Tinofanotemerwa Nguva Yemberi Nemavara Edu Okugara Nhaka Here?

“TAIMBOFUNGA kuti taitemerwa mugumo nenyeredzi. Zvino tave kuziva, pamwero mukuru, tinotemerwa mugumo nemavara edu okugara nhaka.” James Watson, anokorwa mashoko mukuvamba kwebhuku rinonzi Exploding the Gene Myth, rakanyorwa naRuth Hubbard naElijah Wald. Zvisinei, pedyo nechapazasi pamashoko aWatson akanokorwa, R. C. Lewontin, Steven Rose, uye Leon J. Kamin vanonokorwa mashoko vachiti: “Hatigoni kufunga nezvemufambiro wevanhu wenzanga upi noupi wakatanhamara unoumbwa nemavara edu okugara nhaka zvokuti haugoni kuchinjwa nemamiriro ezvinhu enzanga.”

Butiro rebhuku iroro rinotaura nokupfupikisa zvimwe zvezviri mukati maro uye rinovamba nomubvunzo unokosha, wokuti “Ko mufambiro womunhu une chokuita nemavara okugara nhaka here?” Namamwe mashoko, ko mufambiro womunhu unosarudzwa chose chose nemavara okugara nhaka anopfuudza miitiro youpenyu inogarika nhaka nemavara echisikwa here? Ko mufambiro wounzenza wakati unofanira kuva unogamuchirika pahwaro hwokuti ndewemavara okugara nhaka here? Ko matsotsi anofanira kubatwa nawo sevanyajambwa vemavara avo okugara nhaka here, vachikwanisa kuti vane mutoro muduku nemhaka yekufanopesvedzera kwemavara okugara nhaka?

Hapana kuramba kuti masayendisiti akawana zviwanwa zvinhu zvizhinji zvinobetsera muzana rino ramakore. Pakati pezvakawanwa izvi pane DNA inofadza zvikuru, iyo inonzi purani yechimiro chemavara edu okugara nhaka. Mashoko ayo mavara okugara nhaka anawo akamutsa fariro yemasayendisiti nevanhuwo zvavo nenzira yakafanana. Ko nzvero yemavara okugara nhaka yakawanei chaizvoizvo? Ko zvakawanwa zvinoshandiswa sei kutsigira dzidziso yazvino uno yokufanoronga kana kuti kufanotemerwa nguva yemberi?

Zvakadini Nokusavimbika Noungochani?

Maererano neimwe nyaya yakabudiswa muThe Australian, imwe nzvero yemavara okugara nhaka inosimbisa kuti “kusavimbika kuri sezvingabvira mumavara edu okugara nhaka. . . . Kunoratidzika kuti mwoyo yedu yokusatendeseka yakafanosarudzirwa kuva yakadaro.” Chimbofungidzira kuti inyongano yakadini uyu murangariro ungagona kuparira paroorano nemhuri kupfurikidza nokuita nzira yokunzvenga nayo nokuda kwemunhu upi noupi anoda kuzviti ane mutoro muduku nokuda kwomuraramiro wevatano yokusasarura!

Pamusoro poungochani, magazini yeNewsweek yakanga ine musoro mukuru waiti “Muzvarirwo kana kuti Murererwo here?” Nyaya yacho yakati: “Sayenzi nebazu remishonga yepfungwa zviri kutamburira kunzwisisa nzvero itsva iyo inokarakadza kuti ungochani ingava nhau yemavara okugara nhaka, kwete yokurerwa. . . . Munzanga youngochani mumene, vazhinji vanogamuchira chiratidzo chokuti ungochani hunovambira mumachromosome.”

Nyaya yacho ipapo inonokora mashoko Dr. Richard Pillard, uyo akati: “Rutivi rwemavara okugara nhaka rwuri mukufarira vatano rwunoti, ‘Uku hakusi kuremara, uye haisi mhaka yako.’” Achiwedzera kusimbisa uku kutaura kwokuti “haisi mhaka yomunhu”, Frederick Whitam, munzveri weungochani, anotsinhira kuti “kune chimiro chendangariro chevanhu, apo vanoudzwa kuti ungochani ndehwemuzvarirwo, chokutura befu rokusunungurwa. Kunosunungura mhuri dzacho nengochani pakuva nemhaka. Kunorevawo kuti nzanga haifaniri kushushikana nezvinhu zvakadai sevadzidzisi veungochani.”

Pane dzimwe nguva, hunonzi ufakazi hwokuti zvimiro zvendangariro zvoungochani zvinosarudzwa nemavara okugara nhaka hunobudiswa nevanobudisa nhau sechinhu cheidi uye chisina mubvunzo panzvimbo pokuva sebviro uye chinhu chine mubvunzo.

