Fundo Pamusoro paMagwaro Akafuridzirwa Nemamirire Awo Ezvinhu Ekare

Fundo Nhamba 9—Sayenzi Yezvinocherwa Mumatongo Nechinyorwa Chakafuridzirwa

Kufundwa kwezvakawanwa nesayenzi yezvinocherwa mumatongo nekwezvinyorwa zvakare zvenhau yenyika izvo zvinotsigira chinyorwa cheBhaibheri.

1. Chii chinorehwa nokuti (a) sayenzi yezvinocherwa mumatongo yeBhaibheri? (b) zviumbwa?

SAYENZI yeBhaibheri yezvinocherwa mumatongo kufundwa kwavanhu nezviitiko zvenguva dzeBhaibheri kupfurikidza namanyoro, zvokushandisa, zvivako, uye zvimwe zvisaririra zvinowanwa muvhu. Kutsvakwa kwezvisaririra zvakare, kana kuti zvinhu zvaigadzirwa, panzvimbo dzakare dzeBhaibheri kwakabatanidza kunzvera kukuru nokubviswa kwamamiriyoni amatani emarara. Chiumbwa chipi nechipi chinoratidza umhizha hwavanhu uye chinopa ufakazi hwomubato womunhu noupenyu. Zviumbwa zvingabatanidza zvinhu zvakadai sehari, matongo ezvivako, mahwendefa edongo, manyoro akanyorwa, magwaro, mifananidzo, uye nhoroondo dzakanyorwa padombo.

2. Sayenzi yezvinocherwa mumatongo yeBhaibheri ndeyeukoshii?

² Pakasvika kuvamba kwezana ramakore rechi20, sayenzi yezvinocherwa mumatongo yakanga yakudzwa kuva nzvimbo yokungwarira yokufunda, nenzendo dzokundonzvera kunyika dzeBhaibheri dzichitsigirwa neyunivhesiti huru nemiyuziyemu muEurope neAmerica. Somugumisiro, nyanzvi dzesayenzi yezvinocherwa mumatongo dzakafukunura mashoko akawanda anojekesa zvakanga zvakaita zvinhu munguva dzeBhaibheri. Pane dzimwe nguva zviwanwa zvesayenzi yezvinocherwa mumatongo zvakaratidzira uchokwadi hweBhaibheri, zvichiratidza kururama kwaro kusvikira chaizvo kuudzame hudukusa.

SAYENZI YEZVINOCHERWA MUMATONGO NEMAGWARO ECHIHEBHERU

3. Matongoi akare nezvinyorwa zvinosimbisa kuvako kwemaziggurat muBhabhironi rakare?

³ Shongwe yeBhabheri. Maererano neBhaibheri, Shongwe yeBhabheri rakanga riri basa guru rokuvaka. (Gen. 11:1-9) Nenzira inofadza, nyanzvi dzesayenzi yezvinocherwa mumatongo dzakafukunura mukati nemakapoteredza matongo eBhabhironi rakare nzvimbo dzemaziggurat, kana kuti shongwe dzetembere dzakafanana nepyramid, dzine chikuva, kubatanidza tembere yakaparadzwa yeEtemenanki, iyo yakanga iri mukati mamasvingo eBhabhironi. Zvinyorwa zvekare pamusoro petembere dzakadaro kazhinji kazhinji zvine mashoko anoti, “Pamusoro payo pachasvika matenga.” Mambo Nebhukadnezari anoshumwa kuva akataura kuti, “Ndakasimudza pakakwirira peShongwe yezvikuva paEtemenanki zvokuti pamusoro payo pakaenzana namatenga.” Chimedu chimwe chinorondedzera kuwa kweziggurat yakadaro neaya mashoko: “Kuvakwa kwetembere iyi kwakagumbura vamwari. Muusiku humwe vakaputsa zvakanga zvavakwa. Vakazviparadzira kumwe, uye vakaita kuti kutaura kwavo kuve kwechienzi. Vakadzivisa fambiro mberi.”a

4. Zviwanwai zvesayenzi yezvinocherwa mumatongo zvakawanwa muGihoni, uye ibatanoi iyo izvozvi zvingava nayo nechinyorwa cheBhaibheri?

