Ganhuro 8
Sayenzi: Yakabvumikisa Bhaibheri Kuva Risina Kururama Here?
Muna 1613 nyanzvi yesayenzi yeItaly Galileo akabudisa bhuku rinozivikanwa se“Letters on Sunspots.” Mariri, iye akapa ufakazi hwokuti pasi rinotenderera zuva, panzvimbo pokuti zuva ritenderere pasi. Kupfurikidza nokuita kudaro, iye akatanga nhevedzano yezvinoitika izvo pakupedzisira zvakamuendesa pamberi peBvunzurudzo yeRoma Katurike mu“nyumwiro yakakomba yokupokanidza chiKristu.” Pakupedzisira, iye akagombedzerwa ku“ramba zvaanodavira.” Neiko mufungo wokuti pasi rinotenderera zuva wakarangarirwa sounopokanidza chiKristu? Nemhaka yokuti vapomeri vaGalileo vakataura kuti kwakanga kuchipesana neizvo Bhaibheri rinotaura.
1. (Batanidza sumo.) (a) Chii chakaitika apo Galileo akakarakadza kuti pasi raitenderera zuva? (b) Kunyange zvazvo Bhaibheri risati riri bhuku resayenzi, chii chatinowana apo tinorienzanisa nesayenzi yazvino uno?
KUNODAVIRWA zvakafara nhasi kuti Bhaibheri harisati riri resayenzi, uye vamwe vanonongedzera kuzvinoitika zvaGalileo kuti vabvumikise. Asika ndozvazvakaita here? Pakupindura mubvunzo iwoyo, tinotofanira kuyeuka kuti Bhaibheri ibhuku rouporofita, renhau, munyengetero, mutemo, zano, uye zivo pamusoro paMwari. Harisati richitaura kuti ibhuku resayenzi. Kunyanguvezvo, apo Bhaibheri rinobata chaizvo pamusoro penhau dzesayenzi, zvarinotaura zvakarurama chose chose.
Nyika Yedu Yapasi
2. Ko Bhaibheri rinorondedzera sei nzvimbo yapasi muchadenga?
2 Somuenzaniso, rangarira izvo Bhaibheri rinotaura pamusoro penyika yedu, pasi. Mubhuku raJobho, tinorava, kuti: “[Mwari] ari kutatamurira chamhembe panzvimbo isine chinhu, achiturika pasi pasine chinhu.” (Jobho 26:7) Enzanisa ikoku nokutaura kwaIsaya, apo iye anoti: “Kune Uyo agere pamusoro pedenderedzwa rapasi.” (Isaya 40:22) Mufananidzo unoratidzirwa wepasi rakatenderera ‘rakaturikwa pasine chinhu’ mu“nzvimbo isine chinhu” unotiyeuchidza zvikuru nezvemifananidzo yakatorwa nenyanzvi dzokubhururuka muchadenga yedenderedzwa rapasi rinotapatira muchadenga chisine chinhu.
3, 4. Ndoupi uri mugariro wokutenderera kwemvura yapasi, uye Bhaibheri rinotii pamusoro paikoku?
3 Rangarirawo, kutenderera kunoshamisa kwemvura yapasi. Heano marondedzerere anoita Compton’s Encyclopedia chinoitika: “Mvura . . . inoenda mudenga ichibva pamusoro mumakungwa ichipinda mumhepo yakapoteredza pasi . . . Mhepo dzinovhuvhuta dzinofamba nomutoo wakatsiga munzvimbo yakapoteredza pasi dzinounza mhepo ine mwando munyika. Apo mhepo inotonhora, mwando unoumbana kuita madonhwe maduku emvura. Iwawo anowanzoonwa zvikurusa samakore. Kazhinji kazhinji madonhwe anoumbana pamwe chete kuita madonhwe emvura. Kana mhepo yakapoteredza pasi ikatonhora zvikuru, chando chinoumbika panzvimbo pamadonhwe emvura. Muchinoitika chipi kana chipi, mvura yabva munyanza ichienda kure makiromita ane mazana kana kuti kunyange ane zviuru inonayira pamusoro papasi. Ipapo inoungana ichipinda munzizi kana kuti inonyura muvhu ndokutanga rwendo rwayo rwokuenda kugungwa.”1
4 Uyu muitiro unokatyamadza, unoita kuti upenyu huri panyika yakaoma hubvire, wakasanorondedzerwa anenge makore ane 3 000 akapfuura mumashoko akapfava, akananga ari muBhaibheri, anoti: “Nzizi dzose dzinodira mugungwa, asi gungwa haritongofashukiri; dzinodzokerazve kundodira kunzvimbo uko nzizi dzinodira.”—Muparidzi 1:7, The New English Bible.
5. Ko tsinhiro yowezvamapisarema pamusoro penhau yamakomo apasi inowirirana sei nomusi nomutoo wakatanhamara?
5 Zvimwe chinotokatyamadza zvikuru ndiyo zivo yeBhaibheri inopinda munhau yamakomo. Hezvino izvo bhuku pamusoro pomugariro wapasi rinoreva: “Kubvira pamberi penguva dzeCambria kuburukira kunguva ino, muitiro usingagumi wokuvaka nokuparadza makomo wakapfuurira. . . . Makomo haasati akangobva bedzi pasi pamakungwa akaparara, asi iwo anguve akanyudzwa kwenguva refu pashure pokuitwa kwawo, dzokonokei osimudzwazve.”2 Enzanisa ikoku nomutauro wenhetembwa wowezvamapisarema: “Imi makafukidza [pasi] nemvura dzakadzika senguvo. Mvura zhinji dzakanga dzimire pamusoro pamakomo amene. Makomo akapfuurira kukwira, mipata yakapfuurira kuderera—kusvikira kunzvimbo yamakateya nokuda kwayo.”—Pisarema 104:6, 8.
