Fundo Pamusoro paMagwaro Akafuridzirwa Nemamirire Awo Ezvinhu Ekare

Fundo Nhamba 2—Nguva naMagwaro Matsvene

Inorondedzera zvikamu zvenguva zvinoshandiswa muBhaibheri, karenda dzinoshandiswa navose, misi inokosha yeBhaibheri, uye mapfundo anofadza pamusoro po“kufamba kwenguva.”

1, 2. Soromoni akanyorei pamusoro penguva, uye nemhaka yekumhanya kwenguva, chii chatinofanira kuita nayo?

MUNHU anoziva zvikuru kufamba kwenguva. Nokufamba kumwe nokumwe kwewachi, anofambirazve mberi munguva. Iye, zvirokwazvo, akachenjera kana akashandisa zvakafanira nguva yake. Sokunyora kwakaita Mambo Soromoni: “Chinhu chimwe nechimwe chine musi wacho, uye shoko rimwe nerimwe pasi pedenga rine nguva yaro: Nguva yokuberekwa, nenguva yokufa; nguva yokusima, nenguva yokudzura chakasimwa; nguva yokuuraya, nenguva yokuporesa; nguva yokuputsa, nenguva yokuvaka; nguva yokuchema, nenguva yokuseka.” (Mup. 3:1-4) Nguva iri kumhanya sei! Makore 70 enduramo yomuzvarirwo inguva pfupi zvikuru kwazvo kuti munhu apinze zivo yakawanda nokufarikanya zvimwe zvinhu zvose zvakanaka izvo Jehovha akagovera nokuda kwomunhu papasi rino. “Chinhu chimwe nechimwe wakachiita chakanaka panguva yacho; wakaisawo zvisingaperi mumwoyo mavo, kunyange zvakadaro munhu haangagoni kunzwisisa zvakabatwa naMwari kubva pakutanga kusvikira pakupedzisira.”—Mup. 3:11; Pis. 90:10.

² Jehovha amene anogara nokusingagumi. Kana zviri zvisikwa zvake, kwakamufadza kuzviisa mukufamba kwenguva. Ngirozi dzedenga, kubatanidza kunyange Satani anopandukira, dzinoziva zvizere kufamba kwenguva. (Dhan. 10:13; Zvak. 12:12) Nezvorudzi rwomunhu kwakanyorwa, kuti: “Vanowirwa vose nenguva nezvinoitika.” (Mup. 9:11) Anofara munhu uyo panguva dzose anobatanidza Mwari mumifungo yake uye anogamuchira nomufaro gadziriro yaMwari ye“zvokudya nenguva yakafanira”!—Mat. 24:45.

3. Nguva nechadenga zvinei zvakafanana?

³ Nguva Inoenda Kurutivi Rumwe. Kunyange zvazvo nguva iri kwose kwose, hakuna munhu mupenyu anokwanisa kutaura chairi. Haiyereki sechadenga. Hakuna munhu anogona kutsanangura kuti kufamba kwenguva kwakatangira papi kana kuti kwairi kuenda. Zvinhu izvozvi ndezvezivo isina muganhu yaJehovha, uyo anorondedzerwa seari Mwari “kubva pakusingaperi kusvikira pakusingaperi.”—Pis. 90:2.

4. Chii chinogona kutaurwa pamusoro pokufamba kwenguva?

⁴ Pane rumwe rutivi, nguva ine zvinhu zvakati zvinogona kunzwisiswa. Mwero wayo uri pachena wokufamba unogona kuyerwa. Mukuwedzera, inofamba kurutivi rumwe bedzi. Kufanana nezvinofamba mumugwagwa zviri mumugwagwa unoenda kurutivi rumwe bedzi, nguva inofamba isingamiri murutivi rumwe irworwo—ichienda mberi, ichienda mberi nguva dzose. Kupi kana kupi kuri kumhanya kwayo kwokufamba ichienda mberi, nguva haitongogoni kudzorerwa shure. Tiri kurarama munguva iripoyi yechinguvana. Zvisinei, iyi nguva iripoyi iri kufamba, ichipinda nguva dzose munguva yakapfuura. Hakuna kuimisa.

5. Neiko kungataurwa kuti nguva yakapfuura yakawanwa kana kuti yakarasika?

⁵ Nguva Yakapfuura. Nguva yakapfuura yakaenda, inhau, uye haitongogoni kudzokororwa. Kuedza kupi nokupi kudzorera nguva yakapfuura hakubviri sokuedza kuita kuti mapopoma apopome achikwira gomo kana kuti museve udzokere kuuta hwaupfura. Zvikanganiso zvedu zvakasiya chiratidzo chazvo mukufamba kwenguva, chiratidzo icho Jehovha bedzi anogona kubvisa. (Isa. 43:25) Nomutoo wakafanana, mabasa akanaka omunhu munguva yakapfuura akaita chinyorwa icho chi“chadzokera kwaari” nechikomborero chinobva kuna Jehovha. (Zvir. 12:14, NW; Zvi 13:22) Nguva yakapfuura yakawanwa kana kuti yakaraswa. Hakuchisinazve kuidzora. Nezvavakaipa kwakanyorwa, kuti: “Nokuti vachakurumidza kudzurwa souswa, vachaoma somuriwo mutema.”—Pis. 37:2.

6. Nguva yemberi yakasiyana sei nenguva yakapfuura, uye neiko tichifanira kuifarira zvikuru?

⁶ Nguva Yemberi. Nguva yemberi yakasiyana. Iri kuuya kwatiri nguva dzose. Kupfurikidza nebetsero yeShoko raMwari, tinogona kuziva mhinganidzo idzo dziri mberi kwedu ndokugadzirira kusangana nadzo. Tinogona kuzvichengetera timene “fuma kudenga.” (Mat. 6:20) Iyi fuma haisati ichizobviswa nokufamba kwenguva. Ichagara nesu uye ichapfuurira ndokupinda munguva yemberi isingagumi yechikomborero. Tinofarira kushandiswa kwokuchenjera kwenguva, sezvo kuchitapura nguva yemberi iyoyo.—VaEf. 5:15, 16.

7. Jehovha akagovera zvinoratidza nguva zvipi nokuda kwomunhu?

⁷ Zvinoratidza Nguva. Wachi dzedu dzomuzuva razvino uno dzinoratidza nguva. Dzinobatira serura dzokuyera nguva. Nomutoo wakafanana Jehovha, Musiki, akaita kuti zvinoratidza nguva zvikuru zvifambe—pasi rinotenderera pachitenderero charo, mwedzi unotenderera pasi, uye zuva—zvokuti ari panzvimbo yake pasi pano, munhu angaziviswa nenzira yakarurama nezvenguva. “Mwari akati: Zviedza ngazvivepo panzvimbo yedenga, kuti zviparadzanise masikati nousiku; kuti zvive zviratidzo, nenguva, namazuva, namakore.” (Gen. 1:14) Nokudaro, sezvinhu zvizhinji zvinopindirana, izvi zvinhu zvomudenga zvinofamba mazvinotenderera makakwana, zvichiyera nenzira isingagumi uye nokusakanganisa kufamba murutivi rumwe kwenguva.

8. Shoko rokuti “zuva” rinoshandiswa mupfungwai dzakasiyana-siyana muBhaibheri?

⁸ Zuva. Shoko rokuti “zuva” muBhaibheri rinoshandiswa nerevo dzinoverengeka dzakasiyana-siyana, kunyange sezvarine mhatsa yokushandiswa munguva dzazvino uno. Sezvo pasi rinoita kutenderera kumwe kwakakwana pachitenderero charo, rinoyera zuva rimwe ramaawa 24. Muiyi pfungwa, zuva rinoumbwa nemasikati nousiku, hwerengedzo yamaawa 24. (Joh. 20:19) Zvisinei, nhambo yechiedza chezuva imene, kazhinji kazhinji inoita avhareji yamaawa 12, inonziwo zuva. “Mwari akatumidza chiedza, akati masikati, nerima akaritumidza Usiku.” (Gen. 1:5) Ikoku kunomutsa shoko renguva rokuti “usiku,” nhambo inowanzoita avhareji yamaawa 12 erima. (Eks. 10:13) Imwe pfungwa iri apo shoko rokuti “zuva (mazuva)” rinonongedzera kunhambo yenguva yakavapo panguva imwe cheteyo nomunhu akati akatanhamara. Somuenzaniso, Isaya akaona chiono chake “pamazuva aUziya, naJotami, naAhazi, naHezekiya” (Isa. 1:1), uye mazuva aNoa neaRoti anodudzwa seouporofita. (Ruka 17:26-30) Mumwe muenzaniso wokushandiswa kunochinjika kana kuti kwokufananidzira kweshoko rokuti “zuva” kutaura kwaPetro kwokuti “kunaShe zuva rimwe rakaita samakore ane chiuru.” (2 Pet. 3:8) Munhoroondo yebhuku raGenesi, zuva rokusika inotova nhambo yakareba yenguva—mamireniyumu. (Gen. 2:2, 3; Eks. 20:11) Mashoko akapoteredza eBhaibheri anoratidzira pfungwa umo shoko rokuti “zuva” rinoshanda.

9. (a) Kukamurwa kwezuva kuva maawa 24 amaminiti 60 imwe neimwe kwakavamba sei? (b) Ndezvinoratidza nguva zvipi zvinodudzwa muMagwaro echiHebheru?

⁹ Awa. Kukamurwa kwezuva kuva maawa 24 kunorondwa kusvikira kuEgipita. Kukamurwa kwemuzuva redu razvino uno kweawa kuva maminiti 60 kwakabva musvomu dzeBhabhironi, uyo wakanga uri muitiro waiva nechokuita nenhamba yemakumi matanhatu (wakavakirwa panhamba 60). Hakuna kududzwa kwokukamurwa kuva maawa muMagwaro echiHebheru.a Panzvimbo pokukamura zuva kuva maawa akati, Magwaro echiHebheru anoshandisa kutaura kwakadai sa“mangwanani,” “masikati,” “masikati makuru,” uye “madekwana” sezvinoratidzira nguva. (Gen. 24:11; 43:16; Dheut. 28:29; 1 Madz. 18:26) Usiku hwakanga hwakakamurwa kuva nhambo nhatu dzinonzi “kurinda kwousiku” (Pis. 63:6, NW), kuviri kwako uko kunodudzwa zvakananga muBhaibheri: “kurinda kwapakati pousiku” (Vat. 7:19, NW) uye “kurinda kwamangwanani.”—Eks. 14:24; 1 Sam. 11:11, NW.

10. VaJudha vaiverenga sei maawa munguva yaJesu, uye kuziva ikoku kunotibetsera sei kuwana nguva yorufu rwaJesu?

¹⁰ Kune, zvisinei, kududzwa kazhinji kazhinji kwe“awa” muMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki. (Joh. 12:23; Mat. 20:2-6, NW) Maawa aiverengwa kubvira pakubuda kwezuva, kana kuti panenge pa6 a.m. Bhaibheri rinodudza “awa yechitatu,” iyo yaizova inenge 9 a.m. “Awa yechitanhatu” inodudzwa senguva apo rima rakawira paJerusarema pakurovererwa kwaJesu. Ikoku kwaizowirirana ne12 yedu yemasikati. Kufira kwaJesu padanda rokutambudzira kunotaurwa kuva kwakaitika “inenge awa yechipfumbamwe,” kana kuti inenge 3 p.m.—Marko 15:25; Ruka 23:44; Mat. 27:45, 46, NW.b

11. Kushandiswa kwe“vhiki” sechiyero chenguva kwagara kwenguva yakareba sei?

¹¹ Vhiki. Pakanga pari pakuvamba munhau yake apo munhu akavamba kuverenga mazuva ake munhambo dzenomwe. Mukuita ikoku, akatevera muenzaniso woMusiki wake, uyo akagumisa mazuva ake okusika matanhatu nenhambo yechinomwe inonziwo zuva. Noa akaverenga mazuva mukutenderera kwenomwe. MuchiHebheru, “vhiki” chaizvoizvo rinonongedzera kuchimwe chakapetwa kanomwe kana kuti nhambo.—Gen. 2:2, 3; 8:10, 12; 29:27.

12. Chii chiri mwedzi womudenga, uye unosiyana sei nemwedzi yedu yazvino uno?

¹² Mwedzi Yomudenga. Bhaibheri rinotaura nezve“mwedzi yomudenga.” (Eks. 2:2; Dheut. 21:13; 33:14; Ezra 6:15, NW) Mwedzi yedu yazvino uno haisati iri mwedzi yomudenga, nokuti haizivikanwi nomwedzi. Iyo zvikamuwo zvazvo 12 zvakasarudzwa zvegore rokutenderera zuva kwapasi. Mwedzi womudenga ndiyo nhambo yomwedzi unozivikanwa nenjedzana. Kune mativi mana omwedzi, ayo anoumba nhambo imwe yapakati pemwedzi mitsva inoita avhareji yamazuva 29, maawa 12, uye maminiti 44. Munhu anofanira bedzi kutarira chimiro chomwedzi kuti azive rinenge zuva romwedzi womudenga.

13. Mafashamo akanyorwa sei nenzira yakarurama kana toreva nezvenguva?

¹³ Panzvimbo pokushandisa chaizvoizvo mwedzi yomudenga, Noa anoratidzika kuva akanyora zviitiko nemwedzi yamazuva 30 mumwe nomumwe. Kupfurikidza nedanda iro Noa akachengeta muareka, tinonzwisisa kuti mvura dzaMafashamo dzakaramba dzichifashamira pasi kwenhambo yemwedzi mishanu, kana kuti “mazuva ane zana namakumi mashanu.” Pasi rakanga raoma zvokuti vakwiri veareka vaigona kubuda kunze pashure pemwedzi 12 namazuva 10. Nokudaro, zviitiko zvinokosha zvikuru izvozvo zvakanyorwa nenzira yakarurama kana toreva nezvenguva.—Gen. 7:11, 24; 8:3, 4, 14-19.

14. (a) Jehovha akaita sei gadziriro yemwaka? (b) Gadziriro yemwaka ichapfuurira nguva yakareba sei?

¹⁴ Mwaka. Mukugadzirira pasi kuti rigarwe, Jehovha akaita gadziriro yokuchenjera neyorudo yemwaka. (Gen. 1:14) Iyoyi inotevera somugumisiro wokutsveyamiswa kwapasi, kana kuti kurerekwa, pakona re23.5° pakufamba kwaro richitenderera zuva. Ikoku kunoguma kutanga nokutsveyamisirwa kuzuva kweHafu Yedenderedzwa Rapasi Yokumaodzanyemba uye ipapo, mwedzi mitanhatu gare gare, Hafu Yedenderedzwa Rapasi Yokuchamhembe, zvokuti mwaka inopfuurira munhevedzano. Iyi chinjo yemwaka inogovera mhatsa nokusiyana uye inodzora nguva dzokusima nokukohwa. Shoko raMwari rinotivimbisa kuti iyi gadziriro yechinjo nokusiyana kwemwaka mugore rose inofanira kupfuurira nokusingaperi. “Nguva yose yenyika kudzvara nokucheka, kutonhora nokudziya, zhezha nechando, masikati nousiku hazvingagumi.”—Gen. 8:22.

15, 16. (a) Mwaka wemvura muNyika Yakapikirwa ungakamurwazve sei? (b) Rondedzera mwaka yemvura nokuwirirana kweiyi mwaka nomubato wokurima.

¹⁵ Gore muNyika Yakapikirwa rinogona kazhinji kazhinji kukamurwa kuva mwaka wemvura nemwaka wakaoma. Kubva panenge pakati paApril kusvika pakati paOctober, mvura shomanene zvikuru inonaya. Mwaka wemvura ungakamurwa kuva mvura yokuvamba, kana kuti ya“matsutso,” (October-November); mvura zhinji yechando namamirire okunze anotonhora zvikuru (December-February); uye mvura yapashure, kana kuti ye“chirimo,” (March-April). (Dheut. 11:14; Joe. 2:23) Izvi zvikamu zvinodokuva izvo, mwaka ichipindana nemhaka yemisiyano mumamirire okunze mumativi akasiyana-siyana enyika yacho. Mvura yokuvamba inopfavisa pasi pakaoma, zvokuti October-November inguva yoku“rima” neyoku‘dyara.’ (Eks. 34:21; Revh. 26:5) Mukati memvura zhinji yechando kubva muna December kusvika kuna February, kudonha kwesinou hakusati kuri kusingazivikanwi navose, uye muna January naFebruary, tembiricha ingadzika pasi pokuoma nechando panzvimbo dzakakwirira zvikuru. Bhaibheri rinotaura nezvaBhenaya, mumwe wavarume vane simba vaDhavhidhi, seanouraya shumba “panguva yechando.”—2 Sam. 23:20.

¹⁶ Mwedzi waMarch naApril (mwedzi yechiHebheru inenge yaNisani naIyyar) ndiyo mwedzi ye“nguva yemvura yokupedzisira.” (Zek. 10:1) Iyi imvura yapashure, iyo inodikanwa kuita kuti zviyo zvakadyarwa mumatsutso zvikure, kuti kukohwa kwakanaka kugovapo somugumisiro. (Hos. 6:3; Jak. 5:7) Iwoyu ndiwowo mwaka wokukohwa kwokuvamba, uye Mwari akarayira Israeri kupa zvibereko zvokutanga zvokukohwa pana Nisani 16. (Revh. 23:10; Rute 1:22) Inguva yorunako nomufaro. “Maruva oonekwa panyika; nguva yokurira kweshiri yasvika, nenzwi renjiva rinonzwika panyika yedu. Muonde woibvisa maonde awo mambishi, uye mizambiringa yotunga maruva; yobudisa kunhuwira kwawo.”—Rwiyo 2:12, 13.

17. (a) Zvirimwa zvinotsigirwa sei mukati memwaka wakaoma? (b) Rangarira chati inoti “Gore ravaIsraeri” ndokukamura gore racho maererano nemwaka sezvinokurukurwa mundima 15-17. (c) Kukohwa kwokuvamba, kukohwiwa kwezviyo, uye nguva apo zvibereko zvose zvaiunganidzwa kwakanga kuri rini, uye mitamboi yaiwirirana neizvi zviitiko?

¹⁷ Panenge pakati paApril mwaka wakaoma unovamba, asi munenge munhambo iyoyi mose, uye zvikurukuru pamapani omumhenderekedzo megungwa nemawere okumadokero emakomo, dova rakawanda rinotsigira zvirimwa zvomuzhizha. (Dheut. 33:28) Mukati maMay, zviyo zvinokohwiwa, uye pakanga pari pakupera kwouyu mwedzi apo Mutambo weVhiki (Pentekosta) waichengetwa. (Revh. 23:15-21) Ipapo, sezvo mamirire okunze anova anodziya zvikuru uye pasi pachioma zvikuru, mazambiringa ari pamizambiringa anoibva uye anokohwiwa, kuchiteverwa nezvimwe zvibereko zvomuzhizha, zvakadai semiorivhi, madate, uye maonde. (2 Sam. 16:1) Nokupera kwemwaka wakaoma nokuvamba kwemvura yokuvamba, zvibereko zvose zvenyika yacho zvakohwiwa, uye pakanga pari panguva iyoyo (kunenge kuvamba kwaOctober) apo Mutambo Wamatumba, kana kuti Tabhenakeri, waiitwa.—Eks. 23:16; Revh. 23:39-43.

18. (a) Neiko revo yeshoko rechiHebheru nokuda kwe“gore” yakakodzera? (b) Nderipi riri gore rechokwadi rezuva kana toreva nezvepasi?

¹⁸ Gore. Kufunda kwedu nguva muBhaibheri zvino kunotisvitsa pashoko rokuti “gore.” Kubva pakuvamba kwenhau yomunhu, rinodudzwa. (Gen. 1:14) Shoko rechiHebheru nokuda kwe“gore,” sha·nahʹ, rinobva pamavambo anoreva kuti “dzokorora; ita zvakare” uye rine pfungwa yokutenderera kwenguva. Ikoku kwakanga kwakakodzera, sezvo gore rimwe nerimwe kutenderera kwemwaka kwakanga kuchidzokororwa. Gore rapasi inguva inotorera pasi kuita kutenderera kumwe kwakakwana, kana kuti rwendo, kupota zuva. Nguva chaiyoiyo yakunotitorera pano pasi kuti tipedze urwu rwendo mazuva 365 maawa 5 maminiti 48 masekondi 46, kana kuti mazuva anenge 365 1/4. Irori rinonzi gore rechokwadi rezuva.

19. (a) Makore akare eBhaibheri aiverengwa sei? (b) Jehovha akarayira “gore rinoyera” ripi gare gare?

¹⁹ Makore eBhaibheri. Maererano nokuverenga kweBhaibheri kwakare, gore raibva pamatsutso kusvika kumatsutso. Ikoku kwakanga kwakakodzeraniswa zvikurukuru noupenyu hwokurima, gore richivamba nokurima nokudyara, nechokurutivi rwokutanga rwomwedzi wedu waOctober, uye richipera nokuunganidzwa kwezvinokohwiwa. Noa akaverenga gore seraivamba mumatsutso. Akanyora Boporodzi serakavamba “mumwedzi wechipiri,” uyo waizowirirana nehafu yokupedzisira yaOctober nehafu yokutanga yaNovember. (Gen. 7:11, NW, mashoko omuzasi) Kusvikira kuzuva rino, marudzi akawanda apasi achiri kutanga gore rawo idzva mumatsutso. Panguva yoKubuda muEgipita, muna 1513 B.C.E., Jehovha akarayira kuti Abhibhi (Nisani) anofanira kuva “mwedzi wokutanga” nokuda kwavaJudha, zvokuti zvino vakanga vava negore rinoyera, rinobva pachirimo kusvika kuchirimo. (Eks. 12:2) Zvisinei, vaJudha muzuva redu vanochengeta gore renyika, kana kuti ravose, rinovamba mumatsutso, Tishri achiva mwedzi wokutanga.

20. Gore remwedzi womudenga rakagadziridzwa sei kuti riwirirane negore rezuva, uye chii chiri makore omwedzi womudenga nezuva?

²⁰ Gore Romwedzi Womudenga Nezuva. Kutozosvikira nguva yaKristu, marudzi mazhinjisa aishandisa makore emwedzi womudenga nokuda kwokuverenga nguva, achishandisa nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzokugadziridza nadzo gore kuti riti wiriranei negore rezuva. Gore remwedzi womudenga rinozivikanwa navose remwedzi 12 yomudenga rine mazuva 354, mwedzi yacho ichiva ine mazuva 29 kana kuti 30, kuchitsamira pakuoneka kwomwedzi mutsva mumwe nomumwe. Gore romwedzi womudenga naizvozvo rakapfupika namazuva anenge 11 1/4 kupfuura gore rechokwadi rezuva ramazuva 365 1/4. VaHebheru vaitevera gore romwedzi womudenga. Kuti chaizvo vaigadziridza sei iri gore kuti riwirirane negore rezuva nemwaka hakutsanangurwi muBhaibheri, asi vanofanira kuve vaiwedzera mwedzi yokuwedzera, kana kuti inowedzerwa pakarenda, apo kwaidikanwa. Gadziriro yemwedzi inowedzerwa pakarenda yakarongwa gare gare muzana ramakore rechishanu B.C.E. kuva kunozivikanwa zvino sokutenderera kweMeton. Ikoku kwakabvumira mwedzi wokuwedzera pakarenda kuwedzerwa kanomwe makore 19 ari ose, uye mukarenda yechiJudha, waiwedzerwa pashure pomwedzi wechi12, Adhari, uye wainzi Veadar, kana kuti “Adhari wechipiri.” Sezvo karenda romwedzi womudenga rinonzarwozvo kuwiriraniswa nezuva, makore, ayo ari emwedzi 12 kana kuti 13, anozivikanwa semakore emwedzi womudenga nezuva.

21. (a) Chii chiri karenda yaJulius? (b) Neiko karenda yaGregory yakarurama zvikuru?

²¹ Karenda yaJulius neyaGregory. Karenda muitiro wokuwana mavambo, urefu, uye zvikamu zvegore uye kuronga izvi zvikamu munhevedzano. Karenda yaJulius yakatangwa naJulius Caesar muna 46 B.C.E., kuti ape vanhu veRoma gadziriro yenguva yegore rezuva panzvimbo pegore romwedzi womudenga. Karenda raJulius rine mazuva 365 mugore, kunze kwokuti pagore rechina rimwe nerimwe (gore rina February ane zuva romuraudzo), zuva rimwe rinowedzerwa, kuriita mazuva 366. Zvisinei, mukufamba kwenguva, kwakawanwa kuti gore rekarenda raJulius chaizvoizvo rakareba namaminiti anoti pfuurei 11 kupfuura gore rechokwadi rezuva. Pakasvika zana ramakore rechi16 C.E., musiyano wamazuva gumi akazara wakanga waungana. Nokudaro, muna 1582, Papa Gregory XIII akatanga kuhwirudzura kuduku, achitanga inozivikanwa zvino sekarenda yaGregory. Kupfurikidza nomurayiro wapapa mazuva gumi akasiyiwa kubvira mugore ra1582, zvokuti zuva pashure paOctober 4 rakava October 15. Karenda yaGregory inorayira kuti mazana amakore asingakamurwi na400 haafaniri kurangarirwa kuva makore anaFebruary ane zuva romuraudzo. Somuenzaniso, kusafanana negore ra2000, gore ra1900 harina kuitwa gore rina February ane zuva romuraudzo nemhaka yokuti nhamba 1 900 haikamurwi na400. Karenda yaGregory zvino ndiyo iri kushandiswa kazhinji kazhinji mumativi akawanda zvikurusa enyika.

22, 23. Gore rouporofita rakareba sei?

²² “Gore” Rouporofita. Muuporofita hweBhaibheri shoko rokuti “gore” rinoshandiswa kazhinji kazhinji mupfungwa chaiyo serakaenzana nemwedzi 12, mwedzi mumwe nomumwe uchiva namazuva 30, nokuda kwehwerengedzo yamazuva 360. Cherekedza zvinotaura chimwe chiremera mukutsinhira pamusoro paEzekieri 4:5, 6, kuti: “Tinofanira kufunga kuti Ezekieri aiziva gore ramazuva 360. Irori harisati riri gore rechokwadi rezuva uyewo harisati riri gore remwedzi womudenga. Igore re‘avhareji’ umo mwedzi mumwe nomumwe une mazuva 30.”c

²³ Gore rouporofita rinonziwo “nguva,” uye kufundwa kwaZvakazarurwa 11:2, 3 uye 12:6, 14 kunozivisa kuti “nguva” imwe inoverengwa sei samazuva 360. Muuporofita gore panhambo nenhambo rinomirirwawo nenzira yokufananidzira ne“zuva.”—Ezek. 4:5, 6.

24. Vanhu vakawanda vakare vakatanga sei kuverenga kwavo?

²⁴ Hakuna Gore Raziro. Vanhu vakare, kubatanidza vaGiriki vakadzidza, vaRoma, uye vaJudha, vakanga vasina mufungo waziro. Kwavari, chinhu chiri chose chakavamba kuverengwa kubva pana potsi. Apo wakafunda nhamba dzechiRoma muchikoro (I, II, III, IV, V, X, zvichingodaro), wakadzidza nhamba yaziro here? Aiwa, nemhaka yokuti vaRoma vakanga vasinayo. Sezvo vaRoma vasina kushandisa nhamba ziro, Nguva yaVose yakavamba, kwete negore raziro, asi na1 C.E. Ikoku kwakamutsawo kurongwa kwenhamba dzisina kuzara, zvakadai seyechipotsi (yechi1), yechipiri (yechi2), yechitatu (yechi3), yechigumi (yechi10), uye yechizana (yechi100). Musvomu dzomuzuva razvino uno, munhu anonzwisisa chinhu chiri chose sechinotanga kubva pasina chinhu, kana kuti ziro. Ziro sezvinobvira akatangwa navaHindu.

25. Nhamba dzisina kuzara dzakasiyana sei nenhamba dzakazara?

²⁵ Nokudaro kunodaro kuti panguva ipi kana ipi apo nhamba dzisina kuzara dzinoshandiswa, tinofanira nguva dzose kubvisa potsi kuti tiwane nhamba yakazara. Somuenzaniso, apo tinotaura nezvomusi uri muzana ramakore rechi20 C.E., kunoreva here kuti kwave kune mazana amakore 20 akazara? Aiwa, kunoreva mazana amakore akazara 19 kubatanidza mamwe makore. Kuratidzira nhamba dzakazara, Bhaibheri, pamwe chete nesvomu dzomuzuva razvino uno, rinoshandisa nhamba dzakazara, dzakadai sa1, 2, 3, 10, uye 100. Idzi nhamba dzinonzi “nhamba dzakakwana.”

26. Ungawana sei (a) makore kubva pana October 1, 607 B.C.E., kusvika kuna October 1, 1914 C.E.? (b) Makore 2 520 kubva pana October 1, 607 B.C.E.?

²⁶ Zvino, sezvo Nguva yaVose isina kuvamba negore raziro asi yakavamba na1 C.E., uye karenda yamakore akatangira Nguva yaVose isina kuverenga ichidzoka shure kubva pagore raziro asi rakavamba na1 B.C.E., nhamba inoshandiswa nokuda kwegore mumusi upi noupi chaizvoizvo inhamba isina kukwana. Ndiko kuti, 1990 C.E. chaizvoizvo anomirira makore akazara 1 989 chibviro chamavambo eNguva yaVose, uye musi waJuly 1, 1990, unomirira makore 1 989 kubatanidza hafu yegore kubva pamavambo eNguva yaVose. Nheyo imwe cheteyo inoshanda kumisi yaB.C.E. Naizvozvo kuwana kuti makore mangani akapfuura pakati paOctober 1, 607 B.C.E., uye October 1, 1914 C.E., wedzera makore 606 (kubatanidza mwedzi mitatu yapfuura yegore rakapfuura) kusvika ku1 913 (kubatanidza mwedzi mipfumbamwe yokutanga yegore rinotevera), uye mugumisiro wacho i2 519 (kuwedzera mwedzi 12), kana kuti makore 2 520. Kana kuti kana uchida kuwana kuti musii makore 2 520 aizova pashure paOctober 1, 607 B.C.E., yeuka kuti 607 inhamba isina kuzara—anomirira chaizvoizvo makore 606 akazara—uye sezvo tiri kuverenga, kwete kubva pana December 31, 607 B.C.E., asi kubva pana October 1, 607 B.C.E., tinofanira kuwedzera kuna 606 mwedzi mitatu pamugumo wa607 B.C.E. Zvino bvisa 606 1/4 mumakore 2 520. Inosara i1 913 3/4. Ikoko kunoreva kuti makore 2 520 kubva muna October 1, 607 B.C.E., anotisvitsa makore 1 913 3/4 muNguva yaVose—makore akazara 1 913 anotisvitsa kumavambo a1914 C.E., uye zvikamu zvitatu zvezvina zvegore mukuwedzera zvinotisvitsa kuna October 1, 1914 C.E.d

27. Ndeipi iri misi inokosha, uye neiko iri youkoshi hukuru?

²⁷ Misi Inokosha. Kuverenga nguva kweBhaibheri kwakavimbika kwakavakirwa pamisi yakati inokosha. Musi unokosha musi wekarenda munhau une chikonzero chakanaka chokugamuchirwa uye unowirirana nechiitiko chakati chakanyorwa muBhaibheri. Ipapo unogona kushandiswa sepokutangira apo nhevedzano yezviitiko zveBhaibheri inogona kuwanwa pakarenda nouchokwadi. Kana apa panokosha pangowanwa bedzi, kuverenga kuenda mberi kana kuti kudzoka shure kubva pauyu musi kunoitwa kubva muzvinyorwa zvakarurama zviri muBhaibheri rimene, zvakadai senduramo dzinotaurwa dzavanhu kana kuti nhambo yokutonga kwamadzimambo. Nokudaro, tichitangira pakaratidzirwa, tinogona kushandisa kuverenga nguva kwomukati kwakavimbika kweBhaibheri rimene mukuronga misi yezviitiko zveBhaibheri zvakawanda.

28. Musii unokosha unogoverwa nokuda kwaMagwaro echiHebheru?

²⁸ Musi Unokosha weMagwaro echiHebheru. Chiitiko chakatanhamara chakanyorwa mose muri muviri muBhaibheri nomunhau yenyika kukurirwa kweguta reBhabhironi navaMedhia navaPersia vachitungamirirwa naKoreshi. Bhaibheri rine chinyorwa cheichi chiitiko pana Dhanieri 5:30. Manyuko akasiyana-siyana enhau (kubatanidza Diodorus, Africanus, Eusebius, Ptolemy, uye mahwendefa eBhabhironi) anotsigira 539 B.C.E. segore rokukurirwa kweBhabhironi naKoreshi. Nhoroondo yaNabonidus inopa mwedzi nezuva zvokuwa kweguta racho (gore haripo). Vaverengi venguva venyika nokudaro vakaronga musi wokuwa kweBhabhironi saOctober 11, 539 B.C.E., maererano nekarenda yaJulius, kana kuti October 5 nekarenda yaGregory.e

