AIDS Inopararira muAfrica

“Tiri kurwisana nengwavaira huru yanhasi.”

MASHOKO iwayo aStephen Lewis, mumiririri mukuru weUN pane zveHIV/AIDS muAfrica, anoratidza zvinotyirwa nevakawanda pamusoro pezvaita AIDS kurutivi rweAfrica rwokumaodzanyemba kweSahara.

Zvinhu zvakawanda zvinobatanidzwa pakupararira kweHIV. Uyewo, AIDS yakawedzera zvimwe zvinetso. Mamiriro ezvinhu aripo mune dzimwe nyika dzeAfrica uye mune mamwe mativi epasi uko AIDS iri kupararira semoto wechirimo kakawanda anoenderana nezvinotevera.

Kuzvibata. Sezvo kurara nomunhu iriyo nzira huru inoita kuti munhu atapukirwe neHIV, zviri pachena kuti kutadza kuzvibata kunowedzera kupararira kwechirwere chacho. Zvisinei, vakawanda vanofunga kuti kuudza vanhu vasina kuroorana kuti vasaita zvepabonde hakushandi. “Kungonyevera vechiduku kuti vasaita zvepabonde hakushandi,” anonyora kudaro Francois Dufour muThe Star, pepanhau romuJohannesburg, South Africa. “Zuva roga roga vanoratidzwa mifananidzo yezvepabonde yokuti vanofanira kunge vachiratidzika sei uye kuti vanofanira kuita tsika dzakaita sei.”

Kunenge kuti kuongorora uku kunoratidzwa kuva kwechokwadi nomufambiro wevechiduku. Somuenzaniso, kuongorora kwakaitwa mune imwe nyika kwakaratidza kuti chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chevechiduku vari pakati pemakore 12 ne17 vakatoita zvepabonde nechekare.

Kubatwa chibharo kwakanzi idambudziko renyika muSouth Africa. Mumwe mushumo wenhau mupepanhau rinonzi Citizen muJohannesburg wakataura kuti “kwakapararira zvikuru zvokuti kunopfuura imwe ngozi ipi neipi youtano iri kuvakadzi vomunyika ino, uyewo zviri kunyanya kudaro kuvana vomuno.” Nyaya yakareyo yakati: “Kubatwa chibharo kwevana kwakapetwa kaviri munguva dzichangobva kupfuura . . . Izvi zvinoratidzika sezvinoitwa maererano nefungidziro yokuti munhu ane HIV akabata chibharo mhandara anobva apora.”

Hosha dzepabonde. Pane vanhu vakawanda vanorwara nehosha dzepabonde mudunhu racho. South African Medical Journal yakati: “Kuvapo kwehosha yepabonde kunowedzera ngozi yokubatwa neHIV-1 zvakapetwa kaviri kusvika kukashanu.”

Urombo. Nyika dzakawanda muAfrica dziri kurwisana nourombo, uye izvi zvinoumba mamiriro ezvinhu anoita kuti AIDS ipararire. Zvingaonekwa sezvinowanikwa nyore munyika dzakabudirira hazviwaniki munyika dzichiri kubudirira dzakawanda. Nzanga dzakakura hadzina magetsi uye hadzina mvura yokunwa yakachena. Mumaruwa migwagwa mishoma kana kusatovapo. Vanhu vakawanda vanoziya nenzara, uye zvipatara zvishoma.

AIDS inokanganisa mabhizimisi nemaindasitiri. Sezvo vashandi vakawanda vari kubata chirwere, makambani emigodhi ave kutanga kuona kuderera kwebasa. Mamwe ave kufunga nezvokutsvaka nzira dzokushandisa michina pamamwe mabasa kuitira kutsiva vanhu vanenge vafa. Zvakafungidzirwa kuti pane mumwe mugodhi weplatinum mugore ra2000, kuwanda kwevanhu vaibatwa neAIDS kwakada kutopetwa kaviri, uye vashandi vanenge zvikamu 26 kubva muzana vanayo.

Chinosuruvarisa nezveAIDS vana vakawanda vanova nherera apo vabereki vavo vanofa nechirwere chacho. Mukuwedzera pakufirwa nevabereki uye kushaya mari yokurarama nayo, vana ava vanofanira kutsungirira kusemwa kunoitwa vanhu vane AIDS. Vamwe vemhuri dzepedyo kana vomunzanga kakawanda vanenge vari varombo zvikuru zvokusakwanisa kubatsira kana kuti vanenge vasingadi havo. Nherera dzakawanda dzinorega chikoro. Vamwe vanotanga kuita zvechipfambi vobva vawedzera kuparadzira chirwere chacho. Nyika dzakawanda dzakavamba zvirongwa zvehurumende kana kuti zvevanhu vakazvimirira zvokubatsira nherera idzi.

