Kushandiswa Zvisina Kunaka Kwamashoko
“Nokuramba pachishandiswa mashoko anoparadzirwa nouchenjeri, kunyange denga rinogona kuratidzirwa kuvanhu sehero, ukuwo upenyu hunonzwisa tsitsi kwazvo separadhiso.”—ADOLF HITLER, MEIN KAMPF.
SEZVO zvinoshandiswa pakufambisa mashoko zvakawedzera—kubvira pakudhinda kusvika parunhare, redhiyo, terevhizheni neInternet—kufamba kwamashoko anonyengetedza kwawedzera kwazvo. Kuchinja uku mune zvokukurukurirana kwaita kuti pave namashoko akawandisa, sezvo vanhu vari kunzwa mashoko akawanda kubva kwakasiyana-siyana. Vazhinji vanotenda zvose zvavanonzwa nokukurumidza kwazvo uye vanozvibvuma vasina kufunga kana kuti kubvunza mibvunzo.
Munhu anoparadzira mashoko anoda vanhu vakadaro—kunyanya vasingadi kufunga. Mashoko anoparadzirwa anokurudzira izvi nokuita kuti vanhu vataure zvavanofunga, nokushandisa kutya kwavanhu, kushandisa kusiyana kwakaita mitauro uye kumonyanisa kufunga kwavanhu. Sezvinoratidzwa nenhau dzakaitika kare, zvinhu zvakadaro zvinogona kushanda chose.
Nhau Yamashoko Anoparadzirwa
Nhasi “mashoko anoparadzirwa” haapi mazano akanaka, anopa mazano okusatendeseka asi pakuvamba mashoko acho akanga asingatarisirwi kuti aizoreva izvozvo. Zviri pachena kuti mashoko okuti “mashoko anoparadzirwa” anobva muzita rechiLatin rinoreva boka revadzidzisi veRoma Katurike, vaCongregatio de Propaganda Fide (Ungano Yokuparadzira Mashoko Okutenda). Dare iri—rainzi Propaganda muchidimbu—rakatangwa naPope Gregory XV muna 1622 kuti atarisire vafundisi. Zvishoma nezvishoma, shoko rokuti “propaganda” rakazotanga kureva kuedza kupi nokupi kwokuparadzira zvinotendwa.
Asi mashoko anoparadzirwa haana kutanga muzana remakore rechi17. Kubvira munguva yakare, vanhu vakashandisa zvinhu zvose zvinowanika kuti vaparadzire pfungwa dzinodzidziswa kana kuti vawane simba nomukurumbira. Somuenzaniso, kunyora mifananidzo kwakaita kuti mashoko aparadzirwe kubvira mumazuva avanaFarao veIjipiti. Madzimambo aya akagadzira mapiramidhi awo kuti aratidze simba uye kugara kwenguva refu. Nenzira yakadaro, kuvaka kwevaRoma kwaiva nechinangwa chezvematongerwe enyika—kupiwa mbiri kwehurumende. Manzwi okuti “mashoko anoparadzirwa” akatanga kusapa mazano akanaka muHondo Yenyika I apo hurumende dzakatanga kushandisa kutya kwaiita vanhu mashoko anoparadzirwa nemapepanhau uye redhiyo. MuHondo Yenyika II, Adolf Hitler naJoseph Goebbels vakaratidza kuti vaiva nyanzvi mukuparadzira mashoko.
Zvichitevera Hondo Yenyika II, mashoko anoparadzirwa akawedzera kuva chinhu chinoshandiswa kusimudzira zvinodiwa nenyika. Hurumende dzokuMadokero uye dzokuMabvazuva dzakaita nhimbe huru yokuwana vanhu vakawanda vakasununguka kuti vave kudivi radzo. Chinhu chiri chose choupenyu hwavanhu nemaitiro chakashandisirwa chinangwa chokuparadzira mashoko. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura kunyanya kuoma kwakaita zvinhu zvinoshandiswa kuparadzira mashoko akashata kwakaonekwa mukutsvaka kuvhoterwa, uyewo mukushambadza kwemakambani efodya. Dzinonzi nevanhu nyanzvi navamwe vatungamiriri vakapinzwa basa rokuratidzira kusvuta sokunonakidza uye kusingakanganisi utano hwavanhu sezvakunoita zvechokwadi.
Nhema, Nhema!
Chokwadi, zvinonyanya kushandiswa nomunhu anoparadzira mashoko inhema chaidzo. Somuenzaniso, funga nezvenhema dzaMartin Luther dzaakanyora muna 1543 nezvevaJudha vaiva muEurope achiti: “Vakaisa chepfu mumatsime, vakaponda vanhu, vakaba vana . . . Vane uturu, vane utsinye, vanoda zvokutsiva, inyoka dzine chitsotsi, vanoponda vanhu, uye vana vaDhiyabhorosi vanoruma senyuchi uye vanoita zvinhu zvinokuvadza.” Chii chaaikurudzira vainzi vaKristu? “Pisai masinagogi avo kana zvikoro . . . Dzimba dzavo [dzinofanira]wo kudhiriswa nokuparadzwa.”
