“Basa Rakadya Nguva Yakawanda Rapedzwa”

MAKORE makumi mashanu apfuura, mumwe mukadzi airatidzika sambuya akataurawo, uye nyika yakateerera. Zvakaitika muParis musi wa10 December, 1948. Nhengo Dzinodzora dzeSangano reMubatanidzwa Wenyika Dzapasi Pose dzakaungana muPalais Chaillot yakanga ichangobva kuvakwa pakasimuka sachigaro wechikadzi weVamiririri veUN Vekodzero Dzevanhu kuti ataure. Nenzwi rine simba, Eleanor Roosevelt, chirikadzi refu yeaichimbova Purezidhendi weU.S. Franklin D. Roosevelt, yakaudza vakanga vakaungana kuti: “Nhasi takamira pedyo pedyo nechiitiko chikurusa muupenyu hweMubatanidzwa Wenyika Dzapasi Pose uye muupenyu hwevanhu, iko kutenderwa neNhengo Dzinodzora kweMutemo Wekodzero Dzevanhu Wenyika Yose.”

Apedza kurava mashoko asingarambiki ekusuma Mutemo wacho nezvikamu zvawo 30, Nhengo Dzinodzora dzakagamuchira gwaro racho.a Ipapo, kuti kutungamirira kwakanakisisa kwaMai Roosevelt kuremekedzwe, nhengo dzeUN dzakaomberera maoko “First Lady of the World,” sekuzivikanwa kwavaiitwa, zvichiratidza kufarirwa kukuru. Pakupera kwezuva iroro, vakanyora kuti: “Basa rakadya nguva yakawanda rapedzwa.”

Kubva Kumaonere Akasiyana-siyana Kuva Mutemo Mumwe

Makore maviri shure, muna January 1947, basa reUN richangotangwa, zvakava pachena kuti kunyora gwaro raibvumwa nenhengo dzose dzeUN raizova basa guru zvinotyisa. Kubva pakutanga chaipo, kusabvumirana kwakakomba kwakanyudza nhengo 18 dzesangano racho mumatope enharo dzisingaperi. Nhume yekuChina yaidavira kuti gwaro racho raifanira kubatanidza uzivi hwaConfucius, nhengo yeKaturike yaitsigira dzidziso dzaThomas Aquinas, United States yaitsigira American Bill of Rights, uye vekuSoviet vaida kubatanidzawo pfungwa dzaKarl Marx—uye idzi dzinongovawo zvadzo shoma dzepfungwa dzakasimba dzakataurwa!

Kuitirana nharo kwenhengo dzesangano racho kwakashungurudza Mai Roosevelt. Muna 1948, pavaipa chidzidzo muParis kuSorbonne, vakadudza kuti vaimbofunga kuti kurera mhuri yavo huru kwakanga kwavashungurudza zvakakwana. Zvisinei, “kutarisira Vamiririri Vekodzero Dzevanhu kwaida kushivirira kwaipfuura zvandakanga ndaita,” zvinonzi vakataura kudaro, zvikanakidza vateereri vavo.

Kunyange zvakadaro, zviri pachena kuti ruzivo rwavo samai rwakabatsira. Panguva iyoyo, mumwe mutori wenhau akanyora kuti mabatire aMai Roosevelt nhengo dzevamiririri aimuyeuchidza nezvamai “vari kutarisira mhuri hombe yevakomana vanowanzoita ruzha, dzimwe nguva vasinganzwi asi chaizvoizvo vane mwoyo yakanaka, avo pano neapo vaifanira kurangwa zvakasimba.” (Eleanor Roosevelt—A Personal and Public Life) Kunyange zvakadaro, nokuwedzera tsitsi pakutsiga, vakakwanisa kupwisa vamwe pasina kuita kuti vaisabvumirana navo vave vavengi vavo.

Mugumisiro wacho wakava wokuti, makore maviri apera vachiita misangano, mazana ekugadzirisa, zviuru zvezvitsama zvemashoko, uye kuvhota kunokwana 1 400 pamusoro perinenge shoko rose nechitsama chemashoko chose, vamiririri vacho vakabuda negwaro raiva nendandanda yekodzero dzevanhu iro vaidavira kuti varume nevakadzi vose, kwese kwese munyika, vaiva nekodzero dzokushandisa. Rakadanwa kunzi Mutemo Wekodzero Dzevanhu Wenyika Yose. Nokudaro basa rairatidzika, pane dzimwe nguva, serisingaiti, rakapedzwa.

Zvinhu Zvikuru Zvaikarirwa

Chokwadika, zvaisakarirwa kuti madziro oudzvinyiriri awondomoke pakurira kwehwamanda yokutanga iyi. Asi, kugamuchirwa kwoMutemo Wenyika Yose kwakakonzera kutarisira zvinhu zvikuru. Purezidhendi wapanguva iyoyo weNhengo Dzinodzora dzeUN, Dr. Herbert V. Evatt vekuAustralia vakafanotaura kuti “mamiriyoni evarume, vakadzi, nevana munyika yose, ari kure nemamaira akawanda kubva muParis neNew York, vachaedza kubatsirwa, kutungamirirwa, uye kutsigirwa negwaro iri.”

Makore makumi mashanu apera kubva zvataura Dr. Evatt mashoko iwayo. Munguva iyoyo, vanhu vakawanda chokwadi vakashandisa Mutemo iwoyo senhungamiro uye vakaushandisa sechokuyeresa nacho kuremekedzwa kwekodzero dzevanhu pasi pose. Pavaiita kudaro, vakawanei? Nyika dziri nhengo dzeUN dziri kuwanika dzichisvika panodiwa here padzinoyerwa nechiyereso ichi? Kodzero dzevanhu dzakamira sei munyika nhasi?

