Rusununguko Rwokutaura Rwuri Kushandiswa Zvisina Kufanira Here?

SUO rokupinda muzana remakore rechi21 rava pedyo nokuzaruka. Pasina panikiro zana ramakore idzva richaunza tariro itsva, nheyo, zvimiro zvendangariro zvetsika, pfungwa dzeruzivo rutsva rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu kunoshamisa, uye kurayirwa kworusununguko rukuru zvikuru. Mirangariro yegamuchidzanwa yehurumende, marudzidziso, uye vanhu iri kutotera kuzvido zvitsva nokurayira. Munzvimbo zhinji kurayira kwacho kunopfuurira kuti kubvise ganhuriro dziripo dzerusununguko rwokutaura nemashoko, pasinei zvapo nemigumisiro yacho!

Zvaisatenderwa kare nokurambidzwa nevaparadziri vemashoko veredhiyo neterevhizheni nevanonzvera zvinobudiswa—mutauro wakashata nerutivi rwemutambo neratidziro yezvevatano—zvino zvava pose pose munyika zhinji uye zvinorangarirwa sezvinogamuchirika mukodzero yorusununguko rwokutaura!

Avo vane unyanzvi mukushandiswa kwemakombiyuta, vose vari vaviri vakuru nevaduku, vanogona zvino kutumira mapikicha akajeka ezviito zvevatano zvakaipa kune mamwe makondinendi mumasekondi ndokukurukurirana nevanotadza muvatano nevanobata vana zvisina kufanira vanozivikanwa avo vanokumbira mazita nekero zvenzvimbo dzokusongana dzapachivande. Nziyo dzine mashoko anokarakadza nokukurudzira kuzviuraya uye kuuraya vabereki, mapurisa, nevakuru vakuru vehurumende dzinonzwikwa zvino zuva nezuva muredhiyo nomuterevhizheni kana kuti dziri pamarekodhi anoridzwa nevana.

Vashomanene veavo vari kurayira rusununguko rwokutaura rwusina kuganhurirwa vaisazobvumirana neMutongi weSupreme Court Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., uyo kweinopfuura hafu yezana remakore rakapfuura akanyora muchisarudzo chakakurumbira chakachinja zvinhu pamusoro porusununguko rwokutaura, kuti: “Dziviriro yakasimba zvikurusa yokutaura kwakasununguka yaisazodzivirira munhu mukudanidzira zvenhema kuti muhoro yemitambo mune mwoto achiparira kuvhunduka.” Migumisiro yokupedzisira yechiito chakadaro iri pachena. Kusava nemufungo kwakadini, ipapo, kuti vamwe chetevo ivava vanorerutsa kana kuti kusakoshesa mutsetse unotevera wechisarudzo chimwe chetecho ndokuomesa musoro mukurwisana nacho. “Nhau muchiitiko chiri chose,” akadaro Holmes, “ndeyokuti mashoko anoshandiswa anoshandiswa mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro uye ndeerudzi rwuya rwokuparira ngozi iripo neyakajeka zvokuti achaunza ushati hwenhau chaidzo idzo Dare remutemo rine kodzero yokudzivirira.”

Zvinhu Zvevatano Zvomukombiyuta

“Vatano iri kwose kwose mazuva ano,” yakashuma kudaro magazini yeTime, “mumabhuku, magazini, mafirimu, terevhizheni, mavhidhiyo enziyo uye mifananidzo yokushambadzira zvinonhuwira inoiswa pazviteshi zvemabhazi. Inodhindwa pamakadhi ebhizimisi rezvevatano zvinowanika kupfurikidza nefoni uye anoiswa pasi pamawaipa ehwindisikirini. . . . Vagari veAmerica vazhinjisa vazova vakarovedzana kwazvo nokuratidzwa pachena kwekunyandura chishuvo chevatano—uye zvikonzero nei ine nzvimbo chaiyo muFirst Amendment [rusununguko rwokutaura]—zvokuti havatongoioni kuti iripo.” Zvisinei, kune, chimwe chinhu pamusoro pemubatanidzwa wevatano yepachena nemakombiyuta chakauyisa mativi matsva uye revo yeshoko rokuti “zvevatano.” Kwazova kwakakurumbira, kwakapararira, uye kwenyika yose muukuru.