Mumwe purofesa wehurumende nezvokugara zvakanaka kwavanhu akadzidza nezvenguva iyoyo anoti: “Kuvenga vaJudha hakunei nezvakaitwa nevaJudha, saka hakunei nezivo yomunhu anovenga vaJudha sezvavari.” Anotiwo: “VaJudha vaipomerwa chinhu chose chisina kunaka, zvokuti chinhu chakaipa chaiitika choga kana kukonzerwa navanhu chainzi chatangwa nevaJudha.”
Kungotaurawo
Chimwe chinhu chinoshandiswa namashoko anoparadzirwa chinobudirira zvechokwadi kungotaurawo. Kungotaurawo kunenge kunovharidzira mashoko akarurama anokosha enhau chaiyo inenge ichitaurwa, uye kunonyanya kushandiswa kuderedza mapoka makuru avanhu. Somuenzaniso, mashoko okuti “Vanobva kune dzimwe nyika imbavha” mashoko anowanzotaurwa munyika dzakawanda dzokuEurope. Asi ichocho ichokwadi here?
Richardos Someritis, munyori wenhau, anoti mune imwe nyika pfungwa dzakadaro dzakatanga na“vanhu vanovenga vabvakure uye vane rusaruraganda” kuvanhu vanobva kune dzimwe nyika. Zvisinei, zvakaratidzwa kuti kana totaura nezvezvinhu zvakashata zvinoitwa, vanobatwa nemhosva vangangova vakafanana navabvakure. Somuenzaniso, Someritis anoti kuongorora kwakaratidza kuti muGirisi, “96 muzana yemhaka dzakaparwa ne[VaGiriki].” “Zvinokonzera utsotsi kuoma kwezvinhu mune zvemari uye nzanga,” anodaro, “kwete ‘dzinza’.” Anopa vanonyora mapepanhau navanotaura muredhiyo mhosva “nokuda kwokutyisidzira vanhu uye kutsigira urudzi” nokutaura zvisina kunaka maererano navanopara mhaka.
Kunyomba
Vamwe vanhu vanotuka vanhu vanenge vasingabvumirani navo nokushora unhu hwavo kana kuti vavariro dzavo pane kuongorora chokwadi chacho. Kunyomba kunoshatisa zita romunhu, boka, kana kuti pfungwa yakati. Anonyomba wacho anovimba kuti zvaanotaura zvinonyatsopinda mupfungwa dzavanhu. Kana vanhu vakaramba munhu wacho kana kuti pfungwa dzake nemhaka chete yokuti anyombwa uye kwete nemhaka yokuti ichokwadi here kana kuti inhema, zvanga zvichidiwa neanyomba zvinenge zvaitika.
Somuenzaniso, mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya kuvenga mapoka echitendero kwakaitika munyika dzakawanda dzokuEurope nedzimwe. Izvi zvakaita kuti pave nokukakavadzana, kuvengana, uye zvakasimbisa kufungira vamwe vechitendero zvakaipa kwagara kuripo. Kakawanda, “kapoka” ndiro rinobva rava shoko rinozivikanwa navanhu vakawanda. “‘Kapoka’ nderimwe shoko rinoreva ‘vanopanduka kubva muchitendero chagara chiripo,’” akanyora kudaro Purofesa wokuGermany Martin Kriele muna 1993, “uye munhu anopanduka nhasi kubva muchitendero chagara chiripo muGermany, kufanana nomunguva yakare, [anofanira kufa]—kana akasaita zvokupiswa nomoto . . . , ipapo anofanira kusvibisirwa zita rake, kurambwa uye kuparadzwa mune zvemari.”
The Institute for Propaganda Analysis (Sangano Rinoongorora Nezvokuparadzirwa Kwamashoko) rinoti “mazita akashata akaita zvinhu zvikuru munhau yenyika uyewo mukubudirira kwedu pachedu. Akakuvadza mukurumbira, . . . akaendesa [vanhu] mumajeri, uye akaita kuti vanhu vagumbuke kwazvo zvokuti vakaenda kuhondo kunouraya vamwe vanhu.”
Kushandisa Zvinofungwa Navanhu
Kunyange zvazvo pfungwa dzavanhu dzingava dzisina basa kana totaura nezvechokwadi kana kuti nyaya inoda pfungwa, dzinoita zvinhu zvakakura mukunyengetedza. Kunyengetedza vanhu kunoitwa navanotengesa zvinhu, vanoshandisa zvinofungwa navanhu sezvinoitwa nenyanzvi yokuridza piyano.
