Mafashafasha Emakemikoro Akagadzirwa Nomunhu
ZANA rino remakore ringatodanwa zvaro kuti zera rekugadzirwa kwemakemikoro. Zvinhu zvinogadzirwa nemakemikoro zvachinja upenyu hwedu. Mudzimba dzedu, mahofisi, nemafekitari makazara nemagasi, shuga dzokugadzira, zvizorwa, dhayi, ingi, pendi, mishonga yezvipembenene, mishonga yokurapa, mapurasitiki, mishonga inoshandiswa mufiriji, machira okugadzira—zvinhu zvacho zvingazadza mirwi yemabhuku.
Kuti nyika iwanirwe zvinhu zvose izvi zvainoda, kugadzirwa kwemakemikoro kwepagore munyika yose, maererano neWorld Health Organization (WHO), kunosvika kuanenge madhora matrillion 52,5. WHO inoshuma kuti makemikoro ane 100 000 zvino ari kutengeswa uye kuti matsva ane 1 000 kusvika ku2 000 anowedzerwa gore roga roga.
Zvisinei, mafashafasha emakemikoro aya anomutsa mubvunzo pamusoro pezvaanoita kunyika yakapoteredza uyewo utano hwedu chaihwo. Zvakajeka kuti, tiri kuenda kusati kwambosvikwa. “Tose zvedu tiri vamwe vechizvarwa chemaedzwa, uye magumo azvo haasi kuzozivikanwa kwemakumi emakore anotevera,” anodaro mumwe chiremba.
Kuwedzera Makemikoro, Kuwedzera Ngozi Here?
Vanhu vanowanzovhiringidzwa nechepfu dzemakemikoro, inodaro WHO, “vanhu varombo, vasina kudzidza vakadzidziswa zvishomanana kana kuti vasina mukana wokudzidziswa kana kuudzwa mashoko anonzi ndiwo anofanira kuzivikanwa nemunhu wese pamusoro pengozi dzemakemikoro avanowana zvakananga kana kuti zvisina kunanga mazuva ose.” Izvi ndezvechokwadi kunyanya pamusoro pemishonga yezvipembenene. Asi makemikoro ane zvaanoita patiri tose.
Inenge 20 muzana yematsime emvura emuCalifornia, akasvibiswa nezvinhu zvinobatanidza mishonga yezvipembenene, kudarika panonzi pane ngozi, rinodaro bhuku rinonzi Green History of the World. “MuFlorida,” bhuku racho rinowedzera kudaro, “matsime 1 000 akavharwa nemhaka yechepfu; muHungary maguta nemisha ine 773 ine mvura isina kukodzera kunwiwa, muBritain gumi muzana yenzvimbo iri pasi pevhu inobva mvura yakasvibiswa kudarika panonzi neWorld Health Organisation pane ngozi uye mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzeBritain neUnited States mvura yepapombi haigoni kupiwa vacheche vachangobva kuberekwa nemhaka yemawandire akaita nitrate irimo.”
Mercury ndeimwe kemikoro inobatsira asi inogona kuva chepfu. Inopinda munyika yakapoteredza nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana kubva kuchiutsi chemumaindasitiri kuenda kumabhiriyoni emarambi efluorescent. Munzira imwe cheteyo, lead inogona kuwanika muzvinhu zvakawanda, kubva kupeturu kuenda kupendi. Asi sezvakangoita mercury, inogona kuva chepfu, kunyanya kuvana. Kuramba achifema utsi hwelead kungaderedza nezvinenge “zvibodzwa zvina panjere” yemwanawo zvake, unodaro mumwe mushumo wakabva kuCairo, Egypt.
Maererano nePurogiramu Yenyika yakapoteredza yeMubatanidzwa Wenyika Dzepasi Pose, gore roga roga matani 100 emercury, matani 3 800 elead, matani 3 600 ephosphate, uye matani 60 000 esipo anopinda muGungwa reMediterranean nemhaka yemabasa anoitwa nomunhu. Zvinonzwisisika kuti, gungwa riri munhamo. Asi harisi roga. Chokwadi ndechokuti, Mubatanidzwa Wenyika Dzapasi Pose wakazivisa 1998 seGore Regungwa Remarudzi Akawanda. Munyika yose, makungwa ose ari munhamo, kunyanya nemhaka yekusvibiswa.
Kunyange zvazvo unyanzvi hwekugadzira makemikoro hwakatipa zvinhu zvakawanda zvinobatsira, tinoshandisa nokurasa zvakawanda zvazvo zvobva zvakuvadza nyika yakapoteredza. Sokutaura kwakaita mumwe munyori wechikamu chepepanhau munguva pfupi yapfuura kuti, takazviita “varanda vekubudirira” here?
[Bhokisi riri papeji 24]
Makemikoro Nekusangana Kwemakemikoro
Shoko rokuti “kemikoro” rinoreva zvinhu zvose zvakaumbiswa nyika yakatipoteredza, kubatanidza maelement anokosha anopfuura zana, akadai seiron, lead, mercury, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen. Musanganiswa wemakemikoro, kana kuti musanganiswa wemaelement akasiyana-siyana, unobatanidza zvinhu zvakadai semvura, maasidhi, munyu, nezvinodhaka. Yakawanda yemisanganiswa yakagadzirwa nemakemikoro iyi yakasikwa yakadaro.
“Kusangana kwemakemikoro” kwave kuchirondedzerwa se“kuchinjwa kwechinhu nemakemikoro chichiitwa chimwe chakasiyana.” Moto kusangana kwemakemikoro; unochinja chimwe chinhu chinotsva—pepa, peturu, hydrogen, nezvimwe zvakadaro—kuva chimwe chinhu kana zvinhu zvakatosiyana zvachose. Kusangana kwemakemikoro kwakawanda kunoramba kuchiwedzera kuitika, makatipoteredza nemukati medu.
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 23]
Varombo ndivo vanonyanya kutambudzwa nechepfu dzemakemikoro