Maererano neimwe nzvero, vanozvinyoresa gadziriro yemakombiyuta ine zvinhu zvevatano zvakanangidzirwa kuvakura, avo vakanga vachidisa kuripira mari yemwedzi nemwedzi inobvira pa$90,50 kusvikira ku$285 vakawanwa mu“maguta anopfuura 2 000 mumaruwa ose 50 nenyika 40, nharaunda nemapurovhinzi kupota nyika—kubatanidza dzimwe nyika dzakadai seChina, uko kuva nezvinhu zvevatano kunogona kuva mhaka inotongerwa rufu.”

Magazini yeTime yakarondedzera rumwe rudzi rwezvevatano zvomukombiyuta se“homwe yezvinhu ‘zvisingagamuchiriki’ zvinobatanidza mifananidzo youranda, zvokuzvirwadzisa kuti uwane mufarwa, zvokuita weti, zvokuita tsvina, uye zviito zvevatano nemhuka dzakawanda.” Kuoneka kwezvinhu zvakadai pamubatanidzwa wavose wekombiyuta, unogona kusvikwa navarume, vakadzi, uye vana kupota nyika, kunomutsa mibvunzo yakakomba pamusoro pakushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwerusununguko rwokutaura.

“Kana vana vangopinda chete,” rakatsinhira kudaro pepanhau reBritain, “vatano yakajeka haina kuganhurirwa kunzvimbo yaizova yakavaomera kusvika, sezvinobvira iri pedyo zvikuru nemwana upi noupi, uye ikoko kunoreva munzvimbo yakavanda yomukamuri rokurara.” Kunofungidzirwa kuti 47 muzana yemisha yose yeBritain ine makombiyuta ichave yabatanidzwa kumibatanidzwa yemakombiyuta panosvika mugumo wa1996. “Vabereki vazhinji veBritain havana kurovedzana nezvinhu zvezvigadzirwa zvakakwirira sezvakaita vana vavo. Mumwedzi 18 yakapfuura kutarisa muMubatanidzwa wacho wemakombiyuta wenyika yose wemashoko kwazova kumwe kwevaraidzo dzevechiduku dzakakurumbira zvikurusa,” pepanhau racho rakadaro.

Kathleen Mahoney, purofesa wemutemo paUniversity of Calgary, Canada, uye nyanzvi munhau dzemutemo dzine chokuita nezvevatano, akati: “Vanhu vose vanofanira kuziva kuti kune mutoo wokupfuudza mashoko usingadzorwi zvachose uyo vana vanogona kubatwa zvisina kufanira kana kuti kushandiswa zvisina kufanira nawo.” Mumwe mukuru mukuru wemapurisa wokuCanada akati: “Zviratidzo zvakajeka kuti kuwedzera kwokukurumidzira kwezviitiko zvevatano zvevana zvine chokuita nemakombiyuta kwave pedyo nokuitika.” Mapoka mazhinji anopa mhuri mazano anosimbisa kuti zvevatano zvomukombiyuta zvinoonekwa nevana nepesvedzero yazvinogona kuva nayo pavari “zvinoreva ngozi iripo neyakajeka.”

Mirangariro Isingabvumirani

Vasingadzorwi nehurumende parusununguko rwokutaura vanoshatiriswa nenhamburiko dzipi nedzipi dzinoitwa neDare romutemo kuganhurira zvinhu zvakadai sezvinhu zvevatano zvomukombiyuta, maererano nokutonga kwaJustice Holmes neSupreme Court yeUnited States. “Idenho yakananga paFirst Amendment,” akazivisa kudaro purofesa wemutemo wepaHarvard. Kunyange vanopa mhaka vane ruzivo rwokuzviwanira rwakawanda vanoishora, yakatsinhira kudaro magazini yeTime. “Haisati ichizobudirira mukutsoropodzwa kunyange mudare remhaka dzisina kukomba,” akadaro mumwe. “Kunzvera zvinobudiswa kwehurumende,” akadaro mumwe mukuru mukuru weElectronic Privacy Information Center. Time yakamunokora mashoko achiti: “First Amendment inofanira kushandawo kuMubatanidzwa wemakombiyuta.” “Nenzira yakajeka kudzongonyedzwa kworusununguko rwokutaura,” akazivisa kudaro mumwe murume wedare romutemo reUnited States, “uye kudzonyengedzwa kwekodzero yavanhu vakuru yokukurukurirana.”