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Bhokisi riri papeji 4]

Kodzero Dzevanhu Chii?

Mubatanidzwa Wenyika Dzepasi Pose unorondedzera kodzero dzevanhu se“kodzero dzekuberekwa nadzo uye idzo tisingagoni kurarama sevanhu kana tisina.” Kodzero dzevanhu dzave dzichirondedzerwawo se“mutauro wevanhu vose”—uye ndozvazviri. Sezvakangoita kugona kutaura mutauro kuri chinhu chekuberekwa nacho chinotiita vanhu, pane zvimwe zvinhu zvekuberekwa nazvo zvatinoda neunhu hunotiita kuti tisiyane nezvimwe zvipuka zviri pasi pano. Somuenzaniso, vanhu vanoda zivo, unyanzvi hwekufungidzira zvinhu, uye umudzimu. Munhu anotadziswa kuwana zvinhu izvi zvaanoda ari kumanikidzwa kurarama upenyu husina kukodzera kuraramwa nomunhu. Kudzivirira munhu pakutadziswa kwakadaro, rinotsanangura kudaro rimwe gweta rekodzero dzevanhu, “tinoshandisa mashoko okuti ‘kodzero dzevanhu’ panzvimbo pe‘zvinodiwa nevanhu’ nokuti kana tichitaura tiri pamutemo ‘chinodiwa’ harisi shoko rakasimba sa‘kodzero.’ Nokudana kuti ‘kodzero’ tiri kuisa zvinhu zvinodiwa nomunhu padanho rokuti zvifanire kuwanwa nemunhu wese maererano netsika uyewo nemutemo.”

[Bhokisi/Mufananidzo uri papeji 5]

Mutemo Wekodzero Dzevanhu Wenyika Yose

Munyori nemuhwinhi weMubayiro weNobel anonzi Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn akadana uyu Mutemo Wenyika Yose kuti “gwaro rakanakisisa” rati rambonyorwa neUN. Kungotarisa chete zviri mugwaro racho kunoratidza nei vakawanda vachibvumirana nazvo.

Zvinoumba Mutemo wacho zvinokosha zvakanyorwa muChikamu 1: “Vanhu vose vanoberekwa vakasununguka vakaenzana pachiremera nekodzero. Vanoberekwa vane pfungwa nehana uye vanofanira kuonana sehama nehama.”

Pamashoko iwaya, vakagadzira Mutemo wacho vakaronga mapoka maviri ekodzero dzevanhu. Boka rokutanga rakanyorwa muChikamu 3: “Munhu wese ane kodzero yokurarama, kusununguka uye kuchengeteka somunhu.” Chikamu ichi chinoumba pakavakirwa kodzero dzomunhu dzisiri dzematongerwe enyika nedzematongerwe enyika dzakarongwa muZvikamu 4 kusvika ku21. Boka rechipiri rakavakirwa paChikamu 22, chine pamwe panotaura kuti, munhu wese ane maruramiro okuona kuti kodzero dzake dziri kuremekedzwa “idzo dzinokosha pachiremera chake nokuvakika kwakasununguka kwounhu hwake.” Rinotsigira Zvikamu 23 kusvika ku27, izvo zvinojekesa kodzero dzevanhu dzezvemari, nzanga, uye tsika. Mutemo Wenyika Yose raiva gwaro rokutanga rakagamuchira boka iri rechipiri rekodzero kuti rinobatanidzwa mukodzero dzinokosha dzevanhu. Raivawo gwaro rokutanga remarudzi akawanda rakatombobvira rashandisawo mashoko okuti “kodzero dzevanhu.”

Nyanzvi yenzanga yekuBrazil Ruth Rocha inotsanangura mumutauro usinganetsi kunzwisisa zvatinoudzwa neMutemo Wenyika Yose kuti: “Hazvina basa kuti uri werudzi rupi. Hazvina basa kuti uri murume kana kuti mukadzi. Hazvina basa kuti unotaura mutauro upi, uri wechitendero chipi, zvaunofunga pamusoro pezvematongerwe enyika, nyika yaunobva kana kuti mhuri yako. Hazvina basa kuti wakapfuma here kana kuti uri murombo. Hazvina basa kuti unobva kunzvimbo ipi munyika; kuti nyika yako inotongwa namambo here kana kuti neakasarudzwa nevoruzhinji. Kodzero idzi norusununguko zvinofanira kuwanwa nomunhu wese.”

Kubva zvawakagamuchirwa, Mutemo Wenyika Yose wakashandurirwa mumitauro inopfuura 200 uye wakava chimwe chikamu chebumbiro remitemo renyika dzakawanda. Zvisinei, nhasi vamwe vatungamiriri vanofunga kuti Mutemo uyu unofanira kunyorwazve patsva. Asi Munyori Mukuru weUN Kofi Annan haabvumirani nazvo. Mumwe mushandi weUN anodzokorora mashoko ake achiti: “Sezvazvakangoitawo kuti Bhaibheri kana Koran hazvifaniri kunyorwazve, Mutemo uyu haufaniri kugadziriswa. Chinofanira kugadziriswa, haasi mashoko eMutemo Wenyika Yose, asi maitire evateveri vawo.”

Munyori Mukuru weUN Kofi Annan

[Kwazvakatorwa]

UN/DPI photo by Evan Schneider (Feb97)

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 3]

Mai Roosevelt vakabata Mutemo Wekodzero Dzevanhu Wenyika Yose

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Mrs. Roosevelt and symbol on pages 3, 5, and 7: UN photo