“Mukuvamba”
6. Kutaurai kweBhaibheri kunotsinhirana nerondedzero dzazvino dzesayenzi pamusoro pemavambo echisiko chapose pose?
6 Ndima imene yokutanga yeBhaibheri inoti: “Mukuvamba Mwari akasika matenga napasi.” (Genesi 1:1) Cherekedzo dzakaparira masayendisiti kurondedzera kuti chisiko chinooneka zvamazvirokwazvo chakava namavambo. Chave chisati chiripo kwenguva yose. Nyanzvi yenyeredzi Robert Jastrow, mupanikiri asingadaviri kuvapo kwaMwari munhau dzorudzidziso, akanyora, kuti: “Udzame hunosiana, asi zvinhu zvinokosha munhauro dzoruzivo rwenyeredzi nedzeBhaibheri dzaGenesi zvakafanana: ndaza yezvinoitika zvinotungamirira kumunhu zvakavamba nokukurumidza uye pakare pakarepo panhambo chaiyoiyo munguva, mukupenya kwechiedza nesimba.”3
7, 8. Kunyange zvazvo vasingabvumi basa raMwari munhau yacho, ko masayendisiti mazhinji anogombedzerwa kubvumei pamusoro pemavambo echisiko chapose pose?
7 Chokwadi, masayendisiti mazhinji, kunyange achidavira kuti chisiko chakava namavambo, haabvumi kutaura kwokuti “Mwari akasika.” Kunyanguvezvo, vamwe zvino vanobvuma kuti kwakaoma kufuratira ufakazi hworudzi rwakati rwoungwaru runotsigira chinhu chiri chose. Purofesa weSayenzi yeMitemo Yechisiko Freeman Dyson anotsinhira, kuti: “Apo ndinonzvera zvikurusa chisiko ndokufunda udzame hwerongedzero yacho, ini ndinowana ufakazi hwakawanda hwokuti chisiko mupfungwa yakati chinofanira kuve chakaziva kuti takanga tichiuya.”
8 Dyson anopfuurira kubvuma, kuti: “Zvandiri musayendisiti, akarovedzwa mumiitiro yokufunga nomutauro womuzana rechimakumi maviri ramakore panzvimbo peregumi nesere, handisati ndichitaura kuti rongedzero yechisiko inobvumikisa kuvapo kwaMwari. Ndinongotaura bedzi kuti rongedzero yechisiko inobvumirana nefungidziro yokuti ndangariro inoita basa rinokosha mukushanda kwacho.”4 Zvamazvirokwazvo tsinhiro dzake dzinoratidzira chimiro chendangariro chokupanikira chomunguva yedu. Asingakoshesi panikiro iyeyo, mumwe anocherekedza kuti pane tsinhirano inokatyamadza pakati pesayenzi yazvino uno nokutaura kweBhaibheri kwokuti “mukuvamba Mwari akasika matenga napasi.”—Genesi 1:1.
Utano Noutsanana
9. Ko mutemo weBhaibheri pahosha dzeganda dzinotapukira unoratidzira sei uchenjeri hunoshanda? (Jobho 12:9, 16a)
9 Rangarira kufukidza kweBhaibheri rumwe rutivi: utano noutsanana. Kana muIsraeri akanga ane chirwere chorukanda chaifungidzirwa kuva maperembudzi, iye aiiswa munzvimbo iri yoga. “Mazuva ose ayo hosha iri maari iye achava asina kuchena. Iye haana kuchena. Iye anofanira kugara ari oga. Nzvimbo yake yokugara iri kunze kwomusasa.” (Revhitiko 13:46) Kunyange nguvo dzakatapurwa nehosha dzaipiswa. (Revhitiko 13:52) Mumazuva iwayo, iyi yakanga iri nzira inobudirira yokudzivirira kupararira kwehosha inotapura.
10. Ko vazhinji mune dzimwe nyika vaizobetserakana munzirai nokutevera zano reBhaibheri pamusoro poutsanana?
10 Mumwe mutemo unokosha wakanga une chokuita nokuraswa kwetsvina yavanhu, iyo yaifanira kufushirwa kunze kwomusasa. (Dheuteronomio 23:12, 13) Pasina panikiro uyu mutemo wakadzivirira Israeri pazvirwere zvizhinji. Kunyange nhasi, zvinetso zvakakomba zvoutano zvinoparirwa mune dzimwe nyika kupfurikidza nokurashwa kusina kufanira kwamatsvina avanhu. Kudai vanhu vomunyika idzedzo vaizotevera bedzi mutemo wakanyorwa zviuru zvamakore akapfuura muBhaibheri, vaizova vane utano huri nani zvikuru.
11. Izanoi reBhaibheri pamusoro poutano hwendangariro rakawanwa kuva rinoshanda?
11 Mupimo wakakwirira weBhaibheri woutsanana waitobatanidza utano hwendangariro. Chirevo cheBhaibheri chakati: “Mwoyo wakaterama ndihwo upenyu hwomuviri, asi godo rinoodza mapfupa.” (Zvirevo 14:30) Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, nzvero yokurapa yakaratidzira kuti utano hwedu hwomuviri zvamazvirokwazvo hunotapurwa nechimiro chedu chendangariro. Somuenzaniso, Chiremba C. B. Thomas wapaJohns Hopkins University akanzvera vakundi vanopfuura vane chiuru kwenhambo yamakore 16, achienzanisira mavara avo endangariro nokutapurika kwavo nehosha. Chimwe chinhu chaakacherekedza, ndeichi: Vakundi vanotapurika zvikuru nehosha vakanga vari vaya vaishatirwa zvikuru navanofunganya zvikuru mukutambura.5
Bhaibheri Rinoti Kudini?
