Mamirire ezvinhu enhau achatibetsera kuona kuti rwisano dzomuzuva razvino uno dzinowirirana sei neHondo yeNyika I.

Nhau inotiudza kuti panguva yokuurawa kwaFrancis Ferdinand muna 1914, nyika dzechiSlav dzokuMaodzanyemba dzeSlovenia, Croatia, uye Bosnia neHerzegovina dzaiva maruwa muUmambo hweAustria-Hungary. Serbia, kuno rumwe rutivi, hwakanga huri umambo hwakazvimirira uye hwakanga hwave hwakadaro kubvira muna 1878, huchitsigirwa zvakasimba neRussia. Zvisinei, vaSerb vakawanda vaigara mumaruwa anodzorwa neAustria-Hungary, uye Serbia naizvozvo yakanga ichida kuti Austria-Hungary irege nharaunda dzose dzinogarwa muBalkan Peninsula. Kunyange zvazvo kurwisana kwaivapo pakati peCroatia neSerbia, vakanga vakabatana muchido chimwe: kuzvibvisira vamene vatongi vokumwe vaivengwa. Vezvourudzi vakaona muchiono kubatanidza vaSlav vokuMaodzanyemba muumambo humwe. VaSerb vakanga vari simba rinosunda rakasimba zvikurusa mukuumbwa kwenyika yakadaro yakazvimirira.

Panguva iyeyo mambo anotonga, Francis Joseph, aiva namakore 84 okukura. Nokukurumidza Muchinda Francis Ferdinand aizova mambo mutsva. Vezvourudzi veSerbia vakaona Francis Ferdinand semhinganidzo kukuzadzika kwavo kwefungidziro youmambo hwechiSlav hwokuMaodzanyemba.

Vamwe vadzidzi vaduku muSerbia vakazadzwa nepfungwa yenyika yakasununguka yechiSlav yokuMaodzanyemba uye vakanga vachidisa kufira sangano ravo. Pwere dzinoverengeka dzakasarudzwa kuti dziuraye Muchinda. Dzakapiwa zvombo uye dzakarovedzwa neboka rezvourudzi reSerbia rapachivande rainzi Black Hand. Mbiri dzeidzi pwere dzakaedza kuuraya, uye imwe yadzo yakabudirira. Zita rake rainzi Gavrilo Princip. Iye akanga ane makore 19 okukura.

Uku kuuraya kwakabatira chinangwa chaidiwa chavapari mhaka. Apo hondo yokutanga yenyika yakanga yapera, kutonga kwamadzimambo kweAustria-Hungary kwakanga kwaparadzwa, uye Serbia yaigona kutungamirira mukubatanidza vaSlav kuti vaumbe umambo. Muna 1918 umambo ihwohwo hwakazozivikanwa soUmambo hwavaSerb, vaCroat, uye vaSlovene. Zita rakachinjwa kuva Yugoslavia muna 1929. Zvisinei, apo mapoka akasiyana-siyana akanga asingachadizve kubatana muruvengo rwawo rwaose kuAustria-Hungary, kwakava kuri pachena kuti kwakanga kune misiyano pakati pamapoka amene. Kune mapoka anodokuva 20 avagari vemo akasiyana-siyana, mitauro mina yapamutemo neyakaderera inoverengeka, maarufabheti maviri akasiyana (yeRoma neyeCyril), uye marudzidziso makuru matatu—chiKaturike, chiMuslim, uye Orthodox yeSerbia. Rudzidziso runopfuurira kuva chikamuraniso chikuru. MuNyika itsva maiva, namamwe mashoko, zvakawanda zvakagara kwenguva refu.

