Pfungwa Yacho Inopinda Mumarudzidziso okuMabvazuva
“Ndaigarofunga kuti kusafa kwemweya kwakanga kuri chokwadi chakapararira chaigamuchirwa nomunhu wose. Naizvozvo ndakashamiswa chaizvoizvo nokuziva kuti dzimwe nyanzvi huru dzekwose kuri kuviri kuMabvazuva neMadokero dzakaita nharo dzakasimba mukupesana nechitendero chacho. Zvino ndinoshamisika kuti pfungwa yokusafa yakapinda sei muchiHindu.”—MUDZIDZI WEPAYUNIVHESITI AKAKURA ARI MUHINDU.
PFUNGWA yokuti munhu ane mweya usingafi yakapinda sei muchiHindu nemamwe marudzidziso okuMabvazuva? Mubvunzo wacho unofarirwa kunyange nevari kuMadokero vangave vasina kurovedzana nemarudzidziso aya, sezvo chitendero chacho chichitapura murangariro womunhu wose wenguva yemberi. Nemhaka yokuti dzidziso yokusafa kwomunhu inowanikwa mumarudzidziso mazhinjisa nhasi, kuziva makurire akaita murangariro wacho kunogona zvirokwazvo kuparira kunzwisisa kuri nani nekurukurirano.
2 Ninian Smart, purofesa wefundo yezverudzidziso paUniversity of Lancaster iri muBritain, anoti: “Nzvimbo inokosha zvikurusa yepesvedzero yorudzidziso muAsia yave iri India. Izvi hazvisiri hazvo nemhaka yokuti India pachayo yakavamba zvitendero zvinoverengeka—chiHindu, chiBuddha, chiJain, chiSikh, zvichingodaro—asi nemhaka yokuti rumwe rwaiwawa, chiBuddha, rwakasvika pakupesvedzera zvikuru tsika dzeinenge East Asia yose.” Tsika dzakawanda dzakapesvedzerwa munzira iyi “dzichiri kurangarira India somusha wadzo womudzimu,” inodaro imwe nyanzvi yechiHindu Nikhilananda. Dzidziso iyi yokusafa yakapinda sei zvino muIndia nemamwe mativi eAsia?
Dzidziso yechiHindu Yekuberekwazve
3 Muzana remakore rechitanhatu B.C.E., apo Pythagoras nevateveri vake muGreece vaive vachitsigira rondedzero yekutama kwemweya, vachenjeri vechiHindu vaigara mumahombekombe erwizi Indus naGanges muIndia vakanga vachitanga murangariro mumwe chetewo. Kuoneka panguva imwe cheteyo kwechitendero ichi “munyika yevaGiriki nomuIndia hakungangoni kuva kwakangozviitikira,” anodaro wezvenhau Arnold Toynbee. “Kunobvira kumwe kwakabva [pesvedzero] yacho yose,” Toynbee anojekesa kuti, “inzanga yevafudzi vanogara kuuragu veEurope neAsia, iyo, muzana ramakore rechi8 nerechi7 B.C., vakanga vadenha India, South-Western Asia, nyika yakaoma iri mumhenderekedzo meBlack Sea nechokuchamhembe, uye peninzura yeBalkan neAnatolian.” Marudzi eAsia neEurope aitama sezviri pachena akaenda kuIndia nepfungwa yokutama kwemweya.
4 ChiHindu chakanga chavamba muIndia pakuvamba zvikuru, nokusvika kwevaAryan munenge muna 1500 B.C.E. Kubva pakutanga chaipo, chiHindu chaidavira kuti mweya wakanga wakasiyana nemutumbi uye kuti mweya waipukunyuka rufu. VaHindu nokudaro vainamata madzitateguru uye vaigadzirira zvokudya mweya yevafi vavo kuti vadye. Mazana amakore gare gare apo pfungwa yokutama kwemweya yakasvika kuIndia, inofanira kuve yakafadza vachenjeri vechiHindu vainetseka nechinetso chenyika yose chouipi nokutambura pakati pevanhu. Vachibatanidza iyi neunonzi mutemo weKarma, mutemo wechinoparira nemugumisiro, vachenjeri vechiHindu vakavamba rondedzero yokuberekwazve umo zvakanaka nezvakaipa zvomune humwe upenyu zvinotuswa kana kuti kupiwa chirango mune hunotevera.
5 Asi kwakanga kune mumwe murangariro wakapesvedzera dzidziso yechiHindu pamusoro pemweya. “Kunoratidzika sokwechokwadi kuti apo rondedzero yokutama kwemweya nekarma yakavambwa, kana kuti kunyange pakuvamba,” inodaro Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics, “mumwe murangariro . . . wakanga uri kuvamba zvishoma nezvishoma muboka renyanzvi duku muN. India—murangariro wouzivi waBrahman-Ātman [Brahman mukuru uye asingaperi, chokwadi chakazara].” Pfungwa iyi yakabatanidzwa nerondedzero yokuberekwazve kurondedzera vavariro yokupedzisira yevaHindu—rusununguko kubva munhevedzano yokutama kwemweya kuitira kuti uve chokwadi chakazara. Izvi, vaHindu vanodavira kuti, zvinoitwa kupfurikidza nokuvavarira mufambiro unogamuchirwa munzanga uye zivo chaiyo yechiHindu.
6 Varume vakachenjera vechiHindu nokudaro vakaumba pfungwa yekutama kwemweya kuva dzidziso yokuberekwazve kupfurikidza nokuibatanidza nemutemo weKarma uye murangariro waBrahman. Octavio Paz, nyanduri akahwinha Nobel Prize uye aichimbova mumiriri weMexico muIndia, anonyora kuti: “Sezvo chiHindu chakapararira, ndizvo zvakaitawo pfungwa yacho . . . inokosha zvikuru kuchiBrahman, chiBuddha, uye mamwe marudzidziso eAsia: metempsychosis, kutama kwemweya ichipinda muzvimiro zvokuvapo zvinotevedzana.”
7 Dzidziso yokuberekwazve ndiyo musimboti wechiHindu chomuzuva ranhasi. Muzivi wechiHindu Nikhilananda anoti: “Kuti kuwanikwa kwokusafa haisiri ropafadzo yevashomanene vakasarudzwa, asi kodzero yokuberekwa nayo yevanhu vose, ndicho chitendero chomuHindu wose akakwana.”
Nhevedzano Yokuberekwazve muchiBuddha
8 ChiHindu chakavambwa muIndia munenge muna 500 B.C.E. Maererano negamuchidzanwa rechiBuddha, mumwe muchinda wechiIndia ane zita rinonzi Siddhārtha Gautama, akasvika pakuzivikanwa saBuddha pashure pokuvhenekerwa, akavamba chiBuddha. Sezvo chakavamba muchiHindu, dzidziso dzacho dzakati fananei neidzo dzechiHindu. Maererano nechiBuddha, kuvapo inhevedzano inopfuurira yokuberekwazve nokufa, uye somuchiHindu, mamiriro omunhu mumwe nomumwe muupenyu hwake hwazvino anosarudzwa nezviito zvomuupenyu hwake hwomunguva yakapfuura.
9 Asi chiBuddha hachirondedzeri kuvapo semweya womunhu oga unopukunyuka rufu. “[Buddha] akaona mumweya womunhu nhevedzano inopfuura nokukurumidza yezvimiro zvendangariro, zvakabatanidzwa nechishuwo bedzi,” akadaro Arnold Toynbee. Bva, Buddha aidavira kuti chimwe chinhu—chimiro chendangariro kana kuti simba—chinopfuudzwa kubva kune humwe upenyu kuenda kune humwe. Dr. Walpola Rahula, nyanzvi yechiBuddha, anotsanangura kuti:
10 “Munhu hapana zvaari asi anongova mubatanidzwa wemasimba enyama neendangariro kana kuti simba. Chatinoti rufu kusashanda chose chose kwomutumbi wenyama. Masimba aya ose anomira chose chose here nokusashanda kwomutumbi? ChiBuddha chinoti ‘Aiwa.’ Chido, chishuvo, nyota yokurarama, kupfuurira, kuramba uchiwedzera, isimba guru rinosunda upenyu hwose, zvinorarama zvose, rinotosunda kunyange nyika yose. Iri isimba gurusa, simba gurusa riri munyika. Maererano nechiBuddha, iri simba harimiri nokusashanda kwomutumbi, kuri kufa; asi rinoramba richizviratidza mune chimwe chimiro, richibudisa kuvapozve kunonzi kuberekwazve.”
11 Murangariro wechiBuddha woUpenyu pashure porufu ndouyu: Kuvapo kunogara nokusingaperi kutoti munhu akawana nharidzano yokupedzisira yeNirvana, rusununguko munhevedzano yokuberekwazve. Nirvana mamiriro ezvinhu asiri emufaro usingaperi kana kuti kuva munhu chaiyeiye pakupedzisira. Anongova mamiriro ezvinhu okusavapo—“nzvimbo isina rufu” inopfuura kuvapo kwomunhu. Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary rinorondedzera “Nirvana” se“nzvimbo kana kuti mamiriro ezvinhu okukanganwa funganyo, marwadzo, kana kuti kuvapo kusingaperi.” Panzvimbo pokutsvaka kusafa, vaBuddha vanokurudzirwa kukunda nokuwana Nirvana.
12 Sezvachakapararira chichienda kunzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzeAsia, chiBuddha chakagadziridza dzidziso dzacho kuti dziwirirane nezvitendero zvomunzvimbomo. Somuenzaniso, chiBuddha cheMahayana, rudzi rwacho rwakakurumbira muChina nomuJapan, chine chitendero chekurega Nirvana yokudenga kana kuti vaBuddha vomunguva yemberi. Vanorega Nirvana vanosundira mberi Nirvana yavo vorarama upenyu husingaverengeki kuitira kuti vabatire vamwe ndokuvabetsera kuiwana. Nokudaro munhu anogona kusarudza kupfuurira munhevedzano yokuberekwazve kunyange pashure pokuwana Nirvana.
13 Kumwe kugadziridza kwakapesvedzera zvikuru muChina neJapan idzidziso yeNyika Yakachena Yemadokero, yakasikwa naBuddha Amitabha, kana kuti Amida. Avo vanodana zita raBuddha nokutenda vanoberekerwazve muNyika Yakachena, kana kuti paradhiso, umo mamiriro ezvinhu akanaka zvikuru kuti munhu awane kuvhenekerwa kwokupedzisira. Chii chakabva mudzidziso iyi? Purofesa Smart, adudzwa pakuvamba, anotsanangura kuti: “Sezvingakarirwa, kunaka kweparadhiso, kunorondedzerwa zvakajeka mune mamwe emagwaro aMahayana, kwakasvika pakutsiva nirvana mukufungidzira kwakakurumbira senharidzano huru.”
14 ChiBuddha chaTibet chinobatanidza zvimwe zvitendero zvomunzvimbomo. Somuenzaniso, bhuku raTibet revakafa rinorondedzera nguva yemberi yomunhu anenge ari muchimiro chepakati nepakati asati aberekwazve. Vakafa vanonzi vanoratidzwa chiedza chakajeka chechokwadi chokupedzisira, uye avo vasingakwanisi kutsungirira chiedza chacho havawani rusununguko asi vanoberekwazve. Sezviri pachena, chiBuddha muzvimiro zvacho zvakasiyana-siyana chinopa pfungwa yokusafa.
Kunamata Madzitateguru muchiShinto cheJapan
15 Rudzidziso rwaivamo muJapan chiBuddha chisati chasvika muzana remakore rechitanhatu C.E. Rwakanga rwuri rudzidziso rusina zita, uye rwaive nezvitendero zvaive nechokuita netsika nemiitiro yevanhu. Nokuvamba kwechiBuddha, zvisinei, pakave nokudikanwa kwokusiyanisa rudzidziso rweJapan nerwokumwe. Naizvozvo zita rokuti “Shinto,” rinoreva kuti “nzira yavamwari,” rakanyuka.
16 VaShinto vepakuvamba vaiva nechitendero chipi pamusoro peUpenyu Pashure Porufu? Nekusvika kwokurima mupunga mumatoro, “kurima matoro kwakaita kuti kudikanwe nzanga dzakanyatsorongwa uye dzakadzikama,” inotsanangura kudaro Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan, “uye miitiro yokurima—iyo gare gare yakazoita basa rinokosha zvikuru muchiShintō—yakavambwa.” Kutya mweya yakaenda kwakatungamirira vanhu vekare ava kuronga tsika dzokuvanyaradza. Izvi zvakakura zvikava kunamata midzimu yamadzitateguru.
17 Maererano nechitendero cheShinto, mweya “wakaenda” uchine unhu hwawo asi wakasvibiswa nemhaka yorufu. Apo vakafirwa vanorova guva, mweya wacho unocheneswa kusvika pakubvisa utsinye hwose, uye unova neunhu hwerugare nehwakanaka. Pashure penguva yakati, mudzimu watateguru unokwira kusvika panzvimbo yamwari wedzinza, kana kuti muchengeti. Sezvo chaivapo pamwe nechiBuddha, chiShinto chakabatanidzawo dzidziso dzechiBuddha dzakati, kubatanidza dzidziso yeparadhiso. Nokudaro, tinowana kuti chitendero chokusafa chinokosha kuchiShinto.
Kusafa muchiTao, Kunamata Madzitateguru muchiConfucius
18 ChiTao chakavambwa naLao-tzu, uyo anonzi aigara muChina muzana ramakore rechitanhatu B.C.E. Vavariro muupenyu, maererano nechiTao, ndeyokuwiriranisa mubato wevanhu naTao—nzira yechisiko. Murangariro wechiTao pamusoro pokusafa unogona kupfupikiswa nenzira iyi: Tao ndiye nheyo inodzora yechisiko chose. Tao haana mavambo uye haana magumo. Kupfurikidza nokurarama maererano naTao, munhu anotora rutivi mairi ova asingagumi.
19 Mukuedza kwavo kuwirirana nechisiko, vaTao pashure penguva yakati vakafarira zvikurukuru kusava nezera kwacho nokukwanisa kuzvigadziridza. Vakafungidzira kuti zvimwe kupfurikidza nokurarama maererano naTao, kana kuti nenzira yechisiko, munhu aigona neimwe nzira kuziva zvakavanzika zvechisiko ndokuva asingakuvadzwi mumuviri, nehosha, uye kunyange nerufu.
20 VaTao vakavamba kuedza nokufungisisa, kurovedza kufema, uye zvokudya, izvo zvaifungidzirwa kuti zvaigona kunonotsa kuora kwomuviri norufu. Nokukurumidza ngano dzakavamba kutenderera pamusoro pevasingafi vaigona kubhururuka pamakore ndokupota vachionekwa vonyangarika pamadiro uye vaigara pamakomo anoyera kana kuti zvitsuwa zvisingagarwi kwemakore asingaverengeki, vachirarama nedova kana kuti michero yemashiripiti. Nhau yeChina inoshuma kuti muna 219 B.C.E., mambo Ch’in Shih Huang Ti akatumira mudungwe wengarava une vakomana nevasikana 3 000 kuti vanotsvaka chitsuwa chemungano cheP’eng-lai, kunogara vasingafi, kuitira kuti vanouya nomuti wokusafa. Sezviri pachena, havana kudzoka nomuti wokusafa.
21 Kutsvaka upenyu husingagumi kwakatungamirira vaTao kuedza kugadzira mapiritsi okusafa nezvinhu zvenhando. Mumurangariro wechiTao, upenyu hunovapo apo masimba anopikisana eyin neyang (mukadzi nemurume) anobatana. Nokudaro, kupfurikidza nokubatanidza mutobvu (wakasviba, kana kuti yin) uye mercury (yakajeka, kana kuti yang), vanogadzira mapiritsi okusafa vakanga vachitevedzera maitiro echisiko uye vaifunga kuti chaizobuda raizova piritsi rokusafa.
22 Pakasvika zana ramakore rechinomwe C.E., chiBuddha chakapinda muupenyu hwerudzidziso hweChina. Mugumisiro wacho wakanga uri muvhenganiswa waibatanidza zvitendero zvechiBuddha, kunamata midzimu, uye kunamata madzitateguru. “Zvose zviri zviviri chiBuddha nechiTao,” anodaro Purofesa Smart, “zvakaumba nokukudza zvitendero pamusoro peupenyu pashure orufu zvakanga zvisina kunyatsojeka mukunamata madzitateguru kweChina yekare.”
23 Confucius, mumwe muchenjeri weChina akakurumbira wezana ramakore rechitanhatu B.C.E., ane uzivi hwakazova hwaro hwechiConfucius, haana kutsinhira zvakakura pamusoro peUpenyu Pashure Porufu. Panzvimbo pezvo, akasimbisa kukosha kwekunaka kwetsika uye mufambiro unogamuchirika munzanga. Asi aifarira kunamatwa kwemadzitateguru uye aisimbisa zvikuru kuchengetwa kwemiitiro nemitambo ane chokuita nemidzimu yemadzitateguru akaenda.
Mamwe Marudzidziso okuMabvazuva
24 ChiJain chakavambwa muIndia muzana ramakore rechitanhatu B.C.E. Muvambi wacho, Mahāvīra aidzidzisa kuti zvinhu zvipenyu zvose zvine mweya isingagumi uye kuti ruponeso rwemweya muusungwa hweKarma runobvira bedzi kupfurikidza nokuzviramba kukura nokuzviranga uye kushandisa kworumano kusaitira masimba masimba zvisikwa zvose. VaJain vane zvitendero izvozvo kusvika zuva rino.
25 KuIndia ndikowo kwakavambira chiSikh, rudzidziso rwevanhu vane mamiriyoni 19. Rudzidziso urwu rwakatanga muzana ramakore rechi16 apo Guru Nānak akasarudza kubatanidza zvakanakisisa zvechiHindu nechiIslam ndokuumba rudzidziso rwakabatana. ChiSikh chakagamuchira zvitendero zvechiHindu zvokusafa kwemweya, kuberekwazve, uye Karma.
26 Sezviri pachena, chitendero chokuti upenyu hunopfuurira pashure pokunge mutumbi wafa rutivi runokosha rwemarudzidziso mazhinjisa okuMabvazuva. Zvakadini, zvisinei, nechiKristudhomu, chiJudha, uye chiIslam?
[Mibvunzo Yechidzidzo]
1. Nei tichifarira kuziva kukura nokupararira kwedzidziso yokusafa kwavanhu mumarudzidziso akasiyana-siyana?
2. Nei India yave iri munobva pesvedzero yorudzidziso inokosha muAsia?
3. Maererano newezvenhau, pfungwa yokutama kwemweya sezvinobvira yakaendeswa nani kuIndia?
4. Nei murangariro wokutama kwemweya wakafadza vachenjeri vechiHindu?
5. Maererano nechiHindu, ndeipi vavariro yokupedzisira yemweya?
6, 7. ChiHindu chomuzuva razvino chinodavirei pamusoro poUpenyu Pashure Porufu?
8-10. (a) ChiBuddha chinorondedzera sei kuvapo? (b) Nyanzvi yechiBuddha inotsanangura sei kuberekwazve?
11. Ndoupi uri murangariro wevaBuddha weUpenyu Pashure Porufu?
12-14. Zvimiro zvakasiyana-siyana zvechiBuddha zvinopa sei pfungwa yokusafa?
15-17. (a) Kunamatwa kwemidzimu yamadzitateguru kwakavamba sei muchiShinto? (b) Chitendero chokusafa kwemweya chinokosha sei muchiShinto?
18. Ndokupi kufunga kwechiTao pamusoro pokusafa?
19-21. Fungidziro dzevaTao dzakatungamirira kukuedzai?
22. Chii chakava mugumisiro wepesvedzero yechiBuddha paupenyu hwerudzidziso hwechiChina?
23. Conficius airangarira sei kunamata madzitateguru?
24. ChiJain chinodzidzisei pamusoro pemweya?
25, 26. Zvitendero zvipi zvechiHindu zvinowanikwawo muchiSikh?
[Mepu iri papeji 10]
(Kana uchida mashoko azere, ona bhuku racho)
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ChiBuddha chakapesvedzera East Asia yose
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 9]
Kuberekwazve ndiwo musimboti wechiHindu
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 11]
Kupfurikidza nokurarama maererano nechisiko, muTao anoedza kuva asingagumi
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 12]
Confucius aifarira kunamata madzitateguru