12. Neiko Chechi yeKaturike yakaomerera kuti dzidziso yaGalileo pamusoro papasi yakanga iri dzidziso isati iri iyo?
12 Kana Bhaibheri rakarurama zvikuru mune zvesayenzi, neiko Chechi yeKaturike yakati dzidziso yaGalileo yokuti pasi raitenderera zuva yakanga isati iri yapamagwaro? Nemhaka yenzira iyo zviremera zvaidudzira nayo dzimwe ndima dzeBhaibheri.6 Zvakanga zvakarurama here? Ngatiravei zvikamu zvamashoko zviviri zvazvakanokora mashoko tione.
13, 14. Ko Chechi yeKaturike yakashandisa zvisina kufanira ndimai dzeBhaibheri? Tsanangura.
13 Chimwe chikamu chamashoko chinoti: “Zuva rinobuda, zuva rinovira; ipapo rinokurumidzira kuenda kunzvimbo yaro uye ikoko rinobudazve.” (Muparidzi 1:5, The Jerusalem Bible) Mukuwirirana nokupokanidza kweChechi, kutaura kwakadai sokuti “zuva rinobuda” uye “zuva rinovira” kunoreva kuti zuva, kwete pasi, riri kufamba. Asi kunyange nhasi tinotaura kuti zuva rinobuda ndokunyura, uye vazhinjisa vedu tinoziva hedu kuti ndiro pasi rinofamba, kwete zuva. Patinoshandisa kutaura kwakadai saikoku, tiri kungorondedzera hedu chiito chinooneka chezuva sezvachinooneka kumucherekedzi wohunhu. Munyori weBhaibheri akanga achiita zvakafanana chaizvoizvo.
14 Chimwe chikamu chamashoko chinoti: “Imi makateya pasi pamusoro penheyo dzaro, harizununguki nokusingaperi-peri.” (Pisarema 104:5, The Jerusalem Bible) Ikoku kwakadudzirwa kureva kuti pashure pokusikwa kwaro pasi haringatongozununguki. Kutaura idi, kunyange zvazvo zvakadaro, ndima inosimbisa kuva rechigarire kwapasi, kwete kusazununguka kwaro. Pasi harisati richizotongo‘zununguswa’ kuti ribve mukuvapo, kana kuti kuparadzwa, sokusimbisa kunoita dzimwe ndima dzeBhaibheri. (Pisarema 37:29; Muparidzi 1:4) Urwu rugwarowo, haruna chinhu chokuita nokufamba kune mwero kwapasi nezuva. Munguva yaGalileo, yakanga iri Chechi, kwete Bhaibheri, yakadzivisa kurukurirano yapachena yesayenzi.
Mhindumupindu Nokusika
15. Ndeipi iri dzidziso yemhindumupindu, uye inopokanidza sei Bhaibheri?
15 Zvisinei, pane imwe nzvimbo apo vazhinji vangataura kuti sayenzi yazvino uno neBhaibheri zvinopokanidzana nomutoo usina maturo. Masayendisiti mazhinjisa anodavira dzidziso yemhindumupindu, iyo inodzidzisa kuti zvinhu zvose zvipenyu zvakashanduka-shanduka zvichibva muchimiro chakareruka choupenyu icho chakavapo mamirioni amakore akapfuura. Bhaibheri, pane rumwe rutivi, rinodzidzisa kuti boka guru rimwe nerimwe rezvinhu zvipenyu rakasikwa chaizvoizvo uye rinobereka bedzi “mukuwirirana norudzi rwaro.” Iro rinoti, munhu akasikwa “achibva muguruva revhu.” (Genesi 1:21; 2:7) Ko ichi chikanganiso chakajeka chesayenzi chiri muBhaibheri here? Tisati tasarudza, ngatisanonzverei icho sayenzi inoziva, sechinopesana neicho inorondedzera.
16-18. (a) Ndokupi kwakanga kuri kumwe kucherekedza uko Charles Darwin akaita kwakamuparira kudavira mhindumupindu? (b) Tinogona sei kutaura kuti icho Darwin akacherechedza muGalápagos Islands hachisati chichipokanidza icho Bhaibheri rinoreva?
16 Dzidziso yemhindumupindu yakakurumbiriswa mukati mezana ramakore rakapfuura naCharles Darwin. Apo iye akanga ari paGalápagos Islands muPacific, Darwin akaororwa zvikuru namarudzi akasiana-siana eshiri dziri pazvitsuwa zvakasiana-siana, ayo, iye akarangarira kuti, anofanira kuve akabva murudzi rumwe chete bedzi rwekare. Murutivi nemhaka yeiyi cherekedzo, iye akasimudzira dzidziso yokuti zvinhu zvose zvipenyu zvakabva muchimiro chimwe chapakuvamba, chakareruka. Simba rinosunda rinotsigira mhindumupindu yezvisikwa zvakakwirira zvikuru pane zvakaderera, iye akabvuma kuti, rakanga riri kusarudza kwomuzvarirwo, kupukunyuka kwezvakasimba zvikurusa. Somuuyo wemhindumupindu, iye akataura kudaro, mhuka dzapanyika dzakashanduka-shanduka kubva muhove, shiri dzakabva mune zvinokambaira, zvichingunodaro.
