Mhindumupindu Inotongwa

Vezvemhindumupindu vakazvipira zvino vari kuchemera kunzverwazve kwakazara kwamavambo ane upenyu

FUNGIDZIRA kuti uri mutongi mukutonga tsotsi. Mukwirirwi anotaura kusava nemhaka kwake, uye zvapupu zvinouya kuzomupupurira. Uchiteerera chipupuriro chazvo, zvisinei, unocherechedza kuti chapupu chimwe nechimwe chinopokanidza vamwe. Ipapo, apo zvapupu zvinodzivirira zvinodanwa kuti zvidzokere panomirwa, nhau dzazvo dzinochinja. Somutongi, ungakoshesa chipupuriro chazvo here? Ungada kusunungura mupomerwi here? Sezvingabvira kwete, nokuti kusawirirana kupi nokupi mukudzivirira kunonetesa kutendeseka kwomukwirirwi.

Ndizvo zvazvakaita nerondedzero yemhindumupindu. Zvapupu zvakawanda zvakauya kuzotaura mhatsa yenhau pamusoro pamavambo oupenyu, zvichitsigira rondedzero yemhindumupindu. Asi chipupuriro chavo chaizobvumikisa kuva chakatendeseka here mudare? Avo vanotsigira rondedzero yacho vanotaura nebvumirano here?

Chipupuriro Chinorwisana

Upenyu hwakavamba sei? Zvichida hakuna mumwe mubvunzo wakanyandura fungidziro yakawanda ndokuvamba kurukurirano yakawanda. Bva, gakava racho harisati richingova zvaro pamusoro pemhindumupindu inorwisana nechisiko; yakawanda yerwisano yacho inoitika pakati pavezvemhindumupindu vamene. Hunodokuva udzame huri hwose hwemhindumupindu—kuitika kwayo, kwayakatanga, akaitanga kana kuti chakaitanga, uye kuti muitiro wacho wakatora nguva yakareba sei—hunokakavadziranwa zvikuru.

Kwamakore vezvemhindumupindu vakataura kuti upenyu hwakavamba mudziva rinodziya ro“muto” une upenyu. Vamwe zvino vanodavira kuti furo romugungwa ringagona kuva rakaparira upenyu. Matsime emvura inopisa ari pasi pegungwa ndiimwe nzvimbo inofungidzirwa yamavambo oupenyu. Vamwe vanofungidzira kuti zvinhu zvipenyu zvakasvika zviri panyeredzi dzakadonha pasi. Kana kuti zvichida, vamwe vanoti, maasteroid akabondera mupasi ndokuchinja mhepo yakapoteredza pasi, achinyandura upenyu mumuitiro wacho. “Kana asteroid huru yesimbi ikarova pasi,” anodaro mumwe munzveri, “zvamazvirokwazvo zvinhu zvinofadza zvingagona kuitika.”

Mavambire oupenyu ari kurangarirwawo zvakare. “Upenyu hahuna kubva mumigariro yakaterama, minyoro, sezvaimborangarirwa,” inokarakadza kudaro magazini yeTime, “asi pasi pamatenga pasingafadzi zvikuru penyika yakaparadzwa nokuputika kwamakomo anoputika uye yakaparadzwa namacomet namaasteroid.” Kuti upenyu hushanduke-shanduke pakati penyongano yakadaro, vamwe vasayendisiti zvino vanoti, muitiro wacho wose unofanira kuva wakaitika mukati menguva pfupi zvikuru kupfuura zvaifungwa kare.

Vasayendisiti vanewo mirangariro inosiyana pamusoro paapo Mwari—“kana aripo”—anokodzera munhau yacho. Vamwe vanotaura kuti upenyu hwakashanduka-shanduka pasina kupindira kwoMusiki, nepo vamwe vachikarakadza kuti Mwari akatanga muitiro wacho ndokurega mhindumupindu ichipfuuridzira.