Somuenzaniso, kutya kunogona kuita kuti munhu asafunge zvakanaka. Uye, kufanana nezvinoitika kana pane shanje, kutya kunogona kushandiswa. Pepanhau rokuCanada rinonzi The Globe and Mail, raFebruary 15, 1999, rakashuma zvinotevera zvakabva kuMoscow richiti: “Apo vasikana vatatu vakazviuraya muMoscow svondo yakapera, zvinobudisa nhau zvokuRussia zvakabva zvatanga kutaura kuti vanofanira kuva vaiva vanyanyisi vari vamwe veZvapupu zvaJehovha.” Cherechedza shoko rokuti “vanyanyisi.” Nomuzvarirwo, vanhu vanotya mapoka ezvitendero anonyanyisa anoita kuti vanhu vaduku vazviuraye. Vasikana ava vakafa vakanga vakabatana neZvapupu zvaJehovha munzira ipi neipi here?
Globe rakapfuurira richiti: “Mapurisa akazobvuma kuti vasikana vacho vakanga vasinei chokuita ne[Zvapupu zvaJehovha]. Asi kuzosvika panguva iyoyo terevhizheni yomuMoscow yakanga yatotanga kushora boka iroro, ichiudza vanhu kuti Zvapupu zvaJehovha zvakanga zvabatana naAdolf Hitler muNazi Germany—pasinei nouchapupu hwenhau hwokuti zviuru zvenhengo dzazvo zvakafa mumisasa yavasungwa.” Mupfungwa dzavanhu vakanga vasingazivi chokwadi uye vakanga vachitya, Zvapupu zvaJehovha zvakanga zviri boka rechitendero rinozviuraya kana kuti rakashanda pamwe nevaNazi!
Ruvengo chinhu chinoshandiswa neavo vanoparadzira mashoko. Mashoko anenge aine manzwi akaipa anonyanya kuita kuti rwuvepo. Zvinoita sokune mashoko asingaperi anogona kutsigira kana kuita kuti pave nokuvenga dzinza kwakati, rudzi, kana kuti mapoka echitendero.
Vamwe vanoparadzira mashoko vanoshandisa rudado. Kazhinji tinogona kuona mashoko akanangana norudado akadai seaya: “Munhu ane pfungwa anoziva kuti . . .” kana kuti, “Munhu akadzidza sewe anofanira kuziva kuti . . .” Zvinodiwa norudado kuita kuti tinzwe sokuti takapusa kana tisingafungi nenzira yakati. Vanamazvikokota mukunyengetedza vanhu vanoziva izvozvo.
Masirogani uye Zviratidzo
Masirogani mashoko asina kujeka anowanzoshandiswa kutaura nzvimbo kana zvinangwa. Nemhaka yokuti haana kujeka, ari nyore kubvumirana nawo.
Somuenzaniso, kana munyika maita mhirizhonga kana kuti kurwisana, vatungamiriri vanogona kushandisa mashoko akadai seokuti “Ndinotsigira nyika yangu chero ichinatsa kana kukanganisa,” “Nyika yaBaba, Chitendero, Mhuri,” kana kuti “Rusununguko kana kuti Rufu.” Asi vanhu vazhinji vanoongorora nyaya dzinobatanidzwa mumhirizhonga kana mukurwisana here? Kana kuti vanongobvuma zvavanenge vaudzwa?
Achinyora nezveHondo Yenyika I, Winston Churchill akati: “Panongodiwa chiratidzo chimwe chete chinogona kuchinja vanhu vose ava vane rugare uye vanoshanda kuva vanhu vakawanda kwazvo vane hasha vanogona kubvamburana.” Akawedzera kuti kana vakaudzwa zvokuita, vanhu vakawanda vanoita zvinhu vasina kumbofunga.
Munhu anoparadzira mashoko anewo zvinhu zvakawanda zvaanoshandisa kuita kuti mashoko ake anzwiwe—kuridza pfuti nomwe panguva imwe chete katatu, sarupu yechiuto, kana kuti yomureza. Kuda vabereki kunogonawo kushandiswa. Saka, zviratidzo zvakadai senyika yababa, nyika yechizvarirwo kana kuti chechi yokutanga zvishandiso zvinokosha zvinoshandiswa navanhu vanonyengetedza vamwe.
Saka unyengeri hwamashoko anoparadzirwa hunogona kuita kuti vanhu vasafunge, kudzivisa kufunga kwakanaka nokunzwisisa, uye kuita kuti vanhu vaite chirwirangwe. Unogona kuzvidzivirira sei?
[Mashoko okukwezva vaverengi ari papeji 16]
Unyengeri hwamashoko anoparadzirwa hunogona kuita kuti vanhu vasafunge zvakanaka
[Bhokisi/Mifananidzo iri papeji 15]
BASA REZVAPUPU ZVAJEHOVHA MASHOKO ANOPARADZIRWA HERE?
