Ganhuro 4
“Testamente Yekare” Yakavimbika Zvakadini?
Mumaganhuro mashomanene anotevera, tichakurukura dzimwe dzepomero dzinoitirwa Bhaibheri navatsoropodzi vazvino uno. Vamwe vanopomera kuti Bhaibheri rinozvipokanidza iro rimene uye “harisati riri resayenzi,” uye idzi pomero dzichakurukurwa gare gare. Asi kutanga, rangarira pomero inowanzoitwa yokuti Bhaibheri harisati riri chimwe chinhu kunze kwomuunganidzwa wengano nenhauro. Ko vashori veBhaibheri vane zvikonzero zvakasimba here zvokutsoropodza kwakadaro? Pakutanga, ngatinzverei Magwaro echiHebheru, anonzi Testamente Yekare.
1, 2. Ko kukombwa kweJeriko kwakanga kwakadini, uye mibvunzoi inomutswa mukuwirirana nako?
GUTA rekare rakakomberedzwa. Vadenhi varo vadirana vachiyambuka Rwizi rweJoridhani uye zvino vadzika misasa pamberi pamasvingo aro akakwirira. Asika matandi echienzi akadini ehondo! Zuva rimwe nerimwe kwamazuva matanhatu, uto rinovhozhokera rakafamba richipoterera gutaro, rinyerere kunze kweboka rinoperekedza ravaprista rinoridza hwamanda. Zvino, pazuva rechinomwe, uto rinofamba chinyararire richipoterera guta kanomwe. Kamwe kamwe, vaprista vanoridza hwamanda dzavo nesimba ravo rose. Uto rinogumisa runyararo rwaro kupfurikidza nokudanidzira kune simba kwehondo, uye masvingo eguta eshongwe anokoromokera mugore rehuruva, kuchisiya guta risina dziviriro.—Joshua 6:1-21.
2 Iyi ndiyo nzira iyo bhuku raJoshua, bhuku rechitanhatu raMagwaro echiHebheru, rinorondedzera nayo kuwa kweJeriko kwakaitika anenge makore 3 500 akapfuura. Asika kwakaitika zvomenemene here? Vatsoropodzi vamanyoro vazhinji vangapindura nechivimbo kuti kwete.a Vanotaura kuti bhuku raJoshua, pamwe chete namabhuku mashanu apamberi paro eBhaibheri, akaumbwa nenhauro dzakanyorwa mazana mazhinji amakore pashure pokuitika kwezvinoitika zvinopomerwa. Nyanzvi dzokuchera matongo zhinji dzingapindurawo kuti kwete. Mukuwirirana nadzo, apo vaIsraeri vakapinda munyika yeKanani, Jeriko ringava raitove risipo.
3. Neiko kuchikosha kukurukura kana Bhaibheri rine nhau yechokwadi kana kuti kwete?
3 Idzi ipomero dzakakomba. Sezvaunorava Bhaibheri rose, uchacherekedza kuti dzidziso dzaro dzakabatanidzwa zvakasimba zvikuru nenhau. Mwari anobata navarume chaivo, vakadzi, mhuri, uye marudzi, uye mirairo yake inopiwa kuvanhu venhau. Vazivi vazvino uno vanopanikira pamusoro pokuva renhau kweBhaibheri vanopanikirawo pamusoro poukoshi noruvimbiko rweshoko raro. Kana Bhaibheri zvomenemene riri Shoko raMwari, ipapo nhau yaro inofanira kuva inovimbika uye isati ine nhaurowo zvadzo nengano. Ko ava vatsoropodzi vane zvikonzero zvokudenha uzvokwadi hwaro hwenhau here?
Kutsoropodzwa Kwamanyoro—Kwakavimbika Zvakadini?
4-6. Ndedzipi dziri dzimwe dzerondedzero dzaWellhausen dzokutsoropodzwa kwamanyoro?
4 Kutsoropodzwa kwamanyoro eBhaibheri kwakatanga chaizvoizvo mukati mezana ramakore rechi 18 nerechi 19. Muhafu yapashure yezana ramakore rechi 19, mutsoropodzi weBhaibheri weGermany Julius Wellhausen akakurumbirisa rondedzero yokuti mabhuku okutanga matanhatu eBhaibheri, kubatanidza naJoshua, akanyorwa muzana ramakore rechishanu P.N.V.—anenge makore ane chiuru pashure pokunge zvinoitika zvarondedzerwa. Kunyange zvazvo zvakadaro, akataura kuti iwo aiva namashoko akanga akanyorwa pamberi pezvi.1 Iyi rondedzero yakatsikirirwa muchinyorwa chechi 11 cheEncyclopædia Britannica, chakabudiswa muna 1911, icho chakatsanangura, kuti: “Genesi ibhuku rapashure poutapwa rakaumbwa namanyuko avaprista apashure poutapwa (P) namanyuko apamberi pezvi asati ari ouprista ayo anosiyana nomutoo unocherekedzeka neP mumutauro, munyorero nomurangariro worudzidziso.”
5 Wellhausen navateveri vake vakarangarira nhau yose yakanyorwa murutivi rwapakuvamba rwaMagwaro echiHebheru se“isati iri nhau chaiyoiyo, asi magamuchidzanwa akakurumbira omunguva yakapfuura.”2 Nhauro dzapakuvamba dzakarangarirwa kuva murangarirowo zvawo wenhau yapashure yaIsraeri. Somuenzaniso, kwakataurwa kuti ruvengo rwapakati paJakobho naEsau haruna kuitika chaizvoizvo, asi rwakaratidzira ruvengo pakati pamarudzi aIsraeri naEdhomi munguva dzapashure.
6 Mutsinhirano naikoku, ava vatsoropodzi vakarangarira kuti Mosesi haana kutongogamuchira murairo upi noupi wokuita areka yesungano uye kuti tabhernakeri, musimboti wokunamata kwavaIsraeri murenje, haina kutongovapo. Ivo vakadavirawo kuti chiremera chouprista hwaAroni chakasimbiswa zvakazara makore mashomanene bedzi pamberi poruparadziko rweJerusarema rwakaitwa navaBhabhironi, uko vatsoropodzi vanodavira kuti kwakaitika pamavambo ezana ramakore rechitanhatu P.N.V.3
7, 8. Wellhausen akava ne“zvibvumikisoi” nokuda kwerondedzero dzake, uye zvakanga zvakanaka here?
7 “Chibvumikiso”i chavakava nacho cheidzi pfungwa? Vatsoropodzi vamanyoro vanotaura kuti vanokwanisa kukamuranisa rugwaro rwamabhuku apakuvamba eBhaibheri kuva chiverengero chakati kuti chamagwaro akasiana. Nheyo huru yavanoshandisa ndeyokufungidzira kuti, nomutoo wakarovedzeka, ndima ipi neipi yeBhaibheri inoshandisa shoko rechiHebheru rinoreva Mwari (’Elo·himʹ) pachayo imene yakanyorwa nomunyori mumwe, nepo ndima ipi neipi inoreva nezvaMwari kupfurikidza nezita rake, Jehovha, inofanira kuva yakanyorwa nomumwe—sokunge kuti munyori mumwe aisagona kushandisa mashoko ose ari maviri.4
8 Nomutoo wakafanana, nguva ipi neipi apo chinoitika chinonyorwa kanopfuura kamwe chete mubhuku, chinorangarirwa sechibvumikiso chaanopfuura munyori mumwe pabhuku, kunyange zvazvo mabhuku ekare avaSemite ane mimwe mienzaniso yakafanana yedzokororo. Mukuwedzera, kunofungidzirwa kuti chinjo ipi neipi yomunyorero inoreva chinjo yomunyori. Bva, kunyange vanyori vazvino uno vomutauro vanowanzonyora muminyorero yakasiana panhambo dzakasiana mumabasa avo, kana kuti apo ivo vanenge vachibata nenhau yakasiana yomusoro.b
9-11. Uterai humwe hwakatanhamara hwokutsoropodzwa kwamanyoro kwazvino uno?
9 Pane chibvumikiso chipi nechipi chaichoicho here nokuda kweidzi rondedzero? Nyangwe napaduku pose zvapo. Mumwe mutsinhiri akacherechedza, kuti: “Kutsoropodza manyoro, kunyange paunani hwakwo, ndokwokufungidzira uye hakuna kutsarukana, chimwe chinhu chinogarova chinogona kuva chinogadziridzwa kana kuti chinobvumikiswa kuva chisina kururama uye chinotofanira kuva chinotsiviwa nechimwewo chinhu. Chiito chendangariro, chinotapurwa nepanikiro dzose nefungidziro dzisingaparadzanisiki nezviito zvakadaro.”5 Kutsoropodzwa kwamanyoro eBhaibheri, zvikurukuru, ndekwo“kufungidzira uye hakuna kutsarukana” mukunyanyisa.
10 Gleason L. Archer, Jr., anoratidza chimwe chikanganiso mukurangarira kwokutsoropodzwa kwamanyoro. Iye anoti, chinetso ndechokuti “chikoro chaWellhausen chakatanga nefungidziro yakanaka (iyo vasina kutongotamburira kuratidzira) yokuti rudzidziso rwaIsraeri rwakanga rwuri bedzi mavambo omunhu seimwe ipi neipi, uye kuti yaifanira kutsanangurwa somuuyowo zvawo wemhindumupindu.”6 Namamwe mashoko, Wellhausen navateveri vake vakatanga nefungidziro yokuti Bhaibheri raingovawo zvaro shoko romunhu, uye ipapo vakarangarira kubvira ipapo.
11 Shure muna 1909, The Jewish Encyclopedia rakacherekedza humwe utera huviri murondedzero yaWellhausen: “Zvibvumikiso izvo Wellhausen akatapa nazvo chose chose mutumbi wose wavatsoropodzi veBhaibheri vaakararama panguva imwe cheteyo navo zvakavakirwa pafungidziro mbiri: kutanga, kuti muitiro unova unotanhamara zvikuru mukutanga kworudzidziso; yechipiri, kuti manyuko ekare anobata nomutoo uri madikanwa nenhano dzokutanga sefambiro mberi yetsika. Fungidziro yapakuvamba inorwisana noufakazi hwetsika dzapakuvamba, uye yapashure haiwani tsigiro muufakazi hwamabumbiro etsika akafanana naawo eIndia.”
12. Ko kutsoropodzwa kwamanyoro kwazvino uno kwakanangana sei noruzivo rwokuchera matongo?
12 Pane nzira ipi neipi here yokunzvera nayo kutsoropodzwa kwamanyoro kuona kana rondedzero dzakwo dzakarurama kana kuti kwete? The Jewish Encyclopedia yakapfuurira kuti: “Mirangariro yaWellhausen yakavakirwa chose chose panenge panzvero chaiyoiyo, uye ichada kuwedzerwa nokunzvera mupfundo roruzivo rwokucherwa kwamatongo rwakasimbiswa.” Makore zvaakapfuura, ko ruzivo rwokucherwa kwamatongo rwakakombamira kukusimbisa rondedzero dzaWellhausen here? The New Encyclopædia Britannica inopindura, kuti: “Kutsoropodzwa kworuzivo rwokucherwa kwamatongo kwakakombamira kukusimbisa ruvimbiko rwoudzame chairwo rwenhau kunyange nhambo dzekaresa [dzenhau yeBhaibheri] ndokusarangarira rondedzero yokuti nhauro dzePentateuch [zvinyorwa zvenhau zviri mumabhuku ekaresa eBhaibheri] zvinongova bedzi murangariro wenhambo yapashure zvikuru.”
13, 14. Pasinei zvapo nenheyo dzakwo dzisina kutsarukana, neiko kutsoropodza kwamanyoro kwaWellhausen kuchiri kugamuchirwa zvakaparira?
13 Nemhaka youtera hwako, neiko kutsoropodzwa kwamanyoro kwakakurumbira zvikuru pakati pavachenjeri nhasi? Nokuti kunovaudza zvinhu zvavanoda kunzwa. Mumwe muzivi womuzana ramakore rechi 19 akatsanangura, kuti: “Ini pachangu, ndakagamuchira iri bhuku raWellhausen kupfuura rinenge rimwe ripi neripi; nokuda kwechikonzero chakakomba chenhau yeTestamente Yekare chakaratidzika kwandiri kuva chakapedzwa pakupedzisira nomutoo unotsinhirana nenheyo yemhindumupindu yomunhu iyo ini ndinogombedzerwa kushandisa munhau yorudzidziso rwose.”7 Sezviri pachena, kutsoropodzwa kwamanyoro kwakabvumirana nefungira mano dzake dzakaipa sowezvemhindumupindu. Uye, zvamazvirokwazvo, rondedzero mbiri dzinobatira donzo rakafanana. Sezvo mhindumupindu yaizobvisa kudikanwa kwokudavira Musiki, saizvozvo kutsoropodzwa kwamanyoro kwaWellhausen kwaizoreva kuti munhu haasati aizotofanira kudavira kuti Bhaibheri rakafuridzirwa naMwari.
14 Muzana rino ramakore rechi 20 rezvokutungamirirwa nomurangariro, mufungo wokuti Bhaibheri harisati riri shoko raMwari asi romunhu unoratidzika kuva une mufungo kune vakachenjera.c Kuri nyore zvikuru kwazvo kwavari kudavira kuti uporofita hwakanyorwa pashure pezadziko yahwo kupinda kuugamuchira sohuri hwechokwadi. Vanoda havo kuzvidza nhauro dzeBhaibheri dzamanenji sengano, marungano, kana kuti rondedzero dzavekare, panzvimbo pokurangarira bviro yokuti zvakaitika chaizvozvo. Asi murangariro wakadaro ndowokufungira mano akaipa uye haupi chikonzero chakasimba chokuramba Bhaibheri serechokwadi. Kutsoropodzwa kwamanyoro kunoshatswa nomutoo wakakomba, uye kudenha kwakwo paBhaibheri kwakundikana kuratidzira kuti Bhaibheri harisati riri Shoko raMwari.
Ruzivo Rwokuchera Matongo Runotsigira Bhaibheri Here?
15, 16. Kurarama kwomubati ushe upi wekare kunodudzwa muBhaibheri kwakasimbiswa nokuchera matongo?
15 Ruzivo rwokuchera matongo rutivi rwakasimbiswa nomutoo wakatsiga zvikuru kwazvo rwenzvero kupfuura kutsoropodzwa kwamanyoro. Nyanzvi dzokuchera matongo, kupfurikidza nokuchera pakati pezvisaririra zvepepuko yomunguva yakapfuura, munzira zhinji dzakawedzera kunzwisisa kwedu zvakanga zvakaita zvinhu munguva dzekare. Nokudaro, hakusati kuchishamisa kuti chinyorwa choruzivo rwokuchera matongo chinotsinhirana chatsinhiranazve nezvatinorava muBhaibheri. Dzimwe nguva, ruzivo rwokuchera matongo rwakatoreverera Bhaibheri mukurwisana navatsoropodzi varo.
16 Somuenzaniso, mukuwirirana nebhuku raDhanieri, mubati ushe wokupedzisira muBhabhironi risati rawira kuvaPersia ainzi Bershazari. (Dhanieri 5:1-30) Sezvo pakaratidzika kuva pasina pamwe panodudzwa Bershazari kunze kwomuBhaibheri, pomero yakaitwa kuti Bhaibheri rakanga risina kururama uye kuti uyu munhu haana kutongovapo. Asi mukati mezana ramakore rechi 19, minyakwe inoverengeka miduku yakanyorwa necuneiform yakawanwa mumatongo eIraq yokumaodzanyemba. Yakawanwa kuva inobatanidza munyengetero nokuda kwoutano hwomwanakomana mukurusa waNabhonidhasi, mambo weBhabhironi. Zita rouyu mwanakomana rainzi ani? Bershazari.
17. Tinogona sei kutsanangura idi rokuti Bhaibheri rinoidza Bhershazari kuva mambo, nepo manyoro mazhinjisa aimuidza kuti muchinda?
17 Naizvozvo kwakanga kuna Bershazari! Kunyange zvazvo kwakadaro, akanga ari mambo here, apo Bhabhironi rakawa? Magwaro mazhinjisa akawanwa mukutevedzana anotaura nezvake somwanakomana wamambo, mudyi wenhaka wechigaro choumambo. Asi rugwaro rwecuneiform rwakarondedzerwa se“Nhauro yeNdima yaNabhonidhasi” runojekesa zvikuru nzvimbo yechokwadi yaBershazari. Rwakashuma, kuti: “Iye [Nabhonidhasi] akaronzesa ‘Musasa’ ku(mwanakomana) wake mukurusa, dangwe, iye akaraira mauto enzvimbo iri yose munyikayo kuti azviise pasi po(udzori) hwake. Iye akaita kuti (chinhu chiri chose) chibve kwaari, iye akaronzesa umambo kwaari.”8 Naizvozvo Bershazari akaronzeswa umambo. Zvamazvirokwazvo, chaizvoizvo ikoko kwakamuita mambo!d Uhu ukama huri pakati paBershazari nababa vake, Nabhonidhasi, hunotsanangura chikonzero nei Bershazari, mukati mamadyo iwawo okupedzisira muBhabhironi, akakarakadza kuita Dhanieri mubati ushe wechitatu muumambo. (Dhanieri 5:16) Sezvo Nabhonidhasi akanga ari mubati ushe wokutanga, Bershazari iye amene akanga ari bedzi mubati ushe wechipiri weBhabhironi.
Humwe Ufakazi Hunotsigira
18. Ruzivo rwokuchera matongo runogovera mashokoi okusimbisa rugare norubudiriro mukutonga kwaDhavhidhi?
18 Zvamazvirokwazvo, zviwanwa zvizhinji zvoruzivo rwokuchera matongo zvakaratidzira ururami hwenhau hweBhaibheri. Somuenzaniso, Bhaibheri rinoshuma kuti pashure pokunge Mambo Soromoni atora umambo kuna baba vake, Dhavhidhi, Israeri akafarikanya rubudiriro rukuru. Tinorava, kuti: “Judha naIsraeri vaiva vazhinji, sorukangarabwe rwejecha riri pagungwa nokuda kwavazhinji zhinji, vachidya uye vachinwa uye vachifara.” (1 Madzimambo 4:20) Mukutsigira uku kutaura, tinorava, kuti: “Ufakazi hworuzivo rwokuchera matongo hunowadzanyura kuti kwakanga kune wedzero yechiverengero chavagari vapasi muna Judha mukati napashure pezana ramakore regumi P.K. apo rugare norubudiriro zvakaunzwa naDhavhidhi zvakakuita kuti kubvire kuvaka mataundi matsva mazhinji.”10
19. Ko ruzivo rwokuchera matongo runopa mashokoi okuwedzera pamusoro pehondo yapakati paIsraeri neMoabhi?
19 Gare gare, Israeri naJudha vakava marudzi maviri, uye Israeri akakurira nyika yakavakidzana naye yeMoabhi. Pane imwe nguva Moabhi, mukutungamirira kwaMambo Mesha, yakapanduka, uye Israeri yakabatana naJudha noumambo hwakavakidzana naye hweEdhomi kurwisana neMoabhi. (2 Madzimambo 3:4-27) Nomutoo wakatanhamara, muna 1868 muJoridhani, stela (sirabhu yedombo yakavezwa) chakawanwa icho chakanga chakanyorwa mumutauro wavaMoabhi chiine nhauro yaMesha amene youku kurwisana.
20. Ko ruzivo rwokuchera matongo runotizivisei pamusoro poruparadziko rwaIsraeri rwakaitwa navaAsiria?
20 Ipapo, mugore ra 740 P.N.V., Mwari akabvumira umambo hwokuchamhembe hunopandukira hwaIsraeri kuva hunoparadzwa navaAsiria. (2 Madzimambo 17:6-18) Achitaura nezvenhau yeBhaibheri yeichi chinoitika, Kathleen Kenyon nyanzvi yokuchera matongo anotsinhira, kuti: “Mumwe angava nenyumwiro yokuti kumwe kwaikoku ndokwokunyanyisa.” Asi kwakadaro here? Anowedzera, kuti: “Ufakazi hwokuchera matongo hwokuwa kwoumambo hwaIsraeri hunenge hwakajeka zvikuru kupinda huya hwechinyorwa cheBhaibheri. . . . Kutsakatitswa chose chose kwamataundi avaIsraeri eSamaria neHazori uye ruparadziko rwakava pamwe chete rweMegidho ufakazi hweidi hwokuchera matongo hwokuti munyori we[Bhaibheri] akanga asingatutsiri.”11
21. Udzamei pamusoro pokukurirwa kwaJudha kwakaitwa navaBhabhironi hunogoverwa noruzivo rwokucherwa matongo?
21 Gare gare zvakare, Bhaibheri rinotiudza kuti Jerusarema muudzori hwaMambo Jehoakini rakakomberedzwa navaBhabhironi uye rakakurirwa. Ichi chinoitika chakanyorwa muNhauro yeBhabhironi, hwendefa recuneiform rakawanwa nenyanzvi dzokuchera matongo. Pana ikoku, tinorava, kuti: “Mambo weAkadhi [Bhabhironi] . . . akakomberedza guta raJudha (iahudu) uye mambo akatora guta pazuva rechipiri romwedzi waAddaru.”12 Jehoakini akaendeswa kuBhabhironi ndokupfigirwa mutorongo. Asi gare gare, mukuwirirana neBhaibheri, iye akasunungurwa mutorongo ndokupiwa mvumiro yezvokudya. (2 Madzimambo 24:8-15; 25:27-30) Ikoku kunotsigirwa namagwaro avadzori akawanwa muBhabhironi, ayo anoronga migove yezvokudya zvakapiwa kuna “Yaukîn, mambo waJudha.”13
22, 23. Zvikurukuru, iwiriranoi iri pakati poruzivo rwokuchera matongo nenhauro dzenhau dzeBhaibheri?
22 Pamusoro pewirirano iri pakati poruzivo rwokuchera matongo nenhauro dzenhau dzeBhaibheri, Purofesa David Noel Freedman akatsinhira, kuti: “Zvisinei, nomutoo wakarovedzeka, ruzivo rwokuchera matongo rwakarerekera kukutsigira kushanda kwenhauro dzenhau yeBhaibheri. Ndaza yakafara yokuverengwa kwenguva kubvira kumadziteteguru kusvikira kunguva dzeT[estamende] I[tsva] inowirirana namaidi okucherwa kwamatongo. . . . Zviwanwa zvomunguva yemberi zvine bviro yokutsigira nzvero yazvino uno ine mwero yokuti gamuchidzanwa reBhaibheri rakatsiga munhau, uye rakapfuudzwa mukutendeka, kunyange zvazvo risati riri nhau mupfungwa yokutsoropodza kana kuti yesayenzi.”
23 Ipapo, pamusoro penhamburiko dzavatsoropodzi vamanyoro dzokuzvidza Bhaibheri, iye anoti: “Kuumbwa patsva kwakaedzwa kwenhau yeBhaibheri navazivi vazvino uno—somuenzaniso, murangariro waWellhausen wokuti zera ramadzitateguru rakanga riri muuyo woumambo hwakakamukana; kana kuti kurambwa kwokuva wenhau kwaMosesi norwendo rwokubuda nokuumbwa patsva kwakatevera kwenhau yavaIsraeri kwakaitwa naNoth navateveri vake—hazvina kupukunyuka maidi okuchera matongo uyewo nhauro yeBhaibheri.”14
Kuwa kweJeriko
24. Ko Bhaibheri rinotipa mashokoi pamusoro pokuwa kweJeriko?
24 Ikoku kunoreva here kuti ruzivo rwokucherwa kwamatongo runobvumirana neBhaibheri muchinoitika chiri chose? Aiwa, kune chiverengero chakati chokusabvumirana. Kumwe ndokwe rukundwo runokatyamadza rweJeriko rwarondedzerwa mukuvamba meganhuro rino. Mukuwirirana neBhaibheri, Jeriko rakanga riri guta rokutanga rakakurirwa naJoshua sezvaakatungamirira vaIsraeri kupinda munyika yeKanani. Kuverengwa kwenguva kweBhaibheri kunoratidzira kuti gutaro rakawa muhafu yokutanga yezana ramakore rechi 15 P.N.V. Pashure porukundo, Jeriko rakaroromeswa nomwoto uye ipapo rakasiyiwa risingagarwi kwamazana amakore.—Joshua 6:1-26; 1 Madzimambo 16:34.
25, 26. Imhedzisoi mbiri dzakasiana dzakasvikwa nenyanzvi dzezvokuchera matongo somuuyo wokuchera Jeriko?
25 Pamberi pehondo yenyika yechipiri, nzvimbo inodavirwa kuva Jeriko yakacherwa naPurofesa John Garstang. Iye akawana kuti guta rakanga riri rekare zvikuru uye rakanga raparadzwa ndokuvakwazve kazhinji. Garstang akawana kuti mukati mokumwe kwouku kuparadzwa, masvingo akakoromoka sokunge kuti akakoromorwa nokudengenyeka kwapasi, uye gutaro rakaroromeswa nomwoto. Garstang anodavira kuti ikoku kwakaitika munenge muna 1400 P.N.V., kusati kuri kure zvikuru nomusi unoratidzirwa muBhaibheri nokuda kworuparadziko rweJeriko rwakaitwa naJoshua.15
26 Pashure pehondo, imwe nyanzvi yezvokuchera matongo, Kathleen Kenyon, akaita kumwezve kuchera paJeriko. Iye akasvika pamhedziso yokuti masvingo akakoromoka akanga aonwa naGarstang aiva nomusi unovambira mumazana amakore apamberi pezvi anopfuura aaifunga. Iye akaona chaizvo ruparadziko rukuru rweJeriko muzana ramakore rechi 16 P.N.V. asi iye akati kwakanga kusina guta panzvimbo yeJeriko mukati mezana ramakore rechi 15—apo Bhaibheri rinoti Joshua akanga achivhozhokera nyikayo. Iye anopfuurira kushuma zviratidzo zvinobvira zvorumwe ruparadziko rungave rwakaitika panzvimboyo muna 1325 P.N.V. ndokukarakadza, kuti: “Kana ruparadziko rweJeriko ruchizobatanidzwa nevhozhokero yakatungamirirwa naJoshua, uyu [wapashure] ndiwo musi unokarakadzwa noruzivo rwokuchera matongo.”16
27. Neiko musiano pakati poruzivo rwokuchera matongo neBhaibheri usati uchifanira kutikangaidza nomutoo usina kufanira?
27 Ko ikoku kunoreva kuti Bhaibheri harina kururama here? Nyangwe napaduku pose zvapo. Tinotofanira kuyeuka hedu kuti kunyange zvazvo ruzivo rwokuchera matongo ruchitipa mutoo wokuona nawo nguva yakapfuura, nguva dzose hausati uri mutoo wakajeka. Dzimwe nguva unova chaizvoizvo usina kutsarukana. Sokucherechedza kwakaita mumwe mutsinhiri, kuti: “Nenzira isingafadzi, ufakazi hwokuchera matongo hunoumbwa nezvaenga, naizvozvo hwakaganhurirwa.”17 Zvikurukuru ikoku kunodaro nezvenhambo dzapakuvamba dzenhau yavaIsraeri, apo ufakazi hwokuchera matongo husina kujeka. Zvamazvirokwazvo, ufakazi hunotova husina kujeka zvikuru paJeriko, sezvo nzvimboyo yakakukurwa zvikuru kwazvo.
Ganhuriro Dzoruzivo Rwokuchera Matongo
28, 29. Ndedzipi dziri dzimwe ganhuriro dzoruzivo rwokuchera matongo idzo vazivi vakabvuma?
28 Nyanzvi dzezvokuchera matongo idzo dzimene dzinobvuma ganhuriro dzesayenzi yadzo. Yohanan Aharoni, somuenzaniso, anotsanangura, kuti: “Pakubata nedudziro yenhau kana kuti mugariro wapasi wenhau, nyanzvi yezvokuchera matongo inobuda munzvimbo yesayenzi chaidzoidzo, uye iye anofanira kutsamira pazvisarudzo zvinokosha nefungidziro kuti asvike pamufananidzo unonzwisisika wenhau.”18 Pamusoro pemisi yakagoverwa kuzviwanwa zvakasiana-siana, iye anowedzera, kuti: “Naizvozvo, tinofanira kugaroyeuka kuti haisati iri misi yose yakakwana uye iri mumwero yakasiana-siana inokarirwa,” kunyange zvazvo iye achirangarira kuti nyanzvi dzezvokuchera matongo dzanhasi dzinogona kuva dzinovimba zvikuru nokuronga misi kwadzo kupfuura zvazvakanga zvakaita munguva yakapfuura.19
29 The World of the Old Testament inobvunza mubvunzo, unoti: “Ko mutoo wezvokuchera matongo wakarurama zvakadini kana kuti ndowesayenzi chaizvoizvo here?” Inopindura, kuti: “Nyanzvi dzezvokuchera matongo ndedzechokwadi zvikuru pakufukunyura maidi kupinda apo dzinoadudzira. Asi kubatikana kwadzo kwohunhu kuchatapura mitoo yadzinoshandisa muku‘chera,’wo. Idzo hadzigoni kudzivisa kuparadza ufakazi hwadzo sezvadzinochera nomuvanzariko dzapasi, zvokuti hadzitongogoni kupima ‘kuedza’ kwadzo kupfurikidza nokukudzokorora. Ikoku kunoita ruzivo rwokuchera matongo rwuve rwakatsaukana pakati pesayenzi. Kupfuurirazve, kunoita kuti kushuma kwokucherwa kwamatongo kuve basa rinoraira zvikurusa nerizerwe nezvinetso.”20
30. Ko vadzidzi veBhaibheri vanorangarira sei kucherwa kwamatongo?
30 Naizvozvo ruzivo rwokuchera matongo runogona kuva runobetsera zvikuru, asi kufanana nokutamburira kupi nokupi kwohunhu, runokanganisa. Kunyange tichirangarira rondedzero dzokuchera matongo nefariro, hatitongofaniri kudzirangarira sezvokwadi isingarambiki. Kana nyanzvi dzezvokuchera matongo dzikadudzira zviwanwa zvadzo nenzira inopokanidza Bhaibheri, hakusati kuchifanira kungoerekana hakwo kwarangarirwa kuti Bhaibheri harina kururama uye kuti nyanzvi dzezvokuchera matongo dzakarurama. Dudziro dzadzo dzave dzichizivikanwa kuva dzinochinja.
31. Chikarakadzoi chitsva chakabudiswa misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi pamusoro pokuwa kweJeriko?
31 Kunofadza kucherechedza kuti muna 1981 Purofesa John J. Bimson akanzverazve ruparadziko rweJeriko. Akasanonzvera ruparadziko rwomwoto rweJeriko rwakaitika—mukuwirirana naKathleen Kenyon—mukati mezana ramakore rechi 16 P.N.V. Mukuwirirana naye, ruparadziko irworwo harusati rwakangokodzera bedzi nhauro yeBhaibheri yokuparadza kwaJoshua gutaro asi mufananidzo wezvokuchera matongo weKanani wose zvawo unokodzerana nomutoo wakakwana nerondedzero yeBhaibheri yeKanani apo vaIsraeri vakavhozhokera. Nokudaro, iye anokarakadza kuti kuverenga misi kworuzivo rwokuchera matongo hakuna kururama uye anokarakadza kuti urwu ruparadziko rwakaitika zvomenemene mukati mezana ramakore rechi 15 P.N.V., mukati menduramo yaJoshua.21
Bhaibheri Inhau Chaiyoiyo
32. Ikombamiroi yakacherekedzwa pakati pavamwe vazivi?
32 Ikoku kunoenzanisira idi rokuti nyanzvi dzokuchera matongo dzinowanzosiana pakati padzo dzimene. Ipapoka, hakusati kuchishamisa kuti dzimwe hadzibvumirana neBhaibheri kunyange dzimwe dzichibvumirana naro. Kunyanguvezvo, vamwe vazivi vavakusvika pakuremekedza uchokwadi hwenhau yeBhaibheri rose zvaro, kana musati muri muudzame huri hwose. William Foxwell Albright akaratidzira mumwe mutoo womufungo apo iye akanyora, kuti: “Kwave kune kudzokera kwavose kukunzwisiswa kwoururami, mose muri muviri muukuru hwose nomuudzame hweidi, zvenhau yorudzidziso yaIsraeri. . . . Mukupeta, zvino tinogona kubatazve neBhaibheri kubvira pamavambo kusvikira kumugumo sorugwaro rwechokwadi rwenhau yorudzidziso.”22
33, 34. Ko Magwaro echiHebheru iwo amene anopa sei ufakazi hwokuva akarurama munhau?
33 Kutaura idi, Bhaibheri iro rimene rine chibvumikiso chenhau yakarurama. Zvinoitika zvakabatana nenguva nemisi chaiyoiyo, mukusafanana neyoyo yengano namarungano ekare. Zvinoitika zvizhinji zvakanyorwa muBhaibheri zvinotsigirwa namanyoro anoronga misi kubvira munguva idzedzo. Apo pane musiano pakati peBhaibheri namamwe manyoro ekare, musianowo unogona kuva unowanzoparirwa nokusada kwavabati ushe vekare kunyora kukurirwa kwavo vamene uye chishuvo chavo chokukudziridza kubudirira kwavo.
34 Zvamazvirokwazvo, mazhinji amanyoro iwawo ekare haasati ari nhau sezvo akafanana neparadziro yapamutemo. Mukupesana, vanyori veBhaibheri vanoratidzira kunanga kusingawanzoitwi. Vanhu vakuru madzisekuru vakadai saMosesi naAroni vanoratidzirwa vaine utera hwavo hwose nesimba. Kunyange kundikano dzamambo mukuru Dhavhidhi dzinowadzanyurwa nomutoo wokutendeseka. Zvikanganiso zvorudzi rwose zvarwo zvinoratidzirwa zvaratidzirwazve. Uku kutaura kwakajeka kunorumbidza Magwaro echiHebheru seezvokwadi neanovimbika uye kunopa ukoshi kumashoko aJesu, uyo, pakunyengetera kuna Mwari, akati: “Shoko renyu izvokwadi.”—Johane 17:17.
35. Ko vafungi vanotungamirirwa nomurangariro vakakundikana kuitei, uye vadzidzi veBhaibheri vanovimba nei nokuda kwokubvumikisa kufuridzirwa kweBhaibheri?
35 Albright akapfuurira kutaura, kuti: “Muchinoitika chipi kana chipi Bhaibheri rakatanhamara muzviri mukati kupfuura mabhuku ose apakuvamba orudzidziso; uye rakatanhamara zvikuru nomutoo unoorora pamabhuku ose anotevera mukunzwisisika kwakananga kweshoko raro netambanuko [inobatanidza dzakawanda] yetapuro yaro kuvanhu venyika dzose nenguva.”23 Ndirori ‘shoko rakatanhamara,’ panzvimbo pechipupuriro chavazivi, rinobvumikisa kufuridzirwa kweBhaibheri, sezvatichaona mumaganhuro anotevera. Asika ngaticherekedzei pano kuti vafungi vazvino uno vanotungamirirwa nomurangariro vakundikana kubvumikisa kuti Magwaro echiHebheru haasati ari nhau yechokwadi, kunyange aya manyoro iwo amene achipa ufakazi huri hwose hwokuva akarurama. Ko zvimwe chetezvo zvinogona kutaurwa nokuda kwaMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki here, “Testamente Itsva”? Ticharangarira ikoku muganhuro rinotevera.
[Mashoko Omuzasi]
a “Kutsoropodza manyoro” (kana kuti “mutoo wokutsoropodza nawo uchokwadi hwenhau”) ishoko rinoshandiswa kurondedzera kunzverwa kweBhaibheri nomurangariro wokuwana udzame hwakadai souvambi, manyuko amashoko, uye nguva yokuumbwa kwebhuku rimwe nerimwe.
b Somuenzaniso, wezvenhetembwa weEngland John Milton akanyora detembedzo rake rakakwirira rokuti “Paradise Lost” mumunyorero wakasiana zvikuru ne“L’Allegro” yake yedetembedzo. Uye matirakiti ake ezvamatongerwe enyika akanyorwawo mune mumwezve munyorero.
c Vakachenjera vazhinjisa vanhasi vanokombamira kukuva vanotungamirirwa nomurangariro. Mukuwirirana nedudzira mashoko, kutungamirirwa nomurangariro kunoreva “kutsamira pamurangariro sehwaro nokuda kwokusimbiswa kwezvokwadi yorudzidziso.” Vezvokutungamirirwa nomurangariro vanoedza kutsanangura chinhu chiri chose mumashoko ohunhu panzvimbo pokurangarira bviro yechiito choumwari.
d Nomutoo unofadza, mufananidzo womubati ushe wekare wakawanwa kuchamhembe kweSiria muma 1970 wakaratidzira kuti kwakanga kuchizivikanwa kuti mubati ushe ave anonzi mambo apo, mukutaura chaizvoizvo, iye akanga ane zita rechiratidziro duku zvikuru. Mufananidzo wacho wakanga uri womubati ushe weGozani uye wakanga wakanyorwa muchiAsiria nechiAramaiki. Runyoro rweAsiria rwakaidza murumeyo kuva mudzori weGozani, asi runyoro runowirirana nechiAramaiki rwakamuidza kuti mambo.9 Naizvozvo hakusati kwaizova kusina muenzaniso kuti Bershazari ave anonzi mudyi wenhaka mumanyoro apamutemo eBhabhironi nepo mumanyoro echiAramaiki aDhanieri iye achinzi mambo.
[Mashoko okukwezva vaverengi ari papeji 53]
Mukusafanana nenhau dzekare dzokunyika, Bhaibheri rinoratidzira zvakananga kundikano dzohunhu dzavanhu vanoremekedzwa vakadai saMosesi naDhavhidhi
[Bhokisi riri papeji 44]
Ukoshi Hworuzivo Rwokuchera Matongo
“Ruzivo rwokuchera matongo runogovera mienzaniso yezvishandiswa nemidziyo, masvingo nezvivako, zvombo neshongedzero zvekare. Zvizhinjisa zvaizvozvi zvinogona kurongwa mukuverengwa kwenguva ndokubatanidzwa namashoko akakodzera namashoko akapoteredza ari muBhaibheri. Mune iyi pfungwa Bhaibheri rinochengeta nomutoo wakarurama muchimiro chakanyorwa mugariro wapasi wekare wetsika. Udzame hwenhau dzeBhaibheri hausati huri zvibereko zvefungidziro nefungidziro yomunyori asi panzvimbo pakwo irangariro dzechokwadi dzenyika umo zvinoitika zvakanyorwa, kubvira kune zvinozivikanwa kusvikira kune zvamanenji, zvakaitikira pairi.”—The Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land.
[Bhokisi riri papeji 50]
Izvo Ruzivo Rwokuchera Matongo Rwunogona Kuita Nezvarusingagoni Kuita
“Ruzivo rwokuchera matongo harusati ruchibvumikisa kana kuti kusabvumikisa Bhaibheri mumashoko okugumisa, asi rune mamwe mabasa, oukoshi hwakati kuti. Runodzorera mumwero wakati kuti nyika inooneka yakadeya kuziviswa neBhaibheri. Kuti tizive, ngatitii, zvivakiso izvo imba yakavakwa nazvo, kana kuti maonekere aiita ‘nzvimbo yakakwirira,’ zvakawanda zvinokudziridza kunzwisisa kwedu rugwaro. Kechipiri, runozadza chinyorwa chenhau. Ibwe reMoabhi, somuenzaniso, rinopa rumwe rutivi rwenhau inorangarirwa muna 2 Madzimambo 3:4ff. . . . Kechitatu, runozivisa upenyu nomufungo wavavakidzani veIsraeri yekare—uko kuri kwefariro makuri kumene, uye uko kunovhenekera pfungwa yomufungo umo pfungwa yaIsraeri wekare yakatanga mairi.”—Ebla—A Revelation in Archaeology.
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 41]
Milton akanyora muminyorero yakasiana, kwete muamwe bedzi. Ko vatsoropodzi vamanyoro vanodavira bhuku rake kuva chibereko chechiverengero chavanyori vakasiana here?
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 45]
“Nhauro yeNdima yaNabhonidhasi” inoshuma kuti Nabhonidhasi akaronzesa umambo kudangwe rake
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 46]
Ibwe reMoabhi rinopa nhauro yaMambo Mesha yerwisano pakati peMoabhi naIsraeri
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 47]
Zvinyorwa zvapamutemo zveBhabhironi zvinotsigira nhauro yeBhaibheri yokuwa kweJerusarema