Pashure pokunge upenyu hwavamba, mhindumupindu yakaitika sei? Kunyange pano, nhau dzinorwisana. Muna 1958, zana rimwe ramakore pashure pokunge The Origin of Species yabudiswa, wezvemhindumupindu Sir Julian Huxley akati: “Kuwana kukuru kwaDarwin, nheyo yapose pose yokurarama mumhoteredzo yomusikirwo, kwakabvumikiswa zvakasimba uye pakupedzisira somutoo bedzi wechinjo huru yemhindumupindu.” Makore ane makumi maviri namana gare gare, kunyanguvezvo, wezvemhindumupindu Michael Ruse akanyora, kuti: “Chiverengero chinokura chavanodzidza zvinhu zvipenyu . . . chinotaura kuti rondedzero ipi neipi yemhindumupindu yakavakirwa panheyo dzaDarwin—zvikurukuru rondedzero ipi neipi inoona kurarama mumhoteredzo yomusikirwo sechinhu chikuru kuchinjo yemhindumupindu—haina kukwana nenzira inotsausa.”

Magazini yeTime, nepo ichitaura kuti kune “maidi akasimba akawanda” anotsigira rondedzero yemhindumupindu, kunyanguvezvo inobvuma kuti mhindumupindu inhauro yakaoma kunzwisisa ine “zvikanganiso zvakawanda uye isina perevedzo yerondedzero dzinokwikwidzana pamusoro penzira yokuzadza nayo zvidimbu zvisipo.” Panzvimbo pokukarakadza kuti nhau yacho yapfigwa, vamwe vezvemhindumupindu vakazvipira zvikurusa vari kuchemera kunzverwazve kwakazara kwamavambo ane upenyu.

Nokudaro, nharo nokuda kwemhindumupindu—zvikurukuru dzamavambo oupenyu mukuwirirana nemhindumupindu—hadzina kuvakirwa pachipupuriro chinotsinhirana. Musayendisiti T. H. Janabi anotaura kuti avo vanotsigira mhindumupindu “vakatanga ndokurega rondedzero dzakawanda dzine mhosho mumakore apfuura uye vasayendisiti kusvikira panguva ino havana kukwanisa kubvumirana parondedzero imwe ipi neipi.”

Nenzira inofadza, Charles Darwin akakarira rwisano yakadaro. Musumo kuThe Origin of Species, iye akanyora, kuti: “Ndinosanoziva kuti hakutongorina pfundo rimwe rinokurukurwa muvhoriyamu ino apo maidi asingagoni kupiwa, kazhinji kazhinji sezviri pachena anotungamirira kumhedziso dzakapesana zvakananga neidzo ndakasvika padziri.”

Zvamazvirokwazvo, chipupuriro chinorwisana chakadaro chinomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokutendeseka kwerondedzero yemhindumupindu.

MhindumupinduChisarudzo Choungwaru Here?

Kuvambira pamavambo ayo, rinodaro bhuku rinonzi Milestones of History, rondedzero yemhindumupindu “yakafadza vanhu vakawanda nemhaka yokuti yakaratidzika kuva yesayenzi zvirokwazvo zvikuru kupfuura rondedzero yezvisiko chaizvo.”

Uyezve, kutaura kwakasimba kwavamwe vezvemhindumupindu kunogona kuva kunotyisidzira. Somuenzaniso, musayendisiti H. S. Shelton anotaura kuti murangariro wechisiko chaicho nde“woupenzi zvikuru nokuda kwerangariro yakakomba.” Mufundi wezvinhu zvipenyu Richard Dawkins anoti nenzira yakananga: “Kana ukasangana nomumwe munhu anotaura kusadavira mhindumupindu, munhu iyeyo haazivi, ifuza kana kuti anopenga.” Nenzira yakafanana, Purofesa René Dubos anoti: “Vanhu vakadzidza zvikurusa zvino vanogamuchira seidi kuti chinhu chiri chose chiri munyika—kuvambira pamitumbi yokudenga kusvikira kuvanhu—chakakura uye chinopfuurira kukura kupfurikidza nemiitiro yemhindumupindu.”

