Kufambira Mberi Kwenhau Yorusununguko Rwokutaura
MUNHAU yose vanhu vakarwira rusununguko rwokutaura. Mitemo yakabvumirwa, hondo dzakarwiwa, uye vanhu vakafira kodzero yokutaura pfungwa pachena.
Neiko inoratidzika kuva kodzera yomuzvarirwo yakadaro yakanyandura makakatanwa, kunyange kusvika padanho rokuteurwa kweropa? Neiko nzanga, dzose dziri mbiri dzakapfuura nedzazvino, dzakakuwana kuchidikanwa kuganhurira kana kuti kunyange kudzivisa kushandiswa kwekodzero iyi?
Zvimiro zvendangariro kurusununguko rwokutaura nokuda kwavanhu zvakachinja-chinja zvikuru munhau. Pane dzimwe nguva rusununguko rwokutaura rwakarangarirwa seropafadzo inofanira kufarikanywa. Padzimwe nguva rwakarangarirwa sechinetso chinofanira kubatwa nacho nehurumende kana kuti marudzidziso.
Sezvo nhau yakazara nenhoroondo dzeavo vakarwa nokuda kwekodzero yokutaura pfungwa pachena, uko kazhinji kazhinji kwakatungamirira kukutambudzwa kwavo nenzira yamasimba masimba kana kuti kuurawa, kuhwirudzurwa kwezvimwe zveizvi zviitiko kunofanira kutipa nzwisiso yechinetso chacho.
Vadzidzi venhau vangangoyeuka muzivi wechiGiriki Socrates (470-399 B.C.E.), ane mirangariro nedzidziso zvairangarirwa sepesvedzero inoshatisa tsika dzepwere dzeAtene. Ikoku kwakaparira nyongano huru pakati pevatungamiriri vezvamatongerwo enyika nevatungamiriri vorudzidziso vevafundisi vechiGiriki ndokutungamirira kurufu rwake. Chichemo chake pamberi pedare rinobetsera vatongi iro rakazomuwanira mhaka pakupedzisira chinoramba chiri imwe yedziviriro dzinotaurwa zvakajeka zvikurusa dzerusununguko rwokutaura, chinoti: “Kana mukasarudza kundisunungura nguva ino pakubvumirana kuti handichabvumirwizve kutaura zvandinofunga muuku kutsvaka uchenjeri, uye kuti kana ndikabatwa ndichiita izvi zvakare ndichafa, ndinofanira kutaura kwamuri kuti, ‘Varume veAtene, ndichateerera Mwari panzvimbo penyu. Chero bedzi ndichine upenyu nesimba handisati ndichizotongorega kutevera uzivi uye kukurudzira nokunyengetedza upi noupi wenyu wandinenge ndasangana naye. Ndichaita ikoku nemhaka yokuti, zvechokwadi, ndozvinorayirwa naMwari . . .’ Uye, vagari veAtene, ndinofanira kupfuurira kuti, ‘Ndisunungurei kana kuti regai; asi zivai kuti handisati ndichizoita nenzira yakasiyana, kunyange kana ndichifanira kukufira nguva zhinji.’”
Sezvo nguva yakafambira mberi, nhau yapakuvamba yeRoma yakava nokuchinjira kwemirangariro kuganhuriro shomanene, asi kungozochinjirazve kuganhuriro dzakawanda sezvo umambo hwacho hwakakura. Ikoku kwakatara mavambo enhambo inosuruvarisa zvikurusa nokuda kworusununguko rwokutaura. Mukati mokutonga kwaTibherio (14-37 C.E.), hapana kushivirira kwakaratidzwa kuna avo vaitaura noushingi mukurwisana nehurumende kana kuti mitemo yayo. Uye yakanga isiri Roma bedzi yaishora rusununguko rwokutaura; pakanga pari panguva iyi apo vatungamiriri vechiJudha vakamanikidza Pontio Pirato kuuraya Jesu nokuda kwokudzidzisa kwake ndokurayirawo vaapostora vake kuti varege kuparidza. Ivavawo vaishuva kufa panzvimbo pokuti varege.—Mabasa 5:28, 29.