Yugoslavia neHondo yeNyika II

Mukati meHondo yeNyika II, Germany yakavhozhokera Yugoslavia, uye, maererano nebhuku rinonzi The Yugoslav Auschwitz and the Vatican, “vanhu vanopfuura 200 000, zvikurukuru vaSerb veOrthodox, vakapondwa munhevedzano” navaCroat veKaturike vakanga vachibatira pamwe navaNazi. Zvisinei, Josip Tito weCroatia, pamwe chete navateveri vebato vechiKomonisiti uye mukubatira pamwe neveBritain navaAmerica, akakwanisa kuita kuti vaGerman vafute. Apo hondo yakanga yapera, akatanhamara somutungamiriri anooneka zvokusagona kupokanwa wenyika uye akapfuurira kuitonga norumano. Akanga ari murume akazvimirira. Kunyange Stalin aisagona kumunyengetedza kuti awiriranise Yugoslavia nerasara rose reboka rechiKomonisiti.

Vakawanda vokune yaichimbova Yugoslavia vakataura, kuti: ‘Kudai kwakanga kusati kuri nokuda kwaTito, mubatanidzwa ungadai wakakamukana pakuvamba zvikuru. Iye oga akanga ane utsungarari nechiremera chiri madikanwa chokuubatanidza pamwe chete.’ Ikoku kwakabvumikisa kuva kwechokwadi. Pakanga pari pashure porufu rwaTito muna 1980 apo kurwisana kwakatangazve, kuchikura kutozosvikira hondo yavagari vemo yatanga muna 1991.

Mabara Akachinja Nyika

Mubhuku rake rinonzi Thunder at Twilight—Vienna 1913/1914, munyori Frederic Morton akanyora pamusoro pokupondwa kwaFrancis Ferdinand, achiti: “Bara rakapinda namasimba masimba pahuro pake rakazivisa kupfura kwokutanga mukuuraya kunoparadza zvikurusa rudzi rwomunhu rwakanga rwaziva kutozosvikira panguva iyeyo. Rakatanga chinjo dzinotungamirira kuHondo yeNyika II. . . . Zvakawanda zvezvisakiso zvechiono chakatipoteredza zvakatanga kuitwa muDanube mugore nehafu rakatangira kukandwa kwebara irero kumusoro woMuchinda.”—Kutsveyamiswa kwamashoko ndokwedu.

Zviitiko zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi muyaichimbova Yugoslavia hazvisati zvichingova bedzi “zvisakiso zvechiono chakatipota” zvinogona kurondwa kubvira muna 1914. Wezvenhau Edmond Taylor anotaura chimwe chinhu icho vezvenhau vakawanda vanobvuma pamusoro pacho: “Kutanga kweHondo yeNyika I kwakapinza ‘Nguva yeNhamo’ yezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri . . . Nenzira yakananga kana kuti nenzira isina kunanga nyongano dzomuhafu yokupedzisira yezana ramakore dzinovambira muna 1914.”

Nhamburiko dzakaitwa kutsanangura chikonzero nei kupfura muSarajevo kwakava nemigumisiro yakadaro inotyisa. Ko kupfura kuviri kwakaitwa no“mukomana wechikoro” kwaigona sei kukuchidzira mudzimu wehondo munyika yose ndokupinza nhambo yamasimba masimba, nyongano, uye kuodzwa mwoyo uko kwakapfuurira kusvikira kuzuva redu chairo?