Kubva muuku kutaura kwaizoratidzika kuti munhu upi noupi ane mwero wakati woungwaru aizogamuchira mhindumupindu nokudisa. Pashure pokurangarira zvose, kuita saizvozvo kwaizoreva kuti aka“dzidza” panzvimbo pokuva “fuza.” Bva, kune varume navakadzi vakadzidza zvikuru vasingatsigiri rondedzero yemhindumupindu. “Ndakawana vasayendisiti vakawanda vane panikiro dzomunhu oga,” anonyora kudaro Francis Hitching mubhuku rake The Neck of the Giraffe, “uye vashomanene vakatotaura kuti rondedzero yemhindumupindu yaDarwin yakanga yava isitongori rondedzero yesayenzi.”

Chandra Wickramasinghe, musayendisiti weBritain anorumbidzwa zvikurusa, ane murangariro wakafanana. “Hakuna ufakazi hwezvipi nezvipi zvezvitendero zvikuru zvemhindumupindu yaDarwin,” iye anodaro. “Rakanga riri simba rechaunga rakadzora nyika muna 1860, uye ndinofunga kuti yave iri ngwavaira nokuda kwesayenzi kubvira panguva iyeyo.”

T. H. Janabi akaongorora zvibvumikiso zvakapiwa navezvemhindumupindu. “Ndakaona kuti mugariro wacho wakasiyana zvikuru nouyo tinotungamirirwa kudavira,” iye anodaro. “Ufakazi hwacho hushomanene zvikuru uye hwakaputsika zvikuru zvokusagona kutsigira rondedzero yakaoma zvakadaro kunzwisisa seiyo yamavambo oupenyu.”

Nokudaro, avo vanoramba rondedzero yemhindumupindu havafaniri kungofuratirwa zvavo sa“[va]singazivi, [ma]fuza kana kuti [va]nopenga.” Pamusoro pemirangariro inodenha mhindumupindu, kunyange wezvemhindumupindu akasimba George Gaylord Simpson aifanira kubvuma, kuti: “Chaizova zvamazvirokwazvo chikanganiso kungodzinga iyi mirangariro nenyemwerero kana kuti kuinyomba. Vatsigiri vayo vakanga vari (uye va)dzidzi vakuru navakangwara.”

Nhau Yokutenda

Vamwe vanofunga kuti rudaviro mumhindumupindu rwakavakirwa paidi, nepo rudaviro muchisiko rwakavakirwa pakutenda. Ichokwadi kuti hakuna munhu akaona Mwari. (Johane 1:18; enzanisa na 2 VaKorinte 5:7.) Bva, rondedzero yemhindumupindu haina betsero muna ikoku, sezvo yakavakirwa pazvinoitika zvisina vanhu vakatongopupurira kana kuti kuitazve.

Somuenzaniso, vasayendisiti havana kutongocherechedza chinjo—kunyange dzinobetsera—dzinoparira zvimiro zvitsva zvoupenyu; bva ivo vane chokwadi chokuti iyi ndiyo nzira iyo chaizvoizvo marudzi matsva akavapo nayo. Havana kupupurira mavambo omuzvarirwo oupenyu; bva vanotaura kuti iyi ndiyo nzira iyo upenyu hwakavamba nayo.

Kushayikwa kwakadaro kwoufakazi kunoparira T. H. Janabi kudana rondedzero yemhindumupindu kuti “‘kutenda’wo zvako.” Nyanzvi yephysics Fred Hoyle inoidana kuti “Evhangeri mukuwirirana naDarwin.” Dr. Evan Shute anotaura zvakatosimba. “Ndinofungidzira kuti anodavira kusika ane chakavanzika chishomanene chokupa pembedzo inogutsa kupfuura wezvemhindumupindu womwoyo wose,” iye anodaro.

Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinobvuma. “Apo ndinorangarira musikirwo womunhu,” anobvuma kudaro wezvoruzivo rwemitumbi yomudenga Robert Jastrow, “kubva kwouyu munhu wechienzi mumakemikoro akanyungurutswa mudziva remvura inodziya kunoratidzika zvikuru senenji senhauro yeBhaibheri yamavambo ake.”

Nei, ipapoka, vakawanda vachingoramba pfungwa yokuti upenyu hwakasikwa?

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 3]

Kutaura kwakasimba kwavamwe kunogona kuva kunotyisidzira