⁴ Migero Yemvura paChisipiti cheGihoni. Muna 1867 munharaunda yeJerusarema, Charles Warren akawana mugero wemvura uchibva paChisipiti cheGihoni uchidzoka muchikomo, nemukoto unokwidza nechokuGuta raDhavhidhi. Pano, sezviri pachena, pakanga pane nzira iyo varume vaDhavhidhi vakatanga kupinda nayo muguta. (2 Sam. 5:6-10) Makanga muri muna 1909-11 umo migero yose yaibva kuchisipiti cheGihoni yakabviswa. Mugero mumwe mukuru, une avhareji yamamita 1,8 muurefu, wakagadzirwa nokutemera kwemamita 533 naparuware. Wakabva Gihoni kusvikira kuDziva reSiroami muMupata weTyropoeon (mukati meguta) uye sezviri pachena ndiwo uyo Hezekia akagadzira. Runyoro rwuri murugwaro rwapakuvamba rwechiHebheru rwakawanwa pamadziro emugero mutete. Runorava, murutivi, kuti: “Uye iyi ndiyo nzira yawakacherwa nayo:—Apo [ . . . ] (akanga) achiri [ . . . ] demo (matemo), murume mumwe nomumwe kumubiyake, uye apo kwakanga kuchine makubiti okucherwa, [kwakanzwika] inzwi romurume aidana mubiyake, nokuti kwakanga kune chaibudira mudombo kurudyi [uye kuruboshwe]. Uye apo mugero wakacherwa, vacheri vakaveza (dombo racho), murume mumwe nomumwe kumubiyake, demo nedemo; uye mvura yakayerera ichibva muchisipiti ichienda kudziva kwamakubiti 1 200, uye urefu hwedombo kupfuura pamusoro (pamisoro) yavacheri hwakanga huri makubiti 100.” Ibasa rinoshamisa zvakadini rouinjiniya renguva idzodzo!b—2 Madz. 20:20; 2 Mako. 32:30.

5. Ufakazii hwesayenzi yezvinocherwa mumatongo hunowanwa paKarnak huripo hwokuvhozhokera kwaShishak nemazita enzvimbo eBhaibheri?

⁵ Mufananidzo Wakatemerwa Pamadziro Worukundo rwaShishaki. Shishaki, mambo weEgipita, anodudzwa kanomwe muBhaibheri. Nemhaka yokuti Mambo Rehobhoami akasiya mutemo waJehovha, Jehovha akabvumidza Shishaki kuvhozhokera Judha, muna 993 B.C.E., asi kwete kuriparadza chose. (1 Madz. 14:25-28; 2 Mako. 12:1-12) Kutozosvikira makore mashomanene achangobva kupfuura, kwakaratidzika kuva kune bedzi chinyorwa cheBhaibheri chouku kuvhozhokera. Ipapo kwakaonekwa gwaro guru raFarao uyo Bhaibheri rinodana kuti Shishaki (Sheshonk I). Irori rakanga riri muchimiro chemufananidzo mukuru wakatemerwa pamadziro mumavara ehieroglyphics nemifananidzo pamadziro okumaodzanyemba etembere huru yeEgipita kuKarnak (Thebes yakare). Pauyu mufananidzo mukuru wakatemerwa pamadziro, panoratidzirwa mwari weEgipita Amon, uyo akabata muruoko rwake rworudyi munondo wakaita sejeko. Ari kuunzira Farao Shishak vasungwa vePalestine vakasungwa nengetani vane 156, avo vakabatanidzwa netambo kuruoko rwake rworuboshwe. Musungwa mumwe nomumwe anomirira guta kana kuti musha, zita raro rinoratidzwa mumavara ehieroglyphics. Pakati peayo achiri anogona kuraviwa ndokuzivikanwa pane Rabhiti (Josh. 19:20); Taanaki, Bheti-sheani, uye Megidho (Josh. 17:11); Shunemi (Josh. 19:18); Rehobhi (Josh. 19:28); Hafaraimi (Josh. 19:19); Gibheoni (Josh. 18:25); Bheti-horoni (Josh. 21:22); Ajaroni (Josh. 21:24); Soko (Josh. 15:35); uye Aradhi (Josh. 12:14). Gwaro racho rinonongedzerawo ku“Munda waAbrama,” ikoku kuchiva kududzwa kwapakuvamba zvikurusa kwaAbrahama muzvinyorwa zveEgipita.c

6, 7. Ndeipi iri nhau yeDombo reMoabhi, uye mashokoi ainopa pamusoro pehondo pakati paIsraeri neMoabhi?