Kuedza Kutsanangura 1914

Mubhuku rake rinonzi Thunder at Twilight—Vienna 1913/1914, munyori anoedza kutsanangura icho chakaitika kupfurikidza nokunongedzera kuicho anoidza kuti “simba idzva” rakapesvedzera marudzi muna 1914. Iri “simba,” iye anoti, rakanga riri chaizvoizvo zvisakiso zvinoverengeka zvose zvichishandira pamwe chete. Mifungo yakaterama mishomanene yakamutswa yakakurirwa nokudanidzira kunokura kwenguva dzose kwehondo. Kuunganidza varwi kwenyika imwe kwakakuchidzira kuunganidza varwi kwedzimwe dzose. Chiremera chakachinjwa kubva muboka rinotonga kuenda kuvatungamiriri vehondo. Vanhu vakawanda vakaonawo muhondo mukana unogamuchirwa wokuwana “kupinda mungozi huru kwamarudzi” uye kupfurikidza naikoko ndokubva murusuruvaro rwoupenyu hwezuva riri rose. Gare gare, mumwe mukuru mukuru akanyora, kuti: “Kufanana navarume vanopanga chipukude kuvasunungura mukupisa kukuru kwomuzhizha, naizvozvo chizvarwa cha 1914 chakadavira mukusunungura uko hondo ingaunza.” Munyori weGermany Hermann Hesse akataura kuti kwaizobetsera vanhu vakawanda kubudiswa kamwe kamwe mu“rugare rwavanamuzvinapfuma runofinha.” Kutaura kwokuti hondo “kunatswa, kusunungura, tariro huru” kunonzi kwakaitwa nomunyori akawana mubayiro weNobel weGermany Thomas Mann. Kunyange Winston Churchill, anyandurwa nomufungo wehondo, akanyora, kuti: “Gadziriro dzehondo dzine chinokwezva chinokatyamadza nokuda kwangu. Ndinonyengetera kuna Mwari kuti andikanganwire zvimiro zvendangariro zvakadaro zvokutya zvoupenzi.”

Kuti zviono zvipenyu zvakaratidzirwa muEurope mose sezvo varwi vakafora vachibuda kundorwa kwakanga kuri nemhaka yeiri “simba idzva.” Masasaranzi akasungirirwa pakepisi dzavo, maruva erose akaturikwa mumidungiro munganunu, mapoka avaimbi akaridza marimba, vadzimai vomumba vakavheyesa mahangachepfu vari pamafafitera avo, uye vana vanofara vakamhanya nomurutivi rwavarwi. Kwakanga kwakaita sokunge kuti vanhu vakanga vachichengeta nokufarira kusvika kwehondo. Hondo yenyika yakasvika ine chipameso chomutambo.

Uku kutangwazve kwechimwe cheizvo Morton, akanokorwa mashoko pakuvamba, chinonzi “simba idzva” rinofanira kutibetsera kunzwisisa chisakiso chehondo yenyika yokutanga. Asika iri “simba” rakabva kupi? Wezvenhau Barbara Tuchman akanyora kuti chaunga chamabasa okugadzira zvinhu chakanga chapa vanhu masimba matsva nedzvinyiriro itsva. Kutaura idi, “chaunga . . . chakanga . . . chakazara nokunyanduka namasimba akaunganidzwa.” Stefan Zweig, muduku akangwara wokuVienna panguva iyeyo, akanyora, kuti: “Handigoni kukutsanangura neimwe nzira inopfuura neiri simba rakaunganidzwa, mugumisiro une ngwavaira wezviitiko zvomukati zvakanga zvaungana mumakore ane makumi mana orugare uye zvino zvotsvaka kubuda kwamasimba masimba.” Kutaura kwokuti “Handigoni kukutsanangura neimwe nzira” kunokarakadza kuti iye amene anokuona kwakaoma kutsanangura. Mumashoko okutanga ebhuku rinonzi Thunder at Twilight, Morton anonyora, kuti: “Neiko ikoko kwakaitika panguva iyoyo chaipo nenzvimbo iyoyo chaiyoiyo? Uye sei? . . . Pane muenzaniso wokunzwisisa izvi zvose zviitiko zvinokangaidza here?”