Kusaziva. Vakawanda vane HIV havazvizivi kuti vanayo. Vakawanda havadi kuongororwa ropa nokutya kusemwa kunoitwa vanhu vane chirwere chacho. “Vanhu vane HIV kana vanofungidzirwa kuti vanayo vanogona kudzingwa kuzvipatara, kunyimwa pokugara kana mabasa, kunzvengwa neshamwari dzavo nevabiyavo, kunyimwa inishuwarenzi kana kurambidzwa kupinda mune dzimwe nyika,” wakadaro mushumo weJoint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). Vamwe vakatopondwa pazvakazivikanwa kuti vane HIV.

Tsika nemagariro. Mutsika dzomuAfrica dzakawanda, kazhinji vakadzi havagoni kubvunza varume vavo nezvokurara kwavo nevamwe vakadzi, havagoni kuramba kurara nevarume vavo, kana kutaura kuti vaite zvepabonde nenzira dzisina ngozi. Kakawanda tsika dzinodavirwa dzinoratidza kusaziva uye kuramba kuti kune AIDS. Somuenzaniso, chirwere chacho chinganzi kuroyiwa, uye vangatotsvaka kurapwa kun’anga.

Zvipatara zvishoma. Zvipatara zvishoma nechekare zvatowandirwa zvikuru nemhaka yeAIDS. Zvipatara zvikuru zviviri zvinoshuma kuti hafu yevanhu vanorwara vari mazviri vane HIV. Mukuru wechimwe chipatara chiri muKwaZulu-Natal akataura kuti mawadhi ake anoshanda ane vanhu vakazara zvokusvika zvikamu 140 muzana. Pane dzimwe nguva, varwere vaviri vanofanira kurara pamubhedha mumwe, uye wechitatu anenge akarara pasi pawo!—South African Medical Journal.

Kunyange zvazvo muAfrica mamiriro acho ezvinhu atoshata, zviratidzo zviri kuti achatowedzera kushata. “Tichiri pamavambo edenda racho,” akadaro Peter Piot weUNAIDS.

Zviri pachena kuti mune dzimwe nyika matanho ari kuitwa kuedza kuderedza chirwere chacho. Uye kokutanga, muna June 2001, United Nations General Assembly yakaita musangano unokosha wokukurukura nezveHIV/AIDS. Kuedza kwevanhu kuchabudirira here? Kupararira kukuru kweAIDS kuchamiswa rini?

[Bhokisi/Mufananidzo uri papeji 5]

MUSHONGA WEAIDS UNONZI NEVIRAPINE UYE CHINETSO CHESOUTH AFRICA

Nevirapine chii? Sokutaura kwomutori wenhau Nicole Itano, “mushonga unodzivisa kuberekana kwoutachiona wakaedzwa ukawanikwa kuti unoderedza nepakati mukana wokuti [amai] vape mwana wavo ari mudumbu AIDS.” Kambani yokuGermany yakati inogona kupa mushonga wacho kuSouth Africa pasina muripo kwemakore mashanu anotevera. Asi, pakasvika August 2001, hurumende yacho yakanga isati yaubvuma. Chii chiri kunetsa?

MuSouth Africa mune vanhu vane HIV vanosvika mamiriyoni 4,7, vakawanda kupfuura chero nyika ipi pasi pose. The Economist rokuLondon rakashuma muna February 2002 kuti Mutungamiri weSouth Africa Thabo Mbeki “haana chokwadi nemaonerwe agara achiitwa okuti HIV inokonzera AIDS” uye “ari kunyumwa nezvomutengo, kukotsekana uye kushanda kwemishonga yeAIDS. Haana kuzvirambidza, asi vanachiremba vomuSouth Africa havakurudzirwi kuishandisa.” Nei izvi zvichivhundutsa? Nokuti gore roga roga zviuru zvevana vanozvarwa vaine HIV muSouth Africa uye zvikamu 25 kubva muzana zvevadzimai vakazvitakura vane utachiona hwacho.

Nokuda kwokusiyana kwemaonero uku, nyaya yacho yakakwidzwa kumatare kuitira kumanikidza hurumende kuti iparadzire nevirapine. Dare reConstitutional Court reSouth Africa rakapa chisarudzo charo muna April 2002. Maererano naRavi Nessman, ainyora muThe Washington Post, dare rakatonga kuti “hurumende inofanira kuita kuti mushonga wacho uwanikwe muzvipatara zvinokwanisa kuupa.” Kunyange zvazvo hurumende yeSouth Africa yave ichipa mushonga uyu panzvimbo 18 dzokuuedza munyika yacho, mutongo mutsva uyu unonzi wakapa tariro kuvakadzi vose vane pamuviri ivo vaine HIV.

[Bhokisi/Mufananidzo uri papeji 6]

UTACHIONA HUNE MANOMANO HUNONYENGERA SERO

Chimboongorora uone kudukupa kwoutachiona hunoita kuti muviri utadze kudzivirira zvirwere (HIV). Mumwe musayendisiti akati: “Pashure pemakore akawanda kwazvo okuongorora utachiona nemaikorosikopu yegetsi, nanhasi ndichiri kushamiswa uye kunakidzwa nemagadzirirwo akakwana akaitwa chinhu chiduku uye chakaoma kunzwisisa, ndinoreva chiduku kwazvo.”