17 Chokwadika, izvo Darwin akacherekedza muzvitsuwa izvozvo zviri zvoga zvakanga zvisati zviri zvisingatsinhirani neBhaibheri, iro rinobvumira nokuda kwomusiano mukati morudzi rukuru runorarama. Somuenzaniso, marudzi ose orudzi rwomunhu, akabva muvaviri vohunhu vamwe bedzi vokutanga. (Genesi 2:7, 22-24) Naizvozvo hakusati kuri kwechienzi kuti marudzi iwayo akasiana-siana eshiri aizobva mumarudzi avose ekare. Asi idzo dzakaramba dziri shiri. Hadzina kushanduka-shanduka kuva makodzi kana kuti makondo.
18 Marudzi akasiana-siana eshiri kana kuti chinhu chipi nechipiwo zvacho icho Darwin akaona hachina kubvumikisa kuti zvinhu zvose zvinorarama, kana angava mashark kana kuti shiri dzomugungwa, nzou kana kuti makonye, zvine mukare mumwe. Kunyanguvezvo, masayendisiti mazhinji anobvuma kuti mhindumupindu haisati ichiri rondedzero bedzi asi kuti iyo iidi. Vamwe, nepo vachiziva zvinetso zvedzidzisoyo, vanotaura kuti vanoidavirawo zvavo. Kwakakurumbira kuita kudaro. Zvisinei, isu tinodikanirwa kuziva kana mhindumupindu yakabvumikiswa kutambanuko yakadaro zvokuti Bhaibheri rinofanira kuva risina kururama.
Inobvumikiswa Here?
19. Ko chinyorwa chezvisaririra chinotsigira mhindumupindu here kana kuti chisiko?
19 Ko rondedzero yemhindumupindu ingaedzwa sei? Nzira iri pachena zvikurusa ndeyokunzvera chinyorwa chezvisaririra kuona kana chinjo yapashoma napashoma inobva murudzi rumwe ichienda kune rumwe yakaitika zvomenemene. Yakaitika here? Nyangwe, sokubvuma kunoita chiverengero chakati kuti chamasayendisiti nomutoo wokutendeseka. Mumwe, Francis Hitching, anonyora, kuti: “Paunotsvaka batano dziri pakati pamapoka makuru emhuka, dzinongova bedzi dzisipo.”7 Kunooneka zvikuru ndiko uku kushaikwa kwoufakazi muchinyorwa chezvisaririra hwokuti vezvemhindumupindu vakabuda nemimwe mirangariro yedzidziso yaDarwin yechinjo yapashoma napashoma. Kunyange zvazvo zvakadaro, zvokwadi ndeyokuti kuoneka kamwe kamwe kwamarudzi emhuka muchinyorwa chezvisaririra kunotsigira kusika chaiko zvikuru kupfuura zvakunoita mhindumupindu.
20. Neiko kuwanziridzika kwamasero mapenyu kusati kuchibvumira nokuda kwokuitika kwemhindumupindu?
20 Uyezve, Hitching anoratidza kuti zvisikwa zvipenyu zvakagadzirirwa kuzvibereka izvo zvimene chaizvoizvo panzvimbo pokushanduka-shanduka mukuva chimwe chinhuwo zvacho. Iye anoti: “Masero mapenyu anozviitirawo amene mamwe akafanana nawo chose chose. Mwero wechikanganiso muduku zvikuru zvokuti hakuna muchina wakaitwa nomunhu unogona kuusvika. Kunewo ganhuriro dzakaumbirwamo. Zvirimwa zvinosvika mwero wakati ndokuramba kukurazve. Nhunzi dzinoramba kuva chimwe chinhu kunze kwokuva nhunzi mumigariro ipi neipi ichigere kuitwa.”8 Chinjo dzakaparirwa namasayendisiti kunhunzi kwamakumi amakore mazhinji dzakakundikana kugombedzera idzodzi kushanduka kuva chimwe chinhuwo zvacho.
Mavambo Oupenyu
21. Kutaurai kwakabvumikiswa naLouis Pasteur kwakaparira chinetso chakakomba nokuda kwavezvemhindumupindu?
21 Mumwe mubvunzo wakaoma uyo vezvemhindumupindu vakakundikana kupindura ndouyu: Ndaapi akanga iri mavambo oupenyu? Ko chimirowo zvacho chokutanga choupenyu—icho isu tose tinofungidzirwa kuva takabva kwachiri—chakavapo sei? Mazana amakore akapfuura, ikoku hakusati kwaizoratidzika kuva chinetso. Vanhu vazhinjisa panguva iyeyo vaifunga kuti nhunzi dzaigona kushanduka kubva munyama inoora uye kuti murwi wamamvemve ekare waigona pakarepo kuparira makonzo. Asi, anopfuura makore ane zana akapfuura, nyanzvi yemishonga yeFrance Louis Pasteur nomutoo wakajeka akaratidzira kuti upenyu hunogona bedzi kubva muupenyu hwanguve huripo.
22, 23. Mukuwirirana navezvemhindumupindu, ko upenyu hwakatanga sei, asika maidi anoratidzirei?