Mumwe purofesa ari paNew York Law School anopokanidza kuti pane betsero munzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzokuratidza nadzo vatano, dzinopfuura kodzero dzevagari vemo nerusununguko rwokutaura. “Vatano muMubatanidzwa wemakombiyuta ingava chaizvoizvo yakanakira vanhu vaduku,” Time yakashuma kudaro pamusoro pomurangariro wake. “[Zvemakombiyuta] inzvimbo yakakotsekana yokunzverera zvinorambidzwa nezvisingabvumirwi . . . Zvinopa bviro yekurukurirano yapachokwadi, isingadzongonyedzwi pamusoro pamirangariro yakarurama pamwe chete nefungidziro dzevatano,” akataura kudaro.

Uyewo vari kurwisa ganhuriro dzipi nedzipi dzezvevatano pamubatanidzwa wemakombiyuta ipwere zhinji, zvikurukuru vadzidzi vepayunivhesiti. Vamwe vakafora mukuramba chavanorangarira sokuganhurirwa kwekodzero dzavo dzorusununguko rwokutaura. Kunyange zvazvo asiri mudzidzi, mumwe murume akanokorwa mashoko muThe New York Times pasina panikiro anowirirana nemifungo yavazhinji avo vanoramba chikarakadzo chipi nechipi chaizorambidza zvevatano mumakombiyuta: “Ndinofungidzira kuti zvichasekwa navashandisi vose veMubatanidzwa wemakombiyuta venyika ino uye zvichafuratirwa, uye pamusoro penzanga yenhepfenyuro yeMubatanidzwa wemakombiyuta yenyika yose yasara, ichaita United States chiseko.”

Mukushuma kutaura kwemukuru mukuru weboka rorusununguko rwavagari vemo, U.S.News & World Report yakatsinhira ichiti: “Zvemakombiyuta [mibatanidzwa yemakombiyuta] zvingapa rusununguko rwokutaura simba rakawanda kupfuura izvo First Amendment inoita. Zvirokwazvo, zvingato‘ve zvave zvisingabviri kuti hurumende inyaradze vanhu.’”

MuCanada makakatanwa ari kumuka pamusoro pechingadzongonyedza gadziriro dzorusununguko rwokutaura dziri muCharter of Rights and Freedoms. Vanyori vemifananidzo vakasungirwa mifananidzo yavo yakamutsa hasha dzevatsoropodzi nemapurisa, avo vanoiti “yakaipa.” Vanyori vemifananidzo nevatsigiri verusununguko rwokutaura vakabatana kuti varambe ndokushurikidza kusunga kwacho sokudzonyongedzwa kworusununguko rwavo rwokutaura. Kutozosvikira anenge makore mana akapfuura, matepi evhidhiyo ezvevatano aigarotorwa nemapurisa pasi pemutemo weCanada wezvakaipa, uye mhosva dzakatongwa uye kubvumikisa kuva nemhaka kwakakunda vashambadzi vaiatengesa.

Zvose izvozvo zvakachinja, zvisinei, muna 1992, apo Supreme Court yeCanada yakatonga mhosva yakachinja zvinhu kuti zvigadzirwa zvakadaro zvakanga zvakadzivirirwa pakutorwa nemhaka yekupiwa kwerusununguko rwokutaura kuri muCharter of Rights and Freedoms. Chisarudzo chacho chedare “chakaunza chinjo dzakajeka munzanga yeCanada,” yakanyora kudaro magazini yeMaclean’s. “Mumaguta mazhinji kwakakurumbira zvino kuwana magazini ezvevatano zvakajeka nemavhidhiyo muzvitoro zvemumigwagwa,” magazini yacho yakatsinhira kudaro. Kunyange ayo dare rakatonga kuti angarambidzwa achiri kuwanika nokuda kwevatengi.

“Ndinoziva kuti kana ukapinda imomo uchawana zvinhu zvingave zvisiri pamutemo,” akadaro mumwe mukuru mukuru wemapurisa. “Izvozvo zvimwe ndizvo zvinhu zvatingagona kuwanira mhaka. Asi . . . hatina nguva yacho.” Ivowo havana chinosimbisa kuti mhaka yacho yaizorangarirwa seinopwisa neine hwaro. Muzera rino remadiro, ngwariro chaiyo iri parusununguko rwomunhu oga rusina kuganhurirwa, uye matare anopesvedzerwa kazhinji kazhinji nemifungo yevanhu. Asi zvipi kana zvipi zvingava zvikonzero zvacho, gakava racho richaramba richimutsa marwadzo akadzama neanokamuranya kumativi ose ari maviri—rinotsigira nerinopesana.