Magazini yeNew Statesman & Society inoshora humwe hwounyanzvi hwokushuma, ichiti: “Muravi anenge aororwa angasanofuratira kusakwana kweufakazi chaihwoihwo hune hwaro—kana kuti, zvirokwazvo, kusavapo chose chose kwehwaro nokuda kwekutaura kwakaipa zvikuru [kusina kururama] kwezvesayenzi kwokuti vatano yokusasarura ‘yakanyorwa mumavara okugara nhaka evanhurume uye kuti yakanyorwa zvisingadzimiki mundangariro dzemunhurume.’” Mubhuku ravo rinonzi Cracking the Code, David Suzuki naJoseph Levine vanowedzera kushushikana kwavo pamusoro penzvero yemavara okugara nhaka yazvino uno, vachiti: “Nepo kuchibvira kupokanidza kuti mavara okugara nhaka anopesvedzera mufambiro munzira yakati, ndeimwewo nhau kuratidza kuti vara rokugara nhaka rakananga—kana kuti mavara okugara nhaka maviri, kana kuti kunyange makumi maviri emavara okugara nhaka—chaizvoizvo anodzora udzame hwakananga mumiitiro yemhuka kumhoteredzo yayo. Papfundo rino, kwakarurama kubvunza kana munhu upi noupi ati awana, mupfungwa yorumano yemolecule yokuwana nokuchinja, mativi api neapi eDNA anotapura mifambiro yakananga nenzira inogona kufanotaurwa.”

Mavara Okugara Nhaka Oudhakwa Noutsotsi

Kufundwa kweudhakwa kwakafadza vanzveri vemavara okugara nhaka vakawanda kwemakore. Vamwe vanotaura kuti fundo dzakaratidza kuti kuvapo kana kuti kushayikwa kwemavara okugara nhaka akati ndiko kunoparira udhakwa. Somuenzaniso, The New England Journal of Medicine yakashuma muna 1988 kuti “mukati memakore gumi akapfuura, kunzvera kutatu kwakaparadzana kwakabudisa ufakazi husina mubvunzo hwokuti udhakwa muitiro unogarwa nhaka.”

Zvisinei, vamwe vanamazvikokota vezvekupindwa muropa vari kudenha zvino murangariro wokuti udhakwa hunopesvedzerwa zvikurukuru nezvisakiso zvomuzvarirwo. Mumwe mushumo waiva muThe Boston Globe yaApril 9, 1996, wakati: “Hakuna vara rokugara nhaka roudhakwa rave pedyo kuonekwa, uye vamwe vanzveri vanobvuma kuti chikurusa chavachawana sezvingabvira kuva mungozi kwemavara okugara nhaka uko kunobvumidza vamwe vanhu kuti vanwe zvakanyanyisa vasingadzadzariki—muitiro ungafanovapesvedzera muudhakwa.”

The New York Times yakashuma nezvemumwe musangano paUniversity of Maryland waiva nemusoro waiti “Revo Noukoshi Zvenzvero Yemavara Okugara Nhaka Nomufambiro Woutsotsi.” Pfungwa yevara rokugara nhaka routsotsi iri nyore zvinokwezva. Vashamarari vazhinji vanoratidzika sevanodisa kutsigira muitiro wacho. Mumwe munyori wesayenzi muThe New York Times Magazine akataura kuti uipi hunga“vanzwa mumachromosome ayo vabereki vedu vanopfuudza kwatiri pakunambwa.” Imwe nyaya yaive muThe New York Times yakashuma kuti kukurukurwa kwemavara okugara nhaka eutsotsi nguva dzose kunopa mufungo wokuti utsotsi hune “mavambo akafanana—urema hweuropi.”

Jerome Kagan, mudzidzi wendangariro wepaHarvard, anofungidzira kuti nguva ichauya apo kuedzwa kwemavara okugara nhaka kuchazivisa vana vanoda masimba masimba. Vamwe vanhu vanokarakadza kuti kungava netariro yokudzora utsotsi kupfurikidza nokuchinja kwomuzvarirwo panzvimbo pokupfurikidza nokuchinjwa kwenzanga.