22 Naizvozvo vezvemhindumupindu vanotsanangura sei manyuko oupenyu? Mukuwirirana nedzidziso yakakurumbira zvikurusa, mubatanidzwa wakangoerekana wavapo wamakemikari nesimba zvakaparira kutangwa kwapakarepo kwoupenyu mamirioni amakore akapfuura. Zvakadiniko nenheyo iyo Pasteur akabvumikisa? The World Book Encyclopedia rinotsanangura, kuti: “Pasteur akaratidza kuti upenyu hahungagoni kuvapo pakarepo mumigariro yamakemikari nezvinhu chaizvoizvo zviripo pasi pano nhasi. Zvisinei, mabhirioni amakore akapfuura, migariro yamakemikari nezvinhu chaizvoizvo zviripo pasi pano yakanga yakasiana zvikuru”!9
23 Kunyange zvazvo zvakadaro, kunyange mumigariro yakasiana zvikuru, pane mukaha mukuru pakati pezvinhu zvisati zviri zvipenyu nechinhu chipenyu chakapfava zvikurusa. Michael Denton, mubhuku rake rinonzi Evolution: A Theory in Crisis, anoti: “Pakati pesero benyu negadziriro yakasanorongwa zvikurusa isina upenyu, yakadai sechinhu chinoonekera kana kuti zaya rechando, pane mukaha mukurusa usina mugumo zvokusagona kufungwa.”10 Pfungwa yokuti zvinhu zvisina upenyu zvingagona kuva zvipenyu kupfurikidza nekarukana zvavapo iri kure zvikurusa zvokuva isingabviri. Tsananguro yeBhaibheri, yokuti ‘upenyu hwakabva muupenyu’ mukuti upenyu hwakasikwa naMwari, nomutoo unopwisa inotsinhirana namaidi.
Neiko Kuramba Kusika
24. Pasinei hapo nezvinetso zvedzidziso, neiko masayendisiti mazhinjisa achakaomerera kudzidziso yemhindumupindu?
24 Pasinei hapo nezvinetso zviri mudzidziso yemhindumupindu, kudavira mukusika kunorangarirwa sokusati kuri kwesayenzi, kunyange kwechienzi. Neiko kwakadaro? Neiko kunyange chiremera chakadai saFrancis Hitching, uyo nomutoo wokutendeseka anoratidzira utera hwemhindumupindu, achiramba pfungwa yokusika?11 Michael Denton anotsanangura kuti mhindumupindu, nekundikano dzayo dzose, ichapfuurira kudzidziswa nokuti dzidziso dzine chokuita nokusika “dzinomutsa zvisakiso zvakajeka zvinopfuura simba rohunhu.”12 Namamwe mashoko, idi rokuti kusika kunobatanidza Musiki rinokuita kuve kusingagamuchiriki. Zvamazvirokwazvo, urwu rudzi rumwe cheterwo rwokurangarira rweziviso rwatakasangana narwo muchinoitika chamanenji: Manenji haaitiki nokuti iwo anoshamisa!
25. Uterai hwemhindumupindu, pakureva nezvesayenzi, hunoratidza kuti haisati iri chinhu chinoshanda chokutendeukira kwachiri panzvimbo pokusika mukutsanangura mavambo oupenyu?
25 Kunze kwezvo, dzidziso yemhindumupindu iyo imene inopanikirwa zvikuru mumurangariro wesayenzi. Michael Denton anopfuurira kuti: “Zvairi zvikurukuru dzidziso yokuumbwazve kwenhau, [dzidziso yaDarwin yemhindumupindu] haibviri kusimbiswa kupfurikidza nokuedza kana kuti necherekedzo yakananga sezvinowanzova zvenguva dzose musayenzi. . . . Uyezve, dzidziso yemhindumupindu inobata nenhevedzano yezvinoitika zvechienzi, mavambo oupenyu, mavambo oungwaru uye zvichingunodaro. Zvinoitika zvechienzi hazvidzokororwi uye hazvigoni kuiswa murudzi rupi norupi rwokufeyafeya kwokuedza.”13 Zvokwadi ndeyokuti dzidziso yemhindumupindu, pasinei zvapo nomukurumbira wayo, yakazara nemikaha nezvinetso. Haipi chikonzero chakanaka chokuramba nhauro yeBhaibheri yamavambo oupenyu. Ganhuro rokutanga raGenesi rinogovera nhauro ine mufungo zvakakwana yokuti izvi “zvinoitika zvisingadzokororwi” “zvechienzi” zvakavapo sei mukati me‘mazuva’ okusika ayo akatambanuka nomuzviuru zvamakore zvenguva.a
Zvakadiniko Nezvemafashamo?
26, 27. (a) Bhaibheri rinotii pamusoro paMafashamo? (b) Murutivi, mvura dzamafashamo dzinofanira kuva dzakabva kupi?
26 Vazhinji vanonongedzera kune imwe pokanidzo inofungidzirwa iri pakati peBhaibheri nesayenzi yazvino uno. Mubhuku raGenesi, tinorava kuti zviuru zvamakore zvakapfuura uipi hwavanhu hwakanga hwakura zvikuru zvokuti Mwari akatsunga kuvaparadza. Zvisinei, iye akarairidza murume akarurama Noa kuvaka mudziyo mukurusa wamatanda, areka. Ipapo Mwari akaunza mafashamo parudzi rwomunhu. Noa bedzi nemhuri yake vakapukunyuka, pamwe chete nemhuka dzinomirira marudzi ose emhuka. Mafashamo akanga akakura zvikuru zvokuti “makomo ose marefu akanga ari pasi pamatenga ose akafukidzwa.”—Genesi 7:19.