Vamwe vanoshora Zvapupu zvaJehovha vakazvipomera mhaka yokuparadzira mashoko eZiyoni. Vamwe vakapomera kuti ushumiri hweZvapupu hunotsigira chiKomonizimu. Vamwewo vakati basa reZvapupu zvaJehovha rinotsigira pfungwa uye zvinodiwa ne“vezvematongerwe enyika nevane mabhizimisi vokuAmerica.” Uye kune vaya vanoti Zvapupu zvinokonzera mhirizhonga, zvichiita kuti pasave nokugara kwakanaka munzanga, mune zvemari, mune zvematongerwe enyika kana kuti munhau dzematare. Pasina mubvunzo, zvinhu zvose izvi hazvingambovi zvechokwadi.
Chokwadi chacho ndechokuti Zvapupu zvaJehovha hazvisi kana chimwe chete pane zvataurwa pamusoro apa. Basa reZvapupu rinoitwa mukuteerera murayiro waJesu Kristu kuvateveri vake wokuti: “Muchava zvapupu zvangu . . . kusvikira kurutivi rwuri kure zvikuru rwepasi.” (Mabasa 1:8) Basa razvo rinonyanya kuitwa rakanangana namashoko akanaka oUmambo hwokumatenga—huchashandiswa naMwari kuti aunze rugare panyika yose.—Mateu 6:10; 24:14.
Vanoona Zvapupu zvaJehovha havana kuwana uchapupu hunoratidza kuti vaKristu ava vakambokanganisa kugara zvakanaka kwenyika ipi zvayo.
Vatapi venhau vakawanda, vatongi, navamwe vakataura zvakanaka nezvezvinhu zvinobatsira zvakaitwa neZvapupu zvaJehovha munzanga mazvinogara. Inzwa zvakataurwa navamwe. Apinda kokorodzano yeZvapupu zvaJehovha, mumwe mutapi wenhau anobva kumaodzanyemba kweEurope akati: “Ava vanhu vane ukama hwakanaka kwazvo hwemhuri, vanodzidziswa kuda uye kurarama maererano nehana dzavo kuitira kuti vasakuvadze vamwe.”
Mumwe mutapi wenhau, aimbova nepfungwa dzakashata pamusoro peZvapupu zvaJehovha, akati: “Zvinorarama upenyu hune muenzaniso wakanaka. Hazvityori mitemo yetsika neyezvinhu zvakarurama.” Mumwe anoongorora nyaya dzezvematongerwe enyika akataurawo maererano neZvapupu kuti: “Zvinobata navamwe vanhu nomutsa, rudo nokuzvininipisa zvikuru.”
Zvapupu zvaJehovha zvinodzidzisa kuti kuzviisa pasi pezviremera chinhu chakanaka. Zvavari vanhu vanoteerera mitemo, zvinotevera zviri muBhaibheri pamusoro pokutendeseka, kuva pachokwadi uye rucheno. Zvinodzidzisa mhuri dzazvo tsika dzakanaka, uye zvinobatsira vamwe kudzidza kuti vangaitawo sei izvozvo. Zvinorarama zvine rugare navanhu vose, zvisingabatanidzwi mukuratidzira kunovhiringidza zvinhu kana kuti kumukira mune zvematongerwe enyika. Zvapupu zvaJehovha zvinoda kuva nomuenzaniso wakanaka mukuteerera mitemo yezviremera zvevanhu, uku zvichimirira nokushivirira Chiremera Chikuru, Changamire Ishe Jehovha, kuti aunze rugare rwakakwana uye hurumende yakarurama panyika ino.
Panguva imwe chete, basa reZvapupu nderokudzidzisa. Zvichishandisa Bhaibheri sebhuku guru, zvinodzidzisa vanhu munyika yose kuti vaone zvinotaura Bhaibheri zvadaro zvokudziridza tsika dzakanaka dzomufambiro nokutendeka. Zvinotsigira zvinhu zvinosimudzira upenyu hwemhuri uye zvinobatsira vaduku kukunda miedzo inonyanya kuuya kwavari. Zvinobatsirawo vanhu kuwana simba rokukunda tsika dzakashata uye kuwana simba rokukwanisa kugara navamwe zvakanaka. Basa rakadaro haringambonzi “mashoko anoparadzirwa.” Sezvinotaurwa neThe World Book Encyclopedia, munzanga umo pfungwa dzinofamba zviri nyore, “mashoko anoparadzirwa anosiyana nedzidzo.”
[Mifananidzo]
Mabhuku eZvapupu zvaJehovha anotsigira tsika dzemhuri dzakanaka kwazvo
[Mifananidzo iri papeji 13]
Mashoko anoparadzirwa anotsigira hondo nokusvuta akaparira nzufu dzakawanda