Kusiyana-siyana—Kwakakosha Kuti Pave Noupenyu

KUMA1840, vagari vomunyika yeIreland vakapfuura mamiriyoni masere, zvichiita kuti ive nyika ine vanhu vakawandisa kupfuura dzimwe muEurope. Mbatatisi ndidzo dzakanga dziri musimboti mukuru wezvokudya zvevanhu veko, uye rumwe rudzi rwainzi lumper ndorwaiwanza kurimwa.

Muna 1845 varimi vakadyara lumper yavo senguva dzose, asi chirwere chinoioresa chakauya chikaparadza yakawanda yeyakanga yadyarwa. “Vanhu vokuIreland vakawanda vakagona kurarama gore rakaoma iroro,” akanyora kudaro Paul Raeburn mubhuku rake rinonzi The Last Harvest—The Genetic Gamble That Threatens to Destroy American Agriculture. “Nhamo yakauya gore rakazotevera. Varimi vakanga vasina chimwe chokurima kunze kwembatatisi dzakaredzo. Vakanga vasina dzimwe mhando. Chirwere chokuora chakauya zvekare, panguva iyi chichiparadza zvisingamboiti. Kutambura kwacho kwakanga kusina matauriro.” Vanyori venhau dzakaitika vanofungidzira kuti vanhu vanosvika miriyoni vakafa nokuziya nenzara, vamwe mamiriyoni 1,5 vakatama, vakawanda vacho vachienda kuUnited States. Vakasara vakatambura nourombo hwakanyanyisa zvikuru.

Mumakomo eAndes okuSouth America, varimi vakarima marudzi akasiyana-siyana embatatisi, uye shoma chete ndidzo dzakabatwa nechirwere chokuora. Saka hakuna kuita nzara yakapararira. Zviri pachena kuti, kusiyana-siyana kwemarudzi ezvinhu uye kusiyana-siyana kwezvinhu mumarudzi azvo kunodzivirira. Kurima mhando dzakafanana kunopesana nemaitiro aya anokosha okupona uye kunosiya zvirimwa zvichigona kubatwa nezvirwere kana kuparadzwa nezvipembenene nyore nyore, zvinova zvinogona kuparadza goho renharaunda yose. Ndicho chikonzero nei varimi vakawanda vachivimba zvikuru nokuwanzoshandisa mishonga yokuuraya zvipembenene, sora, nehowa, kunyange zvazvo mishonga yakadaro kakawanda ine ngozi kune zvakatikomberedza.

Saka zvino nei varimi vachitsiva mhando dzavo dzembeu dzavagara vainadzo nechirimwa chimwe chakafanana? Kakawanda kacho vanenge vachimanikidzirwa nokuda kuita mari. Kurima zvirimwa zvakafanana kunoita kuti kukohwa kuve nyore, kuti chirimwa chacho chiratidzike zvakanaka, kusakanganisika kwechirimwa chacho, uye goho guru. Maitiro aya akatanga kuitwa pamwero mukuru kuma1960 nechirongwa chakasvika pakunzi kukohwa pakuru.

Zvirongwa Zvokukohwa Pakuru

Nokutsvaka rutsigiro kwakanyanyisa kwehurumende nemasangano ezvokutengeserana, varimi vanogara munzvimbo dzinogara dzichiita nzara vakanyengetedzwa kutsiva mbeu dzavo dzakasiyana-siyana nembeu dzakafanana, dzinobereka zvikuru, kunyanya mupunga negorosi. Idzi mbeu “dzinoshamisa” dzakasimudzirwa senzira yokupedza nayo nzara pasi pose. Asi dzakanga dzisina kuchipa—mbeu dzacho dzaidhura zvakapetwa katatu kupfuura mutengo wenguva dzose. Goho racho raitokura kana pashandiswa mishonga, kusanganisira fetiraiza, tisingadudzi hedu michina yokushandisa inodhura yakadai sematirakita. Kunyange zvakadaro, nemari dzinopiwa nehurumende zvirongwa zvokukohwa pakuru zvakatanga uye zvakakurumbira. “Kunyange zvazvo zvakaita kuti mamiriyoni arege kuziya nenzara,” anodaro Raeburn, “iye zvino zvave kuisa pangozi kuwanikwa kwezvokudya zvomunyika yose.”

Chaizvoizvo, zvirongwa zvokukohwa pakuru zvingava zvakabatsira kwenguva duku asi zvichizokonzera ngozi dzenguva refu. Kufanana kwezvirimwa kwakakurumidza kupararira pasi pose—ipapo kushandiswa zvakanyanya kwefetiraiza kwakaita kuti sora rakawanda rimere, uye mishonga yokuuraya zvipembenene yakauraya tupuka tunobatsira uye zvipembenene. Mumatoro munorimwa mupunga, mishonga ine chepfu yakauraya hove, magakanje, matatya, uye miti inogona kudyiwa nevanhu uye zvinomera zvomusango—zvakawanda zvacho zvinhu zvokudya zvokuwedzera zvinokosha. Kushandisa zvakanyanya mishonga kwakaitawo kuti vamwe varimi vakuvadzwe nomuchetura.