Mukati menhambo zhinji dzenhau, kodzero dzevagari vemo dzaipiwa nehurumende dzaichinjwa kazhinji kazhinji kana kuti dzaibviswa pamadiro, uko kwakatungamirira kurwisano dzinopfuurira dzerusununguko rwokutaura. Kutangira mumaMiddle Ages, vamwe vevanhu vacho vakarayira mashoko akanyorwa anotaura zvakajeka kodzero dzavo, neganhuriro dzakaiswa pakudzora kwehurumende kodzero idzodzo. Somugumisiro, kodzero dzevanhu dzinokosha dzine revo dzakavamba kuitwa. Pakati paidzodzi paiva neMagna Carta, nhambo yokuchinja kukuru munhau yekodzero dzevanhu. Gare gare kwakauya English Bill of Rights (1689), Virginia Declaration of Rights (1776), French Declaration of the Rights of Man (1789), uye United States Bill of Rights (1791).
Zana ramakore rechi17, rechi18, uye rechi19 rakanzwa manzwi evanhu vakakurumbira munhau achitaura noushingi achitsigira rusununguko rwokutaura. Muna 1644 munyori wenhetembo wechiNgezi John Milton, uyo angayeukwa zvakanakisisa nokuda kweyokuti Paradise Lost (Paradhiso Yakaraswa), akanyora bhukwana rakakurumbira rinonzi Areopagitica sechiratidzo chokurwisana neganhuriro dzerusununguko rwezvinobudisa nhau.
Zana ramakore rechi18 rakava nokuwedzera kworusununguko rwokutaura muEngland, kunyange zvazvo ganhuriro dzakaramba dziripo. MuAmerica nyika dzacho dzayaitonga dzakanga dzichisimbirira nokuda kwekodzero dzorusununguko rwokutaura, kwose kuri kuviri kutaura nokunyora. Constitution the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, yaSeptember 28, 1776, somuenzaniso, yakataura muchidimbu: “Kuti vanhu vane kodzero yorusununguko rwokutaura, uye rwokunyora, uye kubudisa mifungo yavo, naizvozvo rusununguko rwokubudisa nhau harufaniri kudziviswa.”
Kutaura ikoku kwakanga kuri pesvedzero nokuda kweFirst Amendment to the U.S. Constitution muna 1791, iyo yakazivisa kufunga kwevakavamba American Constitution pamusoro pekodzero dzevanhu dzinodiwa, ichiti: “Dare remitemo harisati richizoita mutemo pamusoro pokuvambwa kworudzidziso, kana kuti kurambidza kushandiswa kwarwo kwakasununguka; kana kuti kuderedza rusununguko rwokutaura, kana kuti rwokubudisa nhau; kana kuti kodzero yavanhu yokuungana norugare, uye yokuteterera Hurumende kuti igadzirise zvinonetsa.”
Muzivi wechiNgezi wemuzana ramakore rechi19 John Stuart Mill akabudisa nyaya yake inonzi “On Liberty” (Pamusoro Porusununguko) muna 1859. Inowanzonokorwa mashoko uye yakanongedzerwa kwairi sekumwe kwokutaura kukurusa kunotsigira rusununguko rwokutaura.
Hondo dzekodzero yokutaura norusununguko pachena, zvisinei, hadzina kuguma nokusvika kweaifungidzirwa kuva makore okupa nzwisiso ezana rino ramakore rechi20. Somuenzaniso, nemhaka yenhamburiko dzokuganhurira rusununguko rwokutaura muAmerica, kutaura kunodzivirira rusununguko irworwo kwakanzwika kwanzwikazve mumakamuri ematare, mose muri muviri mumatare maduku nemuSupreme Court yeUnited States.
Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., weSupreme Court yeUnited States, akataura zvaanodavira mukutaura kwakasununguka muzvisarudzo zvedare zvakati kuti. Achirondedzera hwaro hworusununguko rwokutaura, akati: “Kana pane nheyo ipi neipi yeConstitution yacho inorayira kutendeka kukuru kupfuura imwe ipi neipi inheyo yorusununguko rwokufunga—kwete rusununguko rwokufunga rweavo vanobvumirana nesu asi rusununguko rwokufunga rwatinovenga.”—United States v. Schwimmer, 1928.
Kuzvidzwa kwenheyo iyi kwakanyandura hondo dzomumatare dzinochengeta kuchinja-chinja kwemirangariro kuri pakati porusununguko nokumanikidzwa. Kazhinjisa pfungwa ndeyokuti, “Kutaura norusununguko kwandiri—asi kwete kwauri.” Mubhuku rake rine zita iri, Nat Hentoff anonongedzera kuzviitiko umo vadziviriri vanodisa veFirst Amendment vanochinja-chinja zvikuru mirangariro yavo apo vanokurangarira kuva kwakakodzera. Anonongedzera kuzviitiko umo Supreme Court yeUnited States yakachinja zvimwe zvezvisarudzo zvayo imene, kubatanidza zvimwe zvine chokuita nenyaya dzinobatanidza Zvapupu zvaJehovha nemakore azvo okurwira kodzero yokutaura norusununguko pamusoro pezvitendero zvazvo zvorudzidziso. Pamusoro pazvo, akanyora, kuti: “Mitezo yorudzidziso irworwo yakaita rutivi rukuru mumakumi amakore mukuwedzera rusununguko rwehana kupfurikidza nemhaka dzedare dzine chokuita nemitemo.”
Vanzveri vokungwarira vazhinji vapamutemo nevezvenhau vazvino uno vakanyora zvakawanda pamusoro pehondo dzomumatare dzakawanda dzakarwiwa nokuda kwokudzivirira rusununguko rwokutaura mukunopera kwezana rino ramakore rechi20, kwete bedzi muAmerica asi mune dzimwe nyikawo. Rusununguko rwokutaura harutongovimbiswi. Kunyange zvazvo hurumende dzingaganza pamusoro porusununguko rwadzinopa kuvanhu vadzo, runogona kurasika mukuchinja kwehurumende kana kuti kwevatongi vemumatare, seizvo zvakaitika zvakaratidza. Zvapupu zvaJehovha zvave zviri mberi mukurwira urwu rusununguko rwunodiwa.
Mubhuku rake rinonzi These Also Believe (Ava Vanotendawo), Purofesa C. S. Braden anonyora, kuti: “[Zvapupu zvaJehovha] zvakaita basa rakatanhamara kuutongi hworuzhinji kupfurikidza nokurwira kwazvo kuchengetedza kodzero dzazvo dzevagari vemo, nokuti mukurwisa kwazvo zvakaita zvakawanda kuti zviwane kodzero idzodzo nokuda kweboka riri rose revorushoma riri muAmerica. Apo kodzero dzevagari vemo dzeboka ripi neripi dzinovhozhokerwa, hapana kodzero dzerimwe boka dzinenge dzakakotsekana. Naizvozvo zvakaita mupiro wakajeka wokuchengetedzwa kwezvimwe zvezvinhu zvinokosha zvikurusa mukutonga kwedu kworuzhinji.”
Vanhu vanoda rusununguko vanowana kwakaoma kunzwisisa kuti nei dzimwe hurumende nemarudzidziso zvaizonyima vanhu vazvo urwu rusununguko. Kurambirwa kodzero dzevanhu dzinokosha, uye vanhu vazhinji munyika yose vanotambura mukudziviswa kwourwu rusununguko. Ko zvimiro zvendangariro kurusununguko rwokutaura, kunyange munyika dzinofarikanya iyi kodzero inokosha, zvicharamba zvichichinja-chinja here? Ko pfungwa yorusununguko rwokutaura ichashandiswa kururamisa mutauro wounzenza kana kuti wakashata here? Matare ari kutorwisana nemakakatanwa acho.
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 3]
Socrates akarwira rusununguko rwokutaura
[Kwazvakatorwa]
Musei Capitolini, Roma