Hungu, vakawanda vanoedza kutsanangura 1914 vanonzwa kuti zvikonzero zvikurusa hazviziri nyore chaizvoizvo kunzwisisa. Neiko hondo isina kuganhurirwa kumativi iwawo anobatanidzwa zvakananga? Neiko yakakura kuva hondo yenyika? Neiko yakanga iri yakatambanuka kwazvo neinoparadza? Chii chaizvoizvo chakanga chiri iri simba rechienzi rakadzora rudzi rwomunhu muchirimo cha 1914? Nyaya yedu inotevera, peji 10, ichakurukura mhinduro yeBhaibheri kuiyi mibvunzo.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Mashoko okukwezva vaverengi ari papeji 6]

“Kufanana navarumevanopanga chipukude kuvasunungura mukupisakukuru kwomuzhizha, naizvozvo chizvarwa cha 1914 chakadavira kusunungurwauko hondo ingaunza.”—Ernest U. Cormons,mumiriri weAustria

[Bhokisi/Mifananidzo iri papeji 8, 9]

1914

Bhaibheri rakaporofita zviitiko zvine ngwavaira zvakaitika kubvira muna 1914

“Rimwe bhiza rakabuda riri dzvuku; wakanga akaritasva akapiwa simba kuti abvise rugare panyika, kuti vaurayane; akapiwa munondo mukuru. Wakati azarura chisimbiso chechitatu, ndikanzwa chisikwa chipenyu chechitatu chichiti: Uya! Ndikatarira, ndikaona bhiza dema; wakanga akaritasva wakanga ane chiyereso muruoko rwake. Ndikanzwa inzwi pakati pezvisikwa zvipenyu zvina, richiti: Chiyero chezviyo chichatengwa nedhenari, nezviyero zvitatu zvebhari nedhenari; usatadzira mafuta newaini. Wakati azarura chisimbiso chechina, ndikanzwa inzwi rechisikwa chipenyu chechina richiti: Uya! Ndikatarira, ndikaona bhiza rakacheneruka; wakanga akaritasva, zita rake Rufu; uye Hadhesi rakamutevera. Ivo vakapiwa simba pamusoro pechechina chenyika, kuti vauraye nomunondo, nenzara,norufu, nezvikara zvenyika.”—Zvakazarurwa 6:4-8 (Onawo Ruka 21:10-24; 2 Timotio 3:1-5.)

“Hondo Huru ya 1914-18 yakafanana nenzvimbo yapasi yakatsva inoparadzanisa nguva iyeyo neyedu. Mukuparadza upenyu hwakawanda kwazvo uhwo hwaizodai hwakave huchishanda pamakore akatevera, mukuparadza zvitendero, kuchinja pfungwa, uye kusiya maronda asingarapiki okupererwa netariro, yakaparira mukaha wezvinhu zvokunyama pamwe chete nowendangariro pakati penhambo mbiri.”—Mashoko okutanga eThe Proud Tower, rakanyorwa naBarbara W. Tuchman.

“Makore mana akatevera [pashure pa 1914] aiva, sezvo Graham Wallas akanyora, ‘makore mana enhamburiko huru zvikurusa neyoumhare yati yamboitwa norudzi rwomunhu.’ Apo nhamburiko yacho yakanga yapera, tariro nembavarira zvakabvira kusvikira kuna 1914 pashoma napashoma zvakanyura pasi pegungwa rokupererwa netariro kukurusa. Nokuda kwokurasikirwa kwarwakanga rwaita, mhindu huru yorudzi rwomunhu yakanga iri kuziva ganhuriro dzayo kunorwadza.”—Mashoko okugumisa ari mubhuku rimwe chetero.

[Kwazvakatorwa]

The Bettmann Archive

The Trustees of the Imperial War Museum, London

National Archives of Canada, P.A. 40136

[Mepu iri papeji 7]

(Kana uchida mashoko azere, ona bhuku racho)

Europe Sezvayanga Yakaita—August 1914

1. Britain neIreland 2. France 3. Spaniya 4. German Empire 5. Switzerland 6. Itariya 7. Russia 8. Austria-Hungary 9. Romania 10. Bulgaria 11. Serbia 12. Montenegro 13. Albania 14. Girisi

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 5]

Gavrilo Princip

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 6]

VaGerman vachigamuchira maruva pakuenda kuhondo

[Kwazvakatorwa]

The Bettmann Archive

[Vakatipa Mufananidzo uri papeji 3]

Culver Pictures