Pane imwe nguva, Japan yakazviwana imene iri muganhuriro dzakakomba pamusoro perusununguko rwokutaura nezvinobudisa nhau. Kudengenyeka kwenyika, somuenzaniso, kwakaita 7,9 pachikero cheRichter ndokusiya vanopfuura chiuru vafa kwaisagona kushumwa nenzira yakajeka. Zviitiko zvoushati uye zvevanodana vachiurayana muzvibvumirano zvokuzviuraya zvaisagona kushumwa. Vapepeti vemapepanhau vakatera kutyisidziro dzehurumende apo udzori hwakawedzera kusimba kunyange pamusoro pezvairangarirwa kuva zvoukoshi huduku. Pashure peHondo Yenyika II, zvisinei, ganhuriro dzakabviswa uye Japan yakava norusununguko rwokutaura nerwokubudisa nhau rwakawanda.

Zvirokwazvo, kuchinja kwacho kwemirangariro kwakaenda kune kumwe kunyanyisa sezvo magazini uye mamwe mabhuku evana anosetsa akazadzwa nemifananidzo inonyandura chishuvo chevatano uye yakashata. The Daily Yomiuri, pepanhau reTokyo rakakurumbira zvikurusa, rakambotsinhira kuti: “Zvichida chimwe chezviono zvinokatyamadza zvikurusa kumunhu wokumwe achangobva kusvika muJapan vazvinabhizimisi vanenge vachirava mabhuku anosetsa evatano yakajeka munjanji dzepasi dzeTokyo. Zvino muitiro wacho unoratidzika kuva wava kutapura imwe hafu yevagari venyika, sezvo mabhuku evakadzi anosetsa ‘evatano yakajeka’ anooneka pamasherufu ezvitoro zvemabhuku nemasupamaketi.”

Muna 1995 pepanhau rakakurumbira rinonzi Asahi Shimbun rakadana Japan kuti “Paradhiso yeZvevatano.” Nepo vapepeti venhau nevabudisi vakatsvaka mhinduro yokuzvidira kuzvirambidzo zvevabereki panzvimbo pemitemo yehurumende, varavi vaduku vakaramba. Mumwe anoshamisika kuti, ‘Kutaura kwanaani kuchakurira pakupedzisira?’

Rusununguko rwokutaura inhau yemakakatanwa makuru panguva ino muFrance. “Pasina panikiro,” akanyora kudaro munyori weFrance Jean Morange mubhuku rake pamusoro perusununguko rwokutaura, “nhau yorusununguko rwokutaura haisati yaguma, uye ichapfuurira kuparira kukamukana. . . . Rinodokuva gore riri rose kunenge kune kubudiswa kwefirimu kana kuti nyaya dzinotevedzana dzemuterevhizheni kana kuti nhimbe yokushambadza inoparira kuita kunotyisa, zvichimutsazve gakava rekare nerisingatongoperi pamusoro pekunzverwa kwezvinobudiswa.”

Imwe nyaya yakabuda mupepanhau reParis Le Figaro yakashuma kuti boka rerap rinonzi Ministère amer (Ushumiri Hwakakasharara) riri kukurudzira vatsigiri varo kuuraya mapurisa. Mamwe emashoko avo enziyo anoti: “Hakuzovi norugare kutoti [mapurisa] akafa.” “Parekodhi redu,” mutauriri weboka racho akazivisa kudaro, “tinovaudza kuti varoromese kamba yamapurisa ndokuuraya [mapurisa]. Kungagona kuva kwakanaka zvikuru?” Hapana chiito chakaitwa mukurwisana neboka rerap racho.

Mapoka erap ari muAmerica anotsigirawo kuurawa kwemapurisa uye anozivisa kodzero yokutaura kudaro pasi pedziviriro yekodzero yorusununguko rwokutaura. MuFrance, Italy, England nedzimwe nyika dziri muEurope uye kupota nyika, kudanidzira kwacho kunogona kunzwika kubva kumapoka ose kuti hapana ganhuriro dzinofanira kuiswa parusununguko rwokutaura pachena, kunyange kana kutaura kwacho kuri “kworudzi rwuya rwungaparira ngozi iripo neyakajeka.” Ko gakava racho richaguma rini, uye rutivi rwaani rwuchakunda?

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 7]

Zvevatano zvomukombiyuta, “homwe yezvinhu ‘zvisingagamuchiriki’”