29. Murayiro waKoreshi wakabudiswa rini, kuchibvumira mukana wechii?

²⁹ Pashure pokukurirwa kweBhabhironi, uye mukati megore rake rokutanga somutongi weBhabhironi rakakundwa, Koreshi akabudisa murayiro wake wakakurumbira wokubvumidza vaJudha kudzokera kuJerusarema. Nemhaka yechinyorwa cheBhaibheri, ziviso yacho sezvingabvira yakaitwa mukupera kwa538 B.C.E. kana kuti nechokuchirimo cha537 B.C.E. Ikoku kwaizopa mukana wakakura wokuti vaJudha vagarezve munyika yokumusha kwavo nokukwira kuJerusarema kundodzorera kunamatwa kwaJehovha mu“mwedzi wechinomwe,” Tishri, kana kuti panenge pana October 1, 537 B.C.E.—Ezra 1:1-4; 3:1-6.f

30. Kunozivikanwa sei kuti 29 C.E. igore rinokosha reMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki?

³⁰ Musi Unokosha waMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki. Musi unokosha waMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki unowanwa nomusi uyo Tibherio Kesari akatsiva Mambo Augusto. Augusto akafa pana August 17, 14 C.E. (karenda yaGregory); Tibherio akanzi mambo neDare Ramakurukota reRoma pana September 15, 14 C.E. Kunotaurwa pana Ruka 3:1, 3 kuti Johane Mubhapatidzi akavamba ushumiri hwake mugore rechi15 rokutonga kwaTibherio. Kana makore acho akaverengwa kubva parufu rwaAugusto, gore rechi15 rakabvira pana August wa28 C.E. kusvikira kuna August wa29 C.E. Kana akaverengwa kubvira apo Tibherio akanzi mambo neDare Ramakurukota, gore racho rakabvira pana September wa28 C.E. kusvikira kuna September wa29 C.E. Nokukurumidza pashure paikoku, Jesu, uyo akanga ari muduku kuna Johane Mubhapatidzi nemwedzi inenge mitanhatu, akauya kuzobhapatidzwa, apo akanga ane “makore anenge makumi matatu.” (Ruka 3:2, 21-23; 1:34-38) Ikoku kunobvumirana nouporofita huri pana Dhanieri 9:25 hunoti “vhiki” 69 (vhiki dzouporofita dzamakore 7 imwe neimwe, nokudaro dzichiita hwerengedzo yamakore 483) dzaizopfuura kubva pa“kubuda kweshoko rokudzorera nokuvakazve Jerusarema” norusvingo rwaro kutozosvikira pakuoneka kwaMesiya. (Dhan. 9:24, NW, mashoko omuzasi) “Shoko” iroro rakatenderwa naArtashasta (Longimanus) muna 455 B.C.E. uye rakashandiswa naNehemia muJerusarema murutivi rwokupedzisira rwegore iroro. Uye makore 483 gare gare, murutivi rwokupedzisira rwa29 C.E., apo iye akabhapatidzwa naJohane, Jesu akazodzwawo nomudzimu mutsvene wakabva kuna Mwari, nokudaro achiva Mesiya, kana kuti Muzodziwa. Kuti Jesu akabhapatidzwa ndokuvamba ushumiri hwake murutivi rwokupedzisira rwegore racho kunobvumiranawo nouporofita hwokuti akanga achizogurwa “pakati pevhiki” ramakore (kana kuti pashure pamakore matatu nehafu). (Dhan. 9:27) Sezvo akafa muchirimo, ushumiri hwake hwamakore matatu nehafu hunofanira kuve hwakavamba pedyo nematsutso a29 C.E.g Sezvineiwo, iyi mitsara miviri youfakazi inobvumikisawo kuti Jesu akaberekwa mumatsutso a2 B.C.E., sezvo Ruka 3:23 ichiratidza kuti Jesu akanga ava namakore anenge 30 ezera apo akatanga basa rake.h

31. (a) Neiko mwero wokufamba kwenguva uchiratidzika kuva unosiyana-siyana? (b) Naizvozvo vanhu vaduku vane betseroi?

³¹ Kufamba Nokukurumidza Kunoita Nguva. Kune tsumo yekare yokuti “ketero yakagaririrwa haitongovhairi.” Ndokwechokwadi kuti apo tinenge takagaririra nguva, apo tinenge tichiingwaririra, apo tinenge takamirira chimwe chinhu kuti chiitike, ipapo inoratidzika kuva inononoka kwazvo kupfuura nguva dzose. Zvisinei, kana takabatikana, kana tichifarira uye takabatikana nezvatiri kuita, ipapo kunoratidzika chaizvoizvo kuti “nguva inomhanya.” Uyezve, navanhu vakura nguva inoratidzika kuva inopfuura nokukurumidza zvikuru kwazvo kupfuura navana vaduku. Neiko ikoku kwakadaro? Gore rimwe rinowedzerwa kuupenyu hweane gore rimwe rokukura rinoreva wedzero ye100 muzana muzviitiko zvoupenyu. Gore rimwe rinowedzerwa kuupenyu hweane makore 50 okukura rinoreva imwe 2 muzana chete. Kumwana, gore rinoratidzika kuva rakareba, nguva yakareba. Munhu akura, kana akabatikana uye ane utano hwakanaka, anowana kuti makore anoratidzika kuva anomhanya nokukurumidza zvikuru kwazvo. Anosvika pakunzwisiswa kukuru zvikuru kwamashoko aSoromoni, anoti: “Hapana chinhu chitsva pasi pezuva.” Pane rumwe rutivi, vanhu vaduku vachine makore anoratidzika kuva anononoka zvikuru, okukura avanavo. Panzvimbo po“kudzingana nemhepo” nenyika inodisa zvenyika, vangashandisa aya makore nenzira inobetsera mukuunganidza pfuma yoruzivo rwokuzviwanira rwoumwari. Akakodzera nguva ndemamwe mashoko aSoromoni, anoti: “Rangarirawo Musiki wako pamazuva oujaya hwako, mazuva akaipa asati asvika, namakore asati avapo, panguva yauchazoti: Handifariri izvozvo.”—Mup. 1:9, 14; 12:1.