⁶ Dombo reMoabhi. Muna 1868 mumwe mufundisi weGermany F. A. Klein akawana zvinoshamisa rumwe runyoro rwakare paDhibhan (Dhibhoni). Irworwu rwakava runozivikanwa seDombo reMoabhi. Chiumbwa chakaitwa chamanyoro aro, asi dombo rimene rakaputswa navaBedouin risati ragona kubviswa. Zvisinei, zvizhinjisa zvezvimedu zvacho zvakawanwa, uye dombo racho zvino rakachengetwa muLouvre, Paris, nekopi iri muBritish Museum, London. Pakuvamba rakamiswa paDhibhoni, muMoabhi, uye rinopa nhoroondo yaMambo Mesha yokupandukira kwake Israeri. (2 Madz. 1:1; 3:4, 5) Inorava, murutivi, kuti: “Ini (ndini) Mesha, mwanakomana waKemoshi-[ . . . ], mambo weMoabhi, muDhibhoni . . . Kana ari Omri, mambo waIsraeri, akaninipisa Moabhi makore akawanda (chaizvoizvo mazuva), nokuti Kemoshi [mwari waMoabhi] akanga akatsamwira nyika yake. Uye mwanakomana wake akamutevera uye akatiwo, ‘Ndichaninipisa Moabhi.’ Munguva yangu akataura (nokudaro), asi ndakamukunda neimba yake, nepo Israeri akaparara nokusingaperi! . . . Uye Kemoshi akati kwandiri, ‘Enda, torera Israeri Nebho!’ Naizvozvo ndakaenda usiku ndokurwisana nayo kubvira pamambakwedza kusvikira masikati, ndichiitora ndichiuraya vose . . . Uye ndakatora kubva ikoko [midziyo] yaYave, ndichiizvuzvurudza pamberi paKemoshi.”d Cherekedza kududzwa kwezita raMwari mumutsetse wamashoko wokupedzisira. Ikoku kunogona kuonwa mupikicha yabatanidzwa yeDombo reMoabhi. Riri muchimiro cheTetragrammaton, kurudyi rwegwaro racho, mumutsetse 18.

⁷ Dombo reMoabhi rinodudzawo nzvimbo dzeBhaibheri dzinotevera: Ataroti neNebho (Num. 32:34, 38); Arnoni, Aroeri, Medhebha, uye Dhibhoni (Josh. 13:9); Bhamoti-bhaari, Bheti-bhaari-meoni, Jahazi, uye Kiriataimi (Josh. 13:17-19); Bhezeri (Josh. 20:8), Horonaimi (Isa. 15:5); uye Bheti-dhibrataimi neKerioti (Jer. 48:22, 24). Nokudaro inotsigira kuva dzenhau kweidzi nzvimbo.

8. Bhaibheri rinonyorei pamusoro paSanheribhi, uye kucherwa kweimba yake youmambo kwakazivisei?

⁸ Ibwe raMambo Sanheribhi. Bhaibheri rinonyora muudzame hwakati kuvhozhokera kwakaitwa navaAsiria vachitungamirirwa naMambo Sanheribhi mugore ra732 B.C.E. (2 Madz. 18:13–19:37; 2 Mako. 32:1-22; Isa. 36:1–37:38) Makanga muri mukati ma1847-51 umo nyanzvi yesayenzi yezvinocherwa mumatongo yeEngland A. H. Layard yakachera matongo eimba huru youmambo yaSanheribhi paNinevhe munyika yeAsiria yakare. Imba youmambo yacho yakawanwa kuva ine kamuri dzinenge 70, namamita anodokusvika 3 000 emadziro akaiswa masirabhu akavezwa. Mishumo yegore negore yezviitiko, kana kuti zvinyorwa zvezviitiko zvakarongwa munhevedzano yegore negore, zvaSanheribhi zvakanyorwa pamasirinda edongo, kana kuti mabwe. Chinyorwa chokupedzisira cheizvi zvinyorwa zvezviitiko zvakarongwa munhevedzano yegore negore, sezviri pachena chakaitwa chinguvana asati afa, chinooneka parinozivikanwa seIbwe raTaylor, rakachengetwa muBritish Museum, asi Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago ine kopi yakatoisvonaka zvikuru yeibwe iro rakawanwa pedyo nenzvimbo yeNinevhe yakare, dzimbahwe reUmambo hweAsiria.