Mutauro unoshandiswa mumishumo yefungidziro idzi pamusoro pehwaro hwemavara okugara nhaka nokuda kwomufambiro, unowanzova usina kujeka uye usina chokwadi. Bhuku rinonzi Exploding the Gene Myth rinotaura nezve imwe nzvero yakaitwa naLincoln Eaves, mudzidzi womufambiro wemavara okugara nhaka, uyo akataura kuti akawana ufakazi hwechinoparira kuora mwoyo chemavara okugara nhaka. Pashure pokunzvera vakadzi vairangarirwa kuva nemiitiro yokuora mwoyo, Eaves “akakarakadza kuti chitarisiko chokuodzwa mwoyo [chevakadzi vacho] nomufambiro zvingave zvakaita kuti zvinetso zveapo neapo zvakadaro zvive zvinobvira zvikuru kuitika.” Chii chaiva izvi “zvinetso zveapo neapo”? Vakadzi vacho vakanzverwa vakanga “vabatwa chibharo, vatukwa, kana kuti vadzingwa mumabasa avo.” Naizvozvo kuodzwa mwoyo kwakaparira zviitiko izvi zvinovhiringidza here? “Kurangarira kworudzii ikoko?” rinopfuurira kudaro bhuku racho. “Vakadzi vacho vakanga vabatwa chibharo, vatukwa, kana kuti vadzingwa mumabasa avo, uye vakanga vakaora mwoyo. Kuwanda kwezviitiko zvinovhiringidza zvavaive vawana, kwaiwedzera kugaroitika kwekuora mwoyo kwacho. . . . Kungadai kwaibetsera kutsvaka kubatana kwemavara okugara nhaka kana iye [Eaves] akanga awana kuti kuodzwa mwoyo kwacho kwakanga kusina chokuita nezvakaitika muupenyu zvipi nezvipi.”

Chinyorwa chimwe chetecho chinotaura kuti nyaya idzi “dzakafanana nokushuma kuzhinjisa kwazvino uno pamusoro pamavara okugara nhaka [omufambiro], muzvose zviri zviviri zvinobudisa nhau zvavose nemagazini esayenzi. Zvine mubatanidzwa wemaidi anofadza, kufungidzira kusina tsigiro, uye kukatutsira kusina hwaro kwoukoshi hwemavara okugara nhaka muupenyu hwedu. Chinhu chinoshamisa pamusoro pekuzhinji kwokunyora uku kusina kujeka.” Chinopfuurira, kuti: “Pane mutsaukano mukuru pakati pokubatanidza mavara okugara nhaka nemamiriro ezvinhu anotevera patani yokugara nhaka yaMendel nokushandisa inofungidzirwa kuva ‘miitiro’ yamavara okugara nhaka mamiriro ezvinhu akaoma kunzwisisa akadai sekenza kana kuti BP yakakwira. Masayendisiti anokurumidza kuita mhedziso apo anokarakadza kuti nzvero yemavara okugara nhaka inogona kubetsera kutsanangura mifambiro yavanhu.”

Zvisinei, nemhaka yezvose zvapfuura, mibvunzo inobvunzwa kazhinji kazhinji ichiripo: Nei padzimwe nguva tichiwana patani dzakachinja dzomufambiro wakati dzichibuda muupenyu hwedu? Uye udzorii hwatinahwo mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro? Tinowana sei ndokuchengeta udzori hwoupenyu hwedu? Nyaya inotevera ingabvumikisa kuva inobetsera mukugovera mhinduro dzakati kumibvunzo iyi.

[Bhokisi/Mufananidzo uri papeji 20]

Kurapwa Kwemavara Okugara Nhaka—Ko Kariro Dzakazadzikwa Here?

Zvakadini nekurapwa kwemavara okugara nhaka—kubayira netsono mavara okugara nhaka okugadzirisa muvarwere kuti arape hosha dzemavara okugara nhaka dzokuberekwa nadzo? Masayendisiti akanga ane kariro dzakakwirira makore mashomanene akapfuura. “Ko kurapwa kwemavara okugara nhaka ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu rwasvika nguva yarwo here?” inobvunza kudaro The Economist yaDecember 16, 1995, ichiti: “Uchisarudza kubva mukutaura kwepachena kwevaiti vako, uye zvakawanda zvinotaurwa nevabudisi venhau, ungafunga kudaro. Asi boka renyanzvi dzesayenzi dzeAmerica hadzibvumirani nazvo. Mamwe masayendisiti akakurumbira gumi nemana akakumbirwa naHarold Varmus, mutungamiriri weNational Institutes of Health (NIH), kunzverazve nhau yacho. Pashure pemwedzi minomwe yokufungisisa vakataura mumushumo wakabudiswa svondo rapfuura kuti, kunyange zvazvo kurapwa kwemavara okugara nhaka kuchivimbisa, zvakwakaita kusvika panguva ino ‘zvakakatutsirwa’.” Nzvero dzakaitwa dzaibatanidza varwere 597 vairwara nokushaikwa kweadenosine deaminase (ADA) kana kuti chimwe chehosha dzakawanda dzinofungwa kuva dzakakodzera kurapwa nokuwedzerwa kwemavara okugara nhaka asiri emo. “Maererano neboka racho,” inodaro The Economist, “hakuna nomumwe wevarwere vacho akabetserwa nenzira yakajeka nokutora rutivi mukuedza kwakadaro.”

[Mifananidzo iri papeji 21]

Pasinei nezvingataurwa nezvokufanopesvedzerwa nemavara okugara nhaka, vanhu vanogona kusarudza maitiro avo