27 Ko mvura yose yakafukidza pasi rose yakabva kupi? Bhaibheri rimene rinopindura. Pakuvamba mukuitwa kwokusika, apo dengezeze remhepo rakavamba kuumbika, pakava ne“mvura . . . pasi pedengezeze” uye “mvura . . . pamusoro pedengezeze.” (Genesi 1:7; 2 Petro 3:5) Apo Mafashamo akasvika, Bhaibheri rinoti: “Masuo amafashamo okudenga akazarurwa.” (Genesi 7:11) Sezviri pachena, “mvura . . . dziri pamusoro pedengezeze” dzakaturuka ndokugovera mvura zhinjisa nokuda kwamafashamo.
28. Ko vabatiri vekare vaMwari, kubatanidza naJesu, vakarangarira sei Mafashamo?
28 Mabhuku azvino uno anokombamira kukupanikira mafashamo enyika yose. Naizvozvo tinofanira kubvunza, kuti: Mafashamo anongova zvawo ngano here, kana kuti akaitika chaizvoizvo here? Tisati tapindura izvozvo, tinofanira kucherekedza kuti vanamati vapashure vaJehovha vakagamuchira Mafashamo senhau chaiyoiyo; ivo havana kuarangarira sengano. Isaya, Jesu, Pauro, uye Petro vakanga vari pakati paavo vakataura nezvawo sechimwe chinhu chakaitika chaizvoizvo. (Isaya 54:9; Mateo 24:37-39; VaHebheru 11:7; 1 Petro 3:20, 21; 2 Petro 2:5; 3:5-7) Asika pane mibvunzo inofanira kupindurwa pamusoro paaya Mafashamo enyika yose.
Mvura dzaMafashamo
29, 30. Maidii pamusoro pomugove wemvura dzapasi anoratidzira kuti Mafashamo anobvira?
29 Kutanga, ko pfungwa yokufashamirwa kwapasi rose haisati yakanyanyooma zvokusagona kutsanangurwa here? Nyangwe napaduku pose zvapo. Zvamazvirokwazvo, kutambanuko yakati kuti pasi richakafashamirwa. Makumi manomwe muzana aro akafukidzwa nemvura uye 30 muzana bedzi inyika yakaoma. Uyezve, 75 muzana yemvura yakanaka yakavharirwa munzizi dzechando chinoyerera pashoma napashoma nomunzvimbo dzinogara dzakafukidzwa nechando dzokumaodzanyemba nokuchamhembe. Kudai ichi chando chose chaizonyunguduka, mwero wemvura dzegungwa waizokwira zvikuru kwazvo. Maguta akadai seNew York neTokyo aizonyangarika.
30 Uyezve, The New Encyclopædia Britannica inoti: “Avhareji youdzame hwamakungwa ose yakarangarirwa kuva mamita 3 790 (mafiti 12 430), nhamba yakati kurei zvikuru kupinda iyo yeavhareji yokukwirira kwenyika pamusoro pomwero wemvura dzegungwa, uyo uri mamita 840 (mafiti 2 760). Kudai avhareji youdzame yaizowanziridzwa nenharaunda yayo yapamusoro yakatsaukana, ukuru hweNyanza yeNyika hwaizowanziridza ukuru hwenyika iri pamusoro pomwero wemvura dzegungwa nekane 11.”14 Naizvozvo, kudai chinhu chiri chose chakaitwa kuti chive chakati chechetere—kudai makomo akaitwa kuti ave akati chechetere uye madziva akadzama egungwa akafushirwa—gungwa raizofukidza pasi rose kusvikira kuudzame hwezviuru zvamamita.
31. (a) Kuti Mafashamo agova akaitika, chii chinofanira kuve chave chiri mugariro wapasi rapamberi paMafashamo? (b) Chii chinoratidzira kuti kunobvira kuti makomo akanga ari mapfupi uye kuti madziva amakungwa akanga asina kudzama pamberi paMafashamo?
31 Kuti Mafashamo ave akaitika, madziva amakungwa apamberi paMafashamo aitofanira kuve ave asina kudzama zvikuru, uye makomo ari mapfupi kupfuura zvaari zvino. Ikoku kunobvira here? Eya, rimwe bhuku rinoti: “Uko makomo enyika zvino akakwirira kusvika kukukwirira kunonzwisa dzungu, nyanza namapani, mamirioni amakore akapfuura, aichimbova akatambanukira mukuti chechetere. . . . Kutenheka kwenyika huru kunoparira nyika zvose zviri zviviri kukwira kusvikira kukukwirira uko mhuka nezvirimwa zvakasimba zvikurusa bedzi zvaigona kurarama uye, kune rumwe rutivi, kunyura ndokuva ichivanzika pakadzika munyasi pasi papamusoro pegungwa.”15 Sezvo makomo namadziva amakungwa akanga achikwira nokudzika, kuri pamhene kuti pane imwe nguva makomo akanga asati akakwirira sezvaari zvino uye madziva makuru amakungwa asina kudzama sezvaari.
32. Chii chinofanira kuve chakaitika kumvura dzaMafashamo? Tsanangura.
32 Chii chakaitika kumvura dzamafashamo pashure paMafashamo? Dzinofanira kuva dzakayererera mumadziva amakungwa. Seiko? Masayendisiti anodavira kuti nyika dziri pamusoro pahwaro hukuru. Kutenheka kwouhwu hwaro kunogona kuparira chinjo mukuti chechetere kwapamusoro papasi. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo nhasi, mune makomba makuru ari pasi pemvura akadzama naanopfuura makiromita ane gumi pamicheto yehwaro.16 Kunobvira zvikuru kwazvo kuti—zvimwe hwakazungunutswa naMafashamo iwo amene—hwaro hwakatsuguduka, pasi pegungwa pakandondoma, uye migero mikuru yakazaruka, ichibvumira mvura kuyerera dzichibva panyika.b
Chii Chiri Ufakazi hwaMafashamo?