9. Sanheribhi anonyorei, mutsinhirano nenhoroondo yeBhaibheri, asi anokundikana kududzei, uye neiko?

⁹ Muizvi zvinyorwa zvezviitiko zvakarongwa munhevedzano yegore negore zvokupedzisira, Sanheribhi anopa nhoroondo yake amene yokuganza yokuvhozhokera kwake Judha: “Pamusoro paHezekia, muJudha, haana kupinda mujoko rangu, ndakakomba 46 amaguta ake akasimba, nhare dzine masvingo nemisha miduku isingaverengeki munharaunda yayo, uye ndakakunda (iyo) kupfurikidza nemikwidzwa yakagadzirwa ne(ivhu) yakanyatsotsindirwa, uye zvokupwanyisa nazvo masvingo zvaiunzwa (nokudaro) pedyo (nemadziro) (zvakabatanidzwa) nedenho yakaitwa navarwi vanofamba netsoka, (vachishandisa) migodhi, mikana pamwe chete nebasa rokuparadza zvinhu. Ndakabudisa (mairi) vanhu vane 200 150, vaduku navakuru, vanhurume navanhukadzi, mabhiza, manyurusi, mbongoro, ngamera, mombe huru neduku dzisingaverengeki, uye ndakarangarira (izvo) kuva zvakapambwa. Iye amene [Hezekia] ndakamuita musungwa muJerusarema, imba yake youmambo, seshiri iri mudendere. . . . Mataundi ake ayo ndakanga ndakapamba, ndakatora kubva munyika yake ndokua(isa) kuna Mitinti, mambo weAshdhodhi, Padhi, mambo weEkroni, uye Sillibel, mambo weGaza. . . . Hezekia amene . . . akandituma, gare gare, kuNinevhe, guta rangu roushe, pamwe chete namatarenda 30 endarama, matarenda 800 esirivha, matombo anokosha, simbi dzesirivha, zvimedu zvikuru zvedombo dzvuku, mibhedha (yakaiswa) nyanga dzenzou, zvigaro zvenimedu (zvakaiswa) nyanga dzenzou, matehwe enzou, miti yemishenje, miti yakaoma (uye) marudzi ose epfuma inokosha, vanasikana vake (amene), varongo, vaimbi vari vanhurume navanhukadzi. Kuti vasvitse muripo nokuremekedza somuranda akatuma nhume yake (pachake).”e Kana uri uyu muripo wakaiswa naSanheribhi pana Hezekia, Bhaibheri rinosimbisa matarenda 30 endarama asi rinodudza matarenda 300 bedzi esirivha. Uyezve, rinoratidza kuti ikoku kwakaitika Sanheribhi asati atyisidzira Jerusarema nekukomberedza. Mumushumo waSanheribhi wakatsveyama wenhau yeAsiria, anosiya noune kududzwa kwekukurirwa kwake kukuru muna Judha, apo muusiku humwe ngirozi yaJehovha yakaparadza 185 000 vavarwi vake, nokudaro achimumanikidza kutiza achidzokera Ninevhe seimbwa yarohwa. Kunyange zvakadaro, ichi chinyorwa chokuganza chakanyorwa paIbwe raSanheribhi chinoratidzira kuvhozhokerwa kukuru kwaJudha Jehovha asati adzorera vaAsiria pashure pokunge vatyisidzira Jerusarema.—2 Madz. 18:14; 19:35, 36.

10, 11. (a) Chii chiri Tsamba dzeRakishi, uye dzinoratidzirei? (b) Dzinotsigira sei manyoro aJeremia?