32. Vanhu vangasvika sei pakunzwisisa zvizere zvikuru murangariro waJehovha wenguva?

³² Nguva—Apo Vanhu Vanorarama Nokusingaperi. Zvisinei, kune mazuva anofadza ari mberi ayo achava asina ngwavaira zvikuru. Vadi vokururama, vane ‘nguva dziri muruoko rwaJehovha,’ vangakarira upenyu husingaperi munzvimbo yoUmambo hwaMwari. (Pis. 31:14-16; Mat. 25:34, 46) MuUmambo hwacho, rufu harusati ruchizovakozve. (Zvak. 21:4) Kushayiwa basa, kurwara, kufinhwa, uye kusava namaturo zvichave zvaparara. Kuchava nebasa rokuita, rinobatikanisa uye rinofadza, richirayira kuratidzirwa kwamano akakwana omunhu uye richiunza gutsikano huru muchinoitwa. Makore acharatidzika kuva anofamba nokukurumidza zvikuru, uye ndangariro dzinoonga nedzinochengeta zvinhu dzichapfumiswa nguva dzose neyeuko dzezviitiko zvinofadza. Sezvo mamireniyumu anopfuura, vanhu vari pasi pano pasina panikiro vachasvika pakunzwisisa zvizere zvikuru murangariro waJehovha wenguva: ‘Nokuti makore ane chiuru mumeso aJehovha akangoita sezuro apo rinopfuura.’—Pis. 90:4.

33. Pamusoro penguva, chikomboreroi icho Jehovha akarayira?

³³ Tichirangarira kufamba kwenguva mumurangariro wedu wounhu wazvino uno uye tichirangarira chipikirwa chaMwari chenyika itsva yokururama, zvikomborero zvezuva iroro zvinofadza sei mukariro: “Nokuti ndipo Jehovha paakarayira kuropafadza kwake, ndihwo upenyu husingaperi”!—Pis. 133:3.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Chati iri papeji 281]

GORE RAVAISRAERI

Zita Romwedzi Nisani (Abhibhi)

Rinowirirana na March - April

Gore Rinoyera Mwedzi wechi1

Gore Renyika Mwedzi wechi7

Nongedzero Eks. 13:4; Neh. 2:1

Mitambo Nisani 14 Paseka

Nisani 15-21 Mutambo Wechingwa Chisina Kuviriswa

Nisani 16 Kupiwa Kwezvibereko Zvokutanga

Zita Romwedzi Iyyar (Zifi)

Rinowirirana na April - May

Gore Rinoyera Mwedzi wechi2

Gore Renyika Mwedzi wechi8

Nongedzero 1 Madz. 6:1

Zita Romwedzi Sivani

Rinowirirana na May - June

Gore Rinoyera Mwedzi wechi3

Gore Renyika Mwedzi wechi9

Nongedzero Estere 8:9

Mitambo Sivani 6 Mutambo Wevhiki (Pentekosta)

Zita Romwedzi Tammuz

Rinowirirana na June - July

Gore Rinoyera Mwedzi wechi4

Gore Renyika Mwedzi wechi10

Nongedzero Jer. 52:6

Zita Romwedzi Ab

Rinowirirana na July - August

Gore Rinoyera Mwedzi wechi5

Gore Renyika Mwedzi wechi11

Nongedzero Ezra 7:8

Zita Romwedzi Eruri

Rinowirirana na August - September

Gore Rinoyera Mwedzi wechi6

Gore Renyika Mwedzi wechi12

Nongedzero Neh. 6:15

Zita Romwedzi Tishri (Etanimi)

Rinowirirana na September - October

Gore Rinoyera Mwedzi wechi7

Gore Renyika Mwedzi wechi1

Nongedzero 1 Madz. 8:2

Mitambo Tishri 1 Zuva rokuridza hwamanda

Tishri 10 Zuva Reyananiso

Tishri 15-21 Mutambo Wamatumba

Tishri 22 Musangano unoyera

Zita Romwedzi Heshvan (Bhuri)

Rinowirirana na October - November

Gore Rinoyera Mwedzi wechi8

Gore Renyika Mwedzi wechi2

Nongedzero 1 Madz. 6:38

Zita Romwedzi Kisrevhi

Rinowirirana na November - December

Gore Rinoyera Mwedzi wechi9

Gore Renyika Mwedzi wechi3

Nongedzero Neh. 1:1

Zita Romwedzi Tebheti

Rinowirirana na December - January

Gore Rinoyera Mwedzi wechi10

Gore Renyika Mwedzi wechi4

Nongedzero Estere 2:16

Zita Romwedzi Shebat

Rinowirirana na January - February

Gore Rinoyera Mwedzi wechi11

Gore Renyika Mwedzi wechi5

Nongedzero Zek. 1:7

Zita Romwedzi Adar

Rinowirirana na February - March

Gore Rinoyera Mwedzi wechi12

Gore Renyika Mwedzi wechi6

Nongedzero Estere 3:7

Zita Romwedzi Veadar

Rinowirirana na (Mwedzi wakawedzerwa pakarenda)

Gore Rinoyera Mwedzi wechi13