33, 34. (a) Ko masayendisiti anotova noufakazii hungava ufakazi nokuda kwaMafashamo? (b) Kune mufungo here kutaura kuti masayendisiti angave achidudzira zvisina kufanira ufakazihwo?
33 Kana tikabvuma kuti mafashamo makuru aigona kuva akaitika, neiko masayendisiti asina kuwana ufakazi hwawo? Zvimwe akahuwana, asi anodudzira ufakazi hwacho neimwe nzira. Somuenzaniso, sayenzi inogamuchirwa inodzidzisa kuti pamusoro papasi pakaumbwa munzvimbo dzakawanda nemvura nechando zvine simba zvikuru mukati menhevedzano yenguva dzechando. Asi ufakazi hunooneka hwomubato wemvura dzechando padzimwe nguva hunogona kuva muuyo wechiito chemvura. Sezvinobvira zvikuru, ipapoka, humwe hwoufakazi hwaMafashamo huri kududzirwa zvisina kufanira soufakazi hwenguva dzechando.
34 Mhosho dzimwe chetedzo dzakaitwa. Pamusoro penguva apo masayendisiti akanga achiumba dzidziso yavo yenguva dzechando, tinorava, kuti: “Ivo vakanga vachiwana nguva dzechando panhauro iri yose yenhau yomuumbirwe wapasi, mukuwirirana nouzivi hwokuti zvinoitika zvomusikirwo zvakafanana zvinoparira miuyo yakafanana. Zvisinei, kusanonzverwazve kwoufakazi mumakore azvino, kwakaramba idzi nguva zhinji dzechando; zvimiro zvaichimbozivikanwa semirwi yamabwe echando zvakadudzirwazve kuva mivanzarikwa yakavanzarikwa nokuyerera kwamatope, kuondomoka kwevhu kunoitika pasi pemvura dzegungwa nemvura dzamatope: mafashamo emvura dzakabvunduka dzine matope, jecha norukangarabwe pagova rakadzama regungwa.”18
35, 36. Ufakazii huri muchinyorwa chezvisaririra nomuruzivo rwomuumbirwe wapasi hungawiriraniswa naMafashamo? Tsanangura.
35 Humwe ufakazi nokuda kwaMafashamo hunoratidzika kuva huripo muchinyorwa chezvisaririra. Pane imwe nguva, mukuwirirana neichi chinyorwa, ingwe huru dzine meno marefu akapinza dzainyangira mhuka dzokudya dzadzo muEurope, mabhiza makuru zvikuru kupinda api naapi anorarama zvino aifamba-famba muNorth America, uye mhuka hurusa dzaifura muSiberia. Ipapo, kupote nyika yose, marudzi emhuka hurusa akava asisipo. Panguva imwe cheteyo, pakava nechinjo yokukurumidza yomugariro wokunze. Makumi ezviuru zvemhuka huru zvakaurawa uye zvakakurumidza kuomeswa nechando muSiberia.c Alfred Wallace, wezera rimwe chetero anozivikanwa waCharles Darwin anosanozivikanwa, akarangarira kuti kuparadzwa kwakapararira kwakadaro kunofanira kuve kwakaparirwa nechinoitika chechienzi chenyika yose.19 Vazhinji vakataura kuti ichi chinoitika chakanga chiri Mafashamo.
36 Nhau yomupepeti iri mumagazini inonzi Biblical Archaeologist yakati: “Kunokosha kuyeuka kuti nhau yamafashamo makuru ndiimwe yamagamuchidzanwa akapararira zvikurusa mutsika yavanhu . . . Kunyanguvezvo magamuchidzanwa ekaresa anowanwa mumanyuko eNear Eastern, kungaitika chaizvo kuti kwakanga kune mafashamo chaiwo emwero mikurusa anovambira mune imwe yenhambo yemvura zhinjisa akaparira . . . zviuru zvizhinji zvamakore akapfuura.”20 Nhambo dzemvura zhinjisa dzaiva apo pamusoro papasi pakanga pakanyata zvikurusa kupfuura zvino. Makungwa ane mvura yakanaka kupote nyika yose akanga akakura zvikuru. Kunodzidziswa kuti mwando wakanga uchiparirwa nemvura zhinjisa dzakabatana nokupera kwenguva dzechando. Asi vamwe vakakarakadza kuti pane imwe nhambo mwando wakanyanyisa wapamusoro papasi wakanga uri muuyo waMafashamo.
Rudzi Rwomunhu Haruna Kukanganwa
37, 38. Ko mumwe musayendisiti anoratidzira sei kuti, mukuwirirana noufakazi, Mafashamo angave akaitika, uye tinoziva sei kuti akaitika?