Utachiona huduku pane jemusi, irowo rinova duku kana raenzaniswa nesero romunhu. Maererano nerimwe bhuku, HIV iduku zvokuti “[tudonhwe tweHIV] mamiriyoni 230 tunokwana pakadonhwe kari panoperera mutsetse uno.” Utachiona hahugoni kuwanda kutoti hwapinda musero hwobva hwatanga ihwo kurayira zviri musero.

Apo HIV inopinda mumuviri womunhu, inofanira kurwisana nemasimba aripo anoshandiswa nezvinodzivirira muviri kuzvirwere.a Masoja anodzivirira anoumbwa nemasero eropa machena anogadzirwa mumwongo wemapfupa. Masero eropa machena ane marudzi awo makuru maviri, masero anonzi T neanonzi B. Mamwe masero eropa machena anonzi maphagocyte, kureva “masero anodya mamwe.”

Mapato akasiyana-siyana emasero anonzi T anoita mabasa akasiyana-siyana. Masero anonzi T okubatsira anoshanda mukuronga kuti muvengi angarwiswa sei. Masero anonzi T okubatsira anoshanda pakuwana zvinenge zvapinda mumuviri uye anopa mirayiridzo yokuti pagadzirwe masero anorwisa uye kuparadza muvengi. Painorwisa, HIV inonyanya kusimbirira masero iwaya anonzi T okubatsira. Masero anonzi T okuuraya anoitwa kuti aparadze masero omuviri anenge ava noutachiona. Masero anonzi B anogadzira makemikari anokokwa kuti azorwisa chirwere.

Maitiro Okunyengera

HIV inoiswa muchikwata choutachiona hunoberekana chete kana hwapinda murimwe sero (retrovirus). HIV inotanga yakaita chinonzi RNA (ribonucleic acid) kwete DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). HIV iri muchikwata chakazvimirira choutachiona hunoberekana kana hwapinda musero hunozivikanwa soutachiona hunogara kwenguva refu (lentiviruses) nokuti hunogona kugara nguva yakareba kwazvo zviratidzo zvikuru zvechirwere zvisati zvatanga kuoneka.

Apo HIV inopinda musero, inogona kushandisa zvinhu zviri musero kuti iite madiro. “Inorongazve” DNA yesero racho kuti pagadzirike dzimwe HIV dzakawanda. Asi kuti iite izvi, HIV inofanira kuti ive ne“mutauro” wakasiyana wokudaro. Inofanira kuchinja RNA yayo kuva DNA kuitira kuti igone kunzwisiswa nezvinoshanda zviri musero rayapinda. Kuti iite izvi, HIV inoshandisa kemikari routachiona rinochinja RNA youtachiona kuva DNA mumasero. Nokufamba kwenguva, sero rinofa, pashure pokunge ragadzira zviuru zvoutachiona hweHIV. Utachiona hunenge huchangobva kugadzirwa uhwu hunopinda mune mamwe masero.

Kana kuwanda kwemasero anonzi T okubatsira kwangoderera, zvimwe zvirwere zvinogona kukurira muviri zvisingatyi kurwiswa. Muviri unobva wave kungobatwa nemarudzi ose ezvirwere nematenda. Munhu anenge aine utachiona zvino anenge ave nomukondombera weAIDS. HIV inenge yabudirira kukanganisa kugona kwomuviri kudzivirira zvirwere.

Iyi itsanangudzo yakapfaviswa. Zvinofanira kuzivikanwa kuti pane zvakawanda zvisingazivikanwi nevanotsvakurudza ruzivo, nezvokudzivirira zvirwere kwomuviri uye kuti HIV inoshanda sei.

Kweanoda kuva makore 20, kautachiona kaduku aka kakapazanisa misoro uye kupedza zvinhu zvenyanzvi dzezvokurapa pasi pose, zvakaguma nokushandisa mari yakawanda kwazvo. Izvi zvakaguma nokudzidza zvakawanda nezveHIV. Dr. Sherwin B. Nuland, chiremba anovhiya, akataura mumakore apfuura kuti: “Kuwanda kwemashoko . . . akaunganidzwa nezveHIV uye nezvokufambira mberi kwokugadzira zvinodzivirira kukuvadza kwayo kunoshamisa zvikuru.”

Kunyange zvakadaro, kupararira kukuru kweAIDS kuri kupfuurira pamwero mukuru kwazvo.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Mufananidzo]

HIV inopinda mumasero machena anodzivirira muviri kuzvirwere yoaita kuti agadzire HIV

[Kwazvakatorwa]

CDC, Atlanta, Ga.

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 7]

Zviuru zvevechiduku zvinoteerera mitemo yeBhaibheri