¹⁰ Tsamba dzeRakishi. Guta rakakurumbira rine nhare reRakishi rinodudzwa kanopfuura ka20 muBhaibheri. Rakanga riri makiromita 44 kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kwokumadokero kweJerusarema. Matongo acho akacherwa zvikuru. Muna 1935, mukamuri romurindiri remikova miviri, kwakawanwa zvaenga 18, kana kuti zvimedu zvehari zvakanyorwa norunyoro (zvimwe 3 zvakawanwa muna 1938). Idzi dzakava tsamba dzakati dzakanyorwa namavara akare echiHebheru. Uyu muunganidzwa we21 zvino unozivikanwa seTsamba dzeRakishi. Rakishi yakanga iri imwe yenhare dzokupedzisira dzaJudha kusatera mukurwisana naNebhukadnezari, ichiva yakaitwa murwi wamatongo akaitwa marasha mukati menhambo ya609-607 B.C.E. Tsamba dzacho dzinoratidzira kurumidziro yenguva. Dzinoratidzika kuva tsamba dzakanyorwa dzichibva kuvarindiri vakasara vemauto eJudhea dzichienda kuna Yaosh, mutungamiriri wehondo kuRakishi. Imwe yaidzodzi (nhamba IV) inorava murutivi, kuti: “YHWH [Tetragrammaton, “Jehovha”] ngaaite kuti ishe wangu anzwe kunyange zvino mashoko ezvakanaka. . . . tiri kurindira zviratidzo zvemwoto zveRakishi, maererano nezviratidzo zvose izvo ishe wangu anopa, nemhaka yokuti hationi Azeka.” Uku kusimbiswa kunoshamisa kwaJeremia 34:7, iyo inodudza Rakishi neAzeka semaguta maviri akasimbiswa akasiyiwa ariko. Iyi tsamba sezviri pachena inoratidzira kuti Azeka rakanga rawa zvino. Zita raMwari, muchimiro cheTetragrammaton, rinooneka kazhinji kazhinji mutsamba dzacho, kuchiratidza kuti zita rokuti Jehovha raishandiswa zuva riri rose pakati pavaJudha panguva iyoyo.

¹¹ Imwe tsamba (nhamba III) inovamba sezvinotevera: “YHWH [ndiko kuti, Jehovha] ngaasakise ishe wangu kunzwa mashoko orugare! . . . Uye kwakashumwa kumubatiri wenyu zvichinzi, ‘Mutungamiri wehondo, Konia mwanakomana waErnatani, akauya kuti apinde muEgipita nokuna Hodhavhia mwanakomana waAhija uye akatuma varume vake kuti vawane [migove] kwaari.’” Iyi tsamba inoratidzika kuva inosimbisa kuti Judha akaenda kuEgipita nokuda kworubatsiro, mukuputswa kwomurayiro waJehovha nokukuparadzwa kwake amene. (Isa. 31:1; Jer. 46:25, 26) Mazita okuti Ernatani naHoshaia, anooneka murugwaro rwakakwana rweiyi tsamba, anowanwawo pana Jeremia 36:12 uye Jeremia 42:1. Mamwe mazita matatu anodudzwa mutsamba dzacho anowanwawo mubhuku reBhaibheri raJeremia. Iwo ndiGemaria, Neria, uye Jaazania.—Jer. 32:12; 35:3; 36:10.f

12, 13. Nhoroondo yaNabonidus inorondedzerei, uye neiko iri youkoshi chaihwo?

¹² Nhoroondo yaNabonidus. Muhafu yokupedzisira yezana ramakore rechi19, kuchera pedyo neBaghdad kwakabudisa zviwanwa zvakawanda zvemahwendefa edongo nemasirinda izvo zvakajekesa zvikuru nhau yeBhabhironi rakare. Chimwe chaizvozvi rwakanga rwuri rugwaro runokosha zvikuru runozivikanwa seNhoroondo yaNabonidus, urwo zvino rwuri muBritish Museum. Mambo Nabonidus weBhabhironi akanga ari baba vomutongi biyake, Bershazari. Akararama kupfuura mwanakomana wake, uyo akaurawa pausiku uhwo mauto aKoreshi muPersia akatora Bhabhironi, October 5, 539 B.C.E. (Dhan. 5:30, 31) Nhoroondo yaNabonidus, chinyorwa chakasanorongwa misi nenzira inoshamisa chokuwa kweBhabhironi, inobetsera kuwana kuti ichi chiitiko chakaitika pazuva ripi. Inotevera ishanduro yorutivi ruduku rweNhoroondo yaNabonidus: “Mumwedzi waTashritu [Tishri (September-October)], apo Koreshi akadenha hondo yaAkkad muOpis paTigris . . . zuva rechi14, Sippar akabatwa pasina hondo. Nabonidus akatiza. Zuva rechi16 [October 11, 539 B.C.E., raJulius, kana kuti October 5, raGregory] Gobryas (Ugbaru), gavhuna weGutium nehondo yaKoreshi akapinda muBhabhironi pasina hondo. Pashure pacho Nabonidus akasungwa muBhabhironi apo akadzokera (ikoko). . . . Mumwedzi waArahshamnu [Marchesvan (October-November)], zuva rechi3 [October 28, raJulius], Koreshi akapinda muBhabhironi, masanzu akasvibira akawadzwa pamberi pake—mamirire ezvinhu o‘Rugare’ (sulmu) akaiswa paguta racho. Koreshi akatumira kwaziso kuBhabhironi rose. Gobryas, gavhuna wake, akagadza magavhuna (maduku) muBhabhironi.”g

¹³ Kungacherekedzwa kuti Dhariusi muMedhia haadudzwi muiyi nhoroondo, uye kusvikira pari zvino, hakuna kududzwa kwakawanwa kwouyu Dhariusi murunyoro rupi norupi rwusiri rweBhaibheri, uyewo haadudzwi mugwaro ripi neripi renhau renyika nguva yaJosephus (wezvenhau wechiJudha wezana ramakore rokutanga C.E.) isati yasvika. Naizvozvo vamwe vakakarakadza kuti iye angave ari Gobryas anodudzwa munhoroondo iri pamusoro apa. Nepo mashoko anowanikwa pamusoro paGobryas achiratidzika kuva akaenzana neayo pamusoro paDhariusi, zivikanwo yakadaro haigoni kurangarirwa kuva inopwisa.h Muchiitiko chipi nechipi, nhau yenyika chaizvoizvo inosimbisa kuti Koreshi akanga ari munhu anokosha mukukundwa kweBhabhironi uye kuti iye pashure pacho akatonga imomo samambo.

14. Chii chakanyorwa paSirinda yaKoreshi?

¹⁴ Sirinda yaKoreshi. Nguva yakati pashure pokunge avamba kutonga samambo weSimba reNyika rePersia, kutapa kwaKoreshi Bhabhironi muna 539 B.C.E. kwakanyorwa pasirinda yedongo. Iri gwaro rakatanhamara rakachengetwawo muBritish Museum. Rutivi rwerugwaro rwakashandurwa runotevera: “Ndini Koreshi, mambo wenyika, mambo mukuru, mambo wapamutemo, mambo weBhabhironi, mambo weSumer neAkkad, mambo wemicheto mina (yapasi), . . . ndakadzokera kumaguta anoyera [akati adudzwa kare] ari parumwe rutivi rweTigris, nzvimbo tsvene dzawo dzave dziri matongo kwenguva refu, mifananidzo iyo (yaisimbova) ichigara imomo ndokusimbisa nokuda kwayo nzvimbo tsvene dzechigarire. Ini ndakaunganidza(wo) vose (vaichimbova) vagari vemo vawo ndokudzorera (kwavari) nzvimbo dzavo dzokugara.”i

15. Sirinda yaKoreshi inozivisei pamusoro paKoreshi, uye ikoku kunotsinhirana sei neBhaibheri?

¹⁵ Sirinda yaKoreshi nokudaro inozivisa muitiro wamambo wokudzorera vanhu vari nhapwa kudzaichimbova nzvimbo dzavo. Mutsinhirano naikoku, Koreshi akapa murayiro wake wokuti vaJudha vadzokere kuJerusarema ndokuvakazve imba yaJehovha ikoko. Nenzira inofadza, makore 200 akapfuura, Jehovha akanga adudza Koreshi nenzira youporofita souyo aizotora Bhabhironi ndokuparira kudzorerwa kwevanhu vaJehovha.—Isa. 44:28; 45:1; 2 Mako. 36:23.

SAYENZI YEZVINOCHERWA MUMATONGO NEMAGWARO ECHIKRISTU ECHIGIRIKI

16. Sayenzi yezvinocherwa mumatongo yakawanei pamusoro paMagwaro echiGiriki?

¹⁶ Sezvayakaita naMagwaro echiHebheru, sayenzi yezvinocherwa mumatongo yakawana zvinhu zvaiumbwa zvakawanda zvinofadza zvinotsigira chinyorwa chakafuridzirwa chiri muMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki.

17. Sayenzi yezvinocherwa mumatongo inotsigira sei kurukurirano yaJesu yomubvunzo womutero?

¹⁷ Mari Yedhenari Ine Runyoro rwaTibherio. Bhaibheri rinoratidza nenzira yakajeka kuti ushumiri hwaJesu hwakaitika mukati mokutonga kwaTibherio Kesari. Vamwe vavashori vaJesu vakaedza kumubata kupfurikidza nokubvunza pamusoro penhau yokuripira mutero kuna Kesari. Chinyorwa chacho chinorava, kuti: “Asi iye achiziva kunyengera kwavo, akati kwavari: Munondiidzireiko? Uyai nedhenari kwandiri, ndirione. Vakauya naro. Ipapo akati kwavari: Mufananidzo uyu norunyoro urwu ndezvani? Vakati kwaari: ZvaKesari. Jesu akati kwavari: Ipai Kesari zvaKesari, naMwari zvaMwari. Vakashamiswa zvikuru naye.” (Marko 12:15-17) Nyanzvi dzesayenzi yezvinocherwa mumatongo dzakawana mari yesirivha yedhenari ine musoro waTibherio Kesari! Yakashandiswa munenge muna 15 C.E. Ikoku kunowirirana nenhambo yaTibherio yokutonga samambo, iyo yakavamba muna 14 C.E., uye kunounza tsigiro yakawedzerwa kuchinyorwa chinotaura kuti ushumiri hwaJohane Mubhapatidzi hwakatanga mugore rechi15 raTibherio, kana kuti chirimo cha29 C.E.—Ruka 3:1, 2.

18. Chiwanwai chakawanwa pamusoro paPontio Pirato?

¹⁸ Runyoro rwaPontio Pirato. Makanga muri muna 1961 umo kuwana kwokutanga kwesayenzi yezvinocherwa mumatongo kwakaitwa pamusoro paPontio Pirato. Iyoyi yakanga iri sirabhu yedombo yaiva kuKesaria, iyo yaiva nezita raPontio Pirato muchiLatin.

19. Chii chichiri muAtene, chinosimbisa mamirire ezvinhu ebhuku raMabasa 17:16-34?

¹⁹ Areopago. Pauro akapa imwe yehurukuro dzake dzakakurumbira zvikurusa dzakanyorwa muAtene, Girisi, muna 50 C.E. (Mabasa 17:16-34) Ipapo pakanga pari apo vaAtene vakati vakabata Pauro ndokumuendesa kuAreopago. Areopago, kana kuti Gomo reAres (Gomo reMars), izita rechikomo chisina chinhu, chine matombo, chakareba mamita anenge 113, kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero chaiko kweAcropolis yeAtene. Matanho akatemwa mudombo akatungamirira pamusoro, apo mabhenji asina kunaka, akatemerwa mumatombo, achiumba mativi matatu esikweya, achiri anogona kuonekwa. Areopago ichiriko, kuchisimbisa mamirire ezvinhu akanyorwa eBhaibheri nokuda kwehurukuro yaPauro yakakurumbira.

20. Arch yaTitus inopfuurira kupupurira chii, uye sei?

²⁰ Arch yaTitus. Jerusarema netembere yaro zvakaparadzwa navaRoma vachitungamirirwa naTitus, muna 70 C.E. Gore rakatevera racho, muRoma, Titus akapemberera rukundo rwake, pamwe chete nababa vake, Mambo Vespasian. Vasungwa vane mazana manomwe vakasarudzwa vechiJudha vakaforeswa mukufora kworukundo. Mitoro yezvakapambwa zvehondo yakaratidzirwawo, kubatanidza pfuma yetembere. Titus amene akava mambo, achibatira seakadaro kubvira muna 79 kusvikira kuna 81 C.E., uye pashure porufu rwake mufananidzo mukuru, Arch yaTitus, wakapedzwa ndokutsaurirwa divo Tito (kuna Titus anonamatwa). Kufora kwake kwokukunda kunomirirwa mumufananidzo, wakatemerwa parutivi rumwe norumwe rwomukoto unopfuura nomuarch. Parutivi rumwe, panoratidzirwa varwi veRoma, vakabata minondo isina misoro uye vakapfeka korona nemashizha ane maruva, vakatakura midziyo inoyera yakabva mutembere yeJerusarema. Ikoku kunobatanidza chigadziko chemwenje chine zvikamu zvinomwe netafura yechingwa chokuratidza, apo hwamanda dzinoyera dzinoonekwa dziri pairi. Mufananidzo uri parumwe rutivi rwomukoto wacho unoratidza Titus anokunda akamira mungoro inokweviwa nemabhiza mana uye ichichairwa nomukadzi anomirira guta reRoma.j Gore rimwe nerimwe zviuru zvevaoni venzvimbo vanoona iyi Arch yaTitus yorukundo, iyo ichiri muRoma sechipupuriro chakanyarara chokuzadzikwa kwouporofita hwaJesu nekuitwa kunotyisa kworutongeso rwaJehovha paJerusarema rinopandukira.—Mat. 23:37–24:2; Ruka 19:43, 44; 21:20-24.

21. (a) Sayenzi yezvinocherwa mumatongo yakashanda pamwe chete nokuwanwa kwamanyoro munzirai? (b) Ndechipi chiri chimiro chendangariro chakarurama chokuva nacho pamusoro pesayenzi yezvinocherwa mumatongo?

²¹ Nenzira imwe cheteyo iyo kuwanwa kwamanyoro akare kwakabetsera kudzorera rugwaro rwakachena, rwapakuvamba rweBhaibheri, naizvozvo kuwanwa kwezviumbwa namaoko zvizhinji kwakaratidzira kazhinji kazhinji kuti zvinhu zvinotaurwa murugwaro rweBhaibheri zvakavimbika mune zvenhau, mukuverengwa kwenguva, uye mujogirafi, kusvikira chaizvo kuudzame hudukusa. Zvisinei, chaizova chikanganiso kugumisa kuti sayenzi yezvinocherwa mumatongo inobvumirana neBhaibheri muchiitiko chiri chose. Kunofanira kuyeukwa kuti sayenzi yezvinocherwa mumatongo haisati iri nzvimbo isina chikanganiso yekufunda. Zviwanwa zvesayenzi yezvinocherwa mumatongo zvinodudzirwa navanhu, uye dzimwe dzedudziro idzodzi dzakachinja nguva nenguva. Sayenzi yezvinocherwa mumatongo padzimwe nguva yakagovera tsigiro isingadikanwi youchokwadi hweShoko raMwari. Uyezve, sezvakataurwa nomushakabvu Sir Frederic Kenyon, mutungamiriri nemutarisiri weraibhurari mukuru weBritish Museum kwamakore akawanda, sayenzi yezvinocherwa mumatongo yakatsanangura Bhaibheri kuva “roungwaru zvikuru kupfurikidza nezivo yakazara zvikuru yezvakaripoteredza zvekare nemamirire ezvinhu.”k Asi kutenda kunofanira kuva paBhaibheri, kwete pasayenzi yezvinocherwa mumatongo.—VaR. 10:9; VaH. 11:6.

22. Ufakazii hucharangarirwa mufundo inotevera?

²² Bhaibheri rine mukati maro rimene ufakazi husingapokanwi hwokuti iro zvirokwazvo i“shoko [rechokwadi] raMwari benyu rinogara nokusingaperi,” sezvatichaona mufundo inotevera.—1 Pet. 1:23.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Mifananidzo iri papeji 333]

Dombo reMoabhi

Kukudzwa kweTetragrammaton, iyo inooneka mumavara akare, mumutsetse wechi18, kurudyi

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 334]

Ibwe raMambo Sanheribhi

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 335]

Nhoroondo yaNabonidus

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 336]

Mari yedhenari ine runyoro rwaTibherio

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 337]

Arch yaTitus

[Vakatipa Mifananidzo iri papeji 337]

Manyuko Emapikicha eFundo 9 akarongwa nepeji:

peji 333, Musée du Louvre, Paris;

peji 334, Courtesy of the Oriental Institute, University of Chicago;

peji 335, Courtesy of the Trustees of The British Museum;

peji 336, Courtesy of the Trustees of The British Museum.