37 Purofesa woruzivo rwomuumbirwe wapasi John McCampbell akambonyora, kuti: “Misiano inokosha iri pakati pedzidziso yeBhaibheri pamusoro pengwavaira [Mafashamo] nedzidziso yemhindumupindu yokuti zvinoitika zvomusikirwo zvakafanana zvinoparira miuyo yakafanana haisati ine chokuita namashoko chaiwo oudzame omuumbirwe wapasi asi ine chokuita nedudziro dzamashoko oudzame iwawo. Dudziro ichasarudzwa ichatsamira zvikurukuru paruzivo nezvinodeya kurangarirwa nomudzidzi mumwe nomumwe.”21
38 Kuti Mafashamo akaitika chaizvoizvo kunoonwa muidi rokuti rudzi rwomunhu haruna kutongoakanganwa. Kupote nyika yose, munharaunda dziri kure nokure seAlaska neSouth Sea Islands, kune nhau dzekare dzinoreva nezvawo. Pepuko dzemo dzeAmerica dzapamberi paColumbus, uyewo Zvizvarwa Zvemo zveAustralia, dzose dzine nhau dzinoreva nezvaMafashamo. Nepo dzimwe dzenhau dzichisiana muudzame, idi guru rokuti pasi rakafashamirwa uye vanhu vashomanene bedzi vakaponeswa mumudziyo wakaitwa nomunhu rinobuda mune dzinenge nhau dzose. Tsananguro bedzi yokugamuchirwa kwakadaro kwakapararira ndeyokuti Mafashamo akanga ari chinoitika chenhau.d
39. Chibvumikisoi chewedzero chataona cheidi rokuti Bhaibheri ishoko raMwari, kwete romunhu?
39 Nokudaro, mumativi anokosha Bhaibheri rinotsinhirana nesayenzi yazvino uno. Apo pane rwisano pakati pezviviri, ufakazi hwemasayendisiti hunopanikirika. Apo zvinobvumirana, Bhaibheri rinowanzova rakarurama zvikuru zvokuti tinotofanira kudavira kuti rakawana mashoko aro muungwaru hunopfuura simba rohunhu. Zvamazvirokwazvo, bvumirano yeBhaibheri nesayenzi yakatenderwa inogovera humwe ufakazi hwokuti iro ishoko raMwari, kwete romunhu.
[Mashoko Omuzasi]
a Kurukurirano ine udzame hukuru zvikuru yomusoro wemhindumupindu nokusika inowanwa mubhuku rinonzi Life—How Did It Get Here? By Evolution or by Creation? rakabudiswa muna 1985 neWatchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc.
b Bhuku rinonzi Planet Earth—Glacier rinorereudzira ngwariro kumadererere anoita mvura iri muchimiro chamabwe echando pamusoro papasi. Somuenzaniso, rinoti: “Kudai chando cheGreenland chaizonyangarika, chitsuwacho pakupedzisira chaizochachamara namafiti ane 2 000.” Nemhaka yaikoku, muuyo wamafashamo enyika akamwe kamwe pamativi apasi rakaoma waigona kuva une ngwavaira.17
c Kumwe kufungidzira kunoti mamirioni mashanu.
d Nokuda kwamashoko akawanda pamusoro paMafashamo, ona Insight on the Scriptures, rakabudiswa neWatchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc., Volume 1, mapeji 327, 328, 609-612.
[Bhokisi riri papeji 105]
“Zvakabva Muguruva”
“The World Book Encyclopedia” inoshuma, kuti: “Zvinhu zvose zvezvinhu zvinoumba zvinhu zvipenyu zvirimowo muzvinhu zvisati zviri zvipenyu.” Namamwe mashoko, zvinhu zvehwaro zvinoumba miviri mipenyu, kubatanidza munhu, zvinowanwawo mupasi iro rimene. Ikoku kunotsinhirana nokutaura kweBhaibheri, kunoti: “Uye Jehovha Mwari akapfuurira kuumba munhu neguruva revhu.”—Genesi 2:7.
[Bhokisi riri papeji 107]
‘Mumufananidzo waMwari’
Vamwe vanonongedzera kufanano dzomuviri pakati pomunhu nedzimwe dzemhuka kubvumikisa wirirano yazvo. Vanotofanira kubvuma, kunyange zvazvo zvakadaro, kuti mano endangariro yomunhu akakwirira zvikuru kupinda awo emhuka ipi neipi. Neiko munhu ane mano okurongedzera nokuronga nyika yakamupota, mano okuda, ungwaru hwakakwirira, hana, nomufungo wezvakapfuura, wezvazvino, nezvomunguva yemberi? Mhindumupindu haigoni kupindura ikoku. Asi Bhaibheri rinopindura, apo iro rinoti: “Mwari akapfuurira kusika munhu mumufananidzo wake, uye akamusika mumufananidzo waMwari.” (Genesi 1:27) Kana toreva nezvendangariro yomunhu namano etsika nesimba, iye mufananidzo waBaba vake vokudenga.
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 99]
Kurondedzera kweBhaibheri pasi rakarembera muchadenga kunosanobvumirana neizvo nyanzvi dzokubhururuka dzakashuma kuve dzakaona
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 102]
Bhaibheri harisati richibatanidzwa mukutaura kana pasi richitenderera zuva kana kuti zuva richitenderera pasi
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 112, 113]
Kudai pasi raizochechetereswa, pasina makomo kana kuti makomba akadzikadzika, raizofukidzwa chose chose nemvura yakadzama
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 114]
Mhuka hurusa dzakawanwa dzakaomeswa nechando nokukurumidza pashure pokufa kwadzo
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 115]
Louis Pasteur akabvumikisa kuti upenyu hunogona bedzi kubva muupenyu hunotovapo
[Dhiagramu/Mufananidzo uri papeji 109]
(Kana uchida mashoko azere, ona bhuku racho)
Bhaibheri rinopa kurondedzerwa kwakarurama kwokutenderera kwemvura yapasi