Mumwe mudzidzisi womuDhipatimendi Redzidzo Yezvinhu Zvipenyu paOpen University muUnited Kingdom, Dr. Mae-Wan Ho, akanyora kuti: “Iye zvino hazvicharambiki kuti kurima mbeu yorudzi rumwe chete kwakatangwa pakatanga ‘Zvirongwa Zvokukohwa Pakuru’ kwakakanganisa kusiyana-siyana kwezvinhu zvipenyu uye kuwanikwa kwezvokudya pasi pose.” Maererano neFood and Agriculture Organization yeUN (sangano reUN rinoona nezvokuwanika kwezvokudya uye kurima), 75 kubva muzana yokusiyana-siyana kwezvinhu zvipenyu kwakanga kuripo mumbeu dzairimwa makore zana akapfuura pari zvino hakusisipo, chikonzero chikuru chiri chemiitiro yokurima yezvokutengeserana.

Mushumo wakabudiswa neWorldwatch Institute unonyevera kuti “ngozi dzine chokuita nezvakatipoteredza dzatinozvitorera pakutanga kushandisa zvinhu zvine zviratidzo zvakafanana ihuru.” Ngozi dzacho dzingadzorwa sei? Masayendisiti ezvokurima uye mishonga ine simba zvinodiwa kusanganisirawo kubatsira varimi nemari. Asi, hapana chinoratidza kuti zvinobudirira. Kufanana kwezviratidzo zvezvirimwa kwakaita kuti pave nechirwere chokuoma kwechibage kukuru muUnited States uye kurasikirwa nemaeka anokwana hafu yemiriyoni omupunga muIndonesia. Zvisinei, mumakore achangopfuura kumwe kuchinja mune zvokurima kwakatanga, kunobatanidza kuchinja upenyu pahunotangira chaipo—pagene (kanhu kanoratidza mamiriro achazoita chinhu).

Kuchinja Zvinoumba Zviratidzo Zvechinhu

Kudzidza nezvezvinoberekwa zvakaita chinhu kwakaunza basa idzva rine mari yakawanda rounyanzvi hwokushandura zvinhu zvipenyu. Sezvinoratidzwa nezita racho, hunobatanidza kudzidza nezvezvinhu zvipenyu nounyanzvi hwazvino-uno pachishandiswa mitoo yakadai sokuchinja chinhu kuti chizokura chave nezvimwe zviratidzo. Mamwe emakambani ounyanzvi hwokushandura zvinhu zvipenyu matsva aya, sokudanwa kwawo, anonyanya kusimbirira mune zvokurima uye ari kushanda siku nesikati kuti ave nekodzero youridzi hwembeu dzinopa goho guru, dzisingabatwi nezvirwere, dzisingakanganiswi nokusanaya kwemvura, uye kurohwa nechando, uye dzinoderedza kushandiswa kwemishonga ine ngozi. Kana vavariro dzakadaro dzikakwanisika, zvinenge zvichibatsira zvikuru. Asi vamwe vakaratidza kunetseka pamusoro pezvirimwa zvakachinjwa kuti zvizokura zvava nezvimwe zviratidzo.

“Muzvinhu zvakasikwa, kusiyana-siyana kwezvinhu zvipenyu kunovapo mumiganhu yakwo,” rinodaro bhuku rinonzi Genetic Engineering, Food, and Our Environment. “Mukume weruva unogona kuberekesa rimwe ruva rakasiyana, asi mukume weruva haufi wakaberekesa mbatatisi. . . . Kune rimwewo divi, mutoo wokuchinja chinhu kuti chizokura chava nezvimwe zviratidzo kazhinji unosanganisira kutora zvinoumba zviratidzo zvechinhu kubva kune rumwe rudzi ndokuzviisa kune rumwe mukuedza kutora chimwe chinodiwa muchinhu ichocho. Somuenzaniso, izvi zvinogona kureva kusarudza zviratidzo zvinoita kuti pagadzirwe kemikari rine zvisingarohwi nechando kubva muhove inogara mumvura ine chando (yakadai seflounder), kwava kusanganisa zviratidzo zvacho nezvembatatisi kana zvestrawberry kuti zvisarohwa nechando. Pari zvino zvinomera zvava kugona kuchinjwa nezviratidzo zvinotorwa mumajemusi, utachiona, tupukanana, mhuka kunyange muvanhu.”a Saka izvi zvinoreva kuti unyanzvi hwokushandura zvinhu zvipenyu hunogonesa vanhu kudarika miganhu inosiyanisa marudzi ezvinhu.

Kufanana nezvirongwa zvokukohwa pakuru, kunonzi nevamwe kuchinja zvinoumba zviratidzo zvechinhu, kunounzawo chinetso chokuvapo kwezvinhu zvine zviratidzo zvakafanana—vamwe vanoti zvinotonyanya kuipa nokuti nyanzvi dzinoongorora zviratidzo zvezvichaita chinhu dzinogona kushandisa mimwe mitoo yakadai sokukudza chinhu kubva pasero rakabva pane chinhu chikuru uye kukudza masero akafanana pane imwe nzvimbo isiri muviri, miitiro inoburitsa zvinhu zvakanyatsofanana. Nokudaro, kupera kwokusiyana-siyana kwezvinhu zvipenyu kunoramba kuripo. Zvisinei, zvinomera zvakachinjwa zviratidzo zvazvo zvinomutsa dzimwe nhau, dzakadai sezvazvinogona kukonzera patiri nezvakatikomberedza. “Tiri kupinda munguva itsva younyanzvi hwokuchinja zvinhu zvipenyu tisingaoni kwatiri kuenda tine tariro yakakura, zvinotidzivisa zvishoma, uye kusaziva zvizere zvazvinogona kuguma zvaita,” akadaro munyori wesayenzi Jeremy Rifkin.b

Ukuwo, simba rokuchinja upenyu pamwero wokuchinja zviratidzo zvacho chinhu chinogona kuitisa mari zvikuru, saka makwikwi okuva nekodzero dzouridzi pambeu dzakati uye pakuchinja zvimwe zvinhu zvipenyu ari kupfuurira. Pazviri kudaro ipapo, kutsakatika kwezvinomera kuri kupfuurira pasina anomisa. Sezvambodudzwa, kuitira kupedza ngwavaira, dzimwe hurumende nemamwe masangano akazvimirira akatanga matura embeu. Aya matura achagonesa zvizvarwa zvemangwana kuva nemarudzi akasiyana-siyana embeu dzokudyara nokukohwa here?

Matura Embeu—Inzira Yokuchengetedza Kuti Zvisatsakatika Here?

Royal Botanic Gardens iri paKew, muEngland, yakatanga imwe yainotaura kuva “chimwe chezvirongwa zvikuru kwazvo zvepasi pose chokuchengetedza chati chamboitwa”—chinonzi Millennium Seed Bank Project. Zvinangwa zvikuru zvechirongwa chacho ndeizvi (1) kuunganidza uye kuchengetedza zvikamu 10 kubva muzana—marudzi akasiyana-siyana anopfuura 24 000—ezvinomera zvine mbeu zvomunyika yose panozosvika gore ra2010 uye (2) asi nguva iyoyo isati yasvika, kuunganidza uye kuchengetedza mbeu dzezvinomera zvose zvinoita mbeu zvomuUnited Kingdom. Dzimwewo nyika dzakavamba matura embeu, kana kuti matura ezvinoumba zviratidzo zvechinhu sokudanwa kwaanomboitwa.

Nyanzvi yokudzidza zvinhu zvipenyu John Tuxill anoti zvikamu 90 kubva muzana zvemamiriyoni embeu dzinochengetwa mumatura acho ndedzezvinomera zvinopa zvokudya uye zvokushandisa zvinokosha, zvakadai segorosi, mupunga, chibage, mapfunde, mbatatisi, hanyanisi, gariki, nzimbe, donje, soyabhinzi, uye dzimwe bhinzi, kungodudza zvishomanana chete. Asi mbeu zvinhu zvinorarama zvinoramba zvichizokwanisa kumera chete kana simba riri mukati madzo richiripo. Nokudaro matura embeu angavimbwa nawo sei?

Nhamo Padura Racho

Kushanda kwematura embeu kunopedza mari yakawanda—pagore inokwana mamiriyoni $300 [Z$16 800 000 000], maererano naTuxill. Zvisinei, anoti kunyange mari iyi inogona kuva shoma, nokuti “zvikamu 13 kubva muzana bedzi zvembeu dziri mumatura ndozviri muzvivakwa zvinonyatsotarisirwa zvinogona kuchengetedza kwenguva refu.” Nemhaka yokuti mbeu dzisina kunyatsochengetedzwa hadzigari kwenguva yakareba, dzinofanira kukurumidza kudyarwa kuitira kuti dzimwe mbeu dzizounganidzwa; kana zvikasadaro, matura embeu anova mochari dzembeu. Chokwadi, basa rakadaro rinoda vashandi nemari zvakawanda, zvinongoita kuti zvinhu zviomere nzvimbo idzi dzakatombandikirwa pakona nokushaya mari.

Bhuku rinonzi Seeds of Change—The Living Treasure, rinotsanangura kuti National Seed Storage Laboratory iri muColorado, U.S.A., “yakaomerwa nezvinhu kakawanda, kusanganisira kushaya magetsi, mafiriji akafa, uye kushaya vashandi vakakwana kwakaita kuti pave nemirwi yembeu dzakasangana-sangana dzisina kurongwa.” Matura embeu anokanganiswawo nokusagadzikana kwezvematongerwe enyika, kusamira zvakanaka kwoupfumi hwenyika, uye njodzi dzinozviitikira.

Kuchengeta kwenguva refu kunounzawo zvinetso. Musango mazvinogara, zvinomera zvinokwanisa kuwirirana nemamiriro okunze, uye izvi zvinozvigonesa kukurira zvirwere nezvimwe zvinonetsa. Asi munzvimbo dzakachengetedzwa dzematura embeu, pakangopera makore mashomanana mbeu dzacho dzinogona kusawirirana nemamiriro okunze. Zvisinei, mbeu dzezvirimwa zvakawanda dzakachengetedzwa zvakanaka dzingagara kwemazana emakore dzisati dzava kuda kudyarwazve. Pasinei nokusakwanisa kunyatsoita chaizvo zvinodiwa uye zvimwe zvinokanganisa zvinozongoitikawo, kuvapo kwematura embeu kunoratidza kunetseka kuri kuramba kuchikura nezveremangwana rezvirimwa zvinodyiwa nomunhu.

Chokwadi, nzira yakanaka yokudzivisa kutsakatika ndeyokuchengetedza nzvimbo dzacho dzinobva zvinomera zvacho uye kutangazve kuti pave nezvirimwa zvakasiyana-siyana. Asi kuti izvozvo zviitwe, anodaro Tuxill, tinoda “kutanga kuenzanisa patsva zvinodiwa nomunhu nezvimwe zvakasikwa.” Kunyange zvakadaro, zvingambofungika chaizvo here kuti vanhu vachatanga “kuenzanisa patsva” zvavanoda nezvinodiwa nezvimwe zvakasikwa uku vachishingaira zvikuru mukufambira mberi mumabasa okugadzira zvinhu neezvoupfumi? Kunyange zvokurima, sezvatatoona, zviri kupinzwa mune zvokutengeserana nevemabhizimisi makuru nevezvounyanzvi hwokugadzira zvinhu. Panofanira kuva neimwe mhinduro.

[Mashoko omuzasi]

[Bhokisi/Mufananidzo uri papeji 7]

Murimi—‘Ari Pangozi’ Here?

“Kutanga muna 1950, vanhu vanoshanda mune zvokurima vakaderera zvikuru munyika dzose dzine maindasitiri makuru okugadzira zvinhu, mune dzimwe nyika nezvikamu zvinopfuura 80 kubva muzana,” inodaro magazini yeWorld Watch. Somuenzaniso, United States ine varimi vashoma pane vasungwa. Chii chiri kuita kuti vanhu vakawanda kudai vatize kurima?

Zvinokonzera zvikuru kuderera kwemari inotambirwa, zvikwereti zvokumamisha zviri kukwira, urombo huri kuwedzera, uye kunyanya kushandiswa kwemichina. Muna 1910, varimi muUnited States vaiwana anenge masendi 40 padhora roga roga iro vatengi vaishandisa pazvokudya, asi pakazosvika 1997, zvaiwanikwa nevarimi zvakanga zvaderera kusvika pamasendi anenge 7. Murimi wegorosi, inodaro World Watch, “anowana masendi 6 chete padhora roga roga rinoshandiswa pakutenga chingwa.” Izvi zvinoreva kuti vatengi vanobhadhara chipepa chakaputira chingwa zvakatoda kufanana nezvavanoita murimi nokuda kwegorosi rake. Munyika dzichiri kubudirira, varimi vatori mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma zvikuru. Murimi muAustralia kana Europe angava achigona kukwereta kubva kumabhangi kuti zvimuyamure kana gore iroro kusina kumira zvakanaka, murimi anogara kuWest Africa haazomboda kuedza kukweretazve. Zvimwe angasatomborarama.

[Mifananidzo iri papeji 7]

“Kudzokorora kurima chirimwa chimwe chete kwakaunzwa pakatanga ‘Zvirongwa Zvokukohwa Pakuru’ kwakakanganisa zvikuru kusiyana-siyana kwezvinhu zvipenyu uye kuwanikwa kwezvokudya munyika yose.”—Dr. Mae-Wan Ho

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Nechokumashure: U.S. Department of Agriculture

Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo (CIMMYT)

[Mifananidzo iri papeji 8]

Millennium Seed Bank, iri muEngland, iri kuchengetedza mbeu dzezvinomera zvinokosha

[Kwazvakatorwa]

© Trustees of Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew