Upenyu Pashure Porufu—Vanhu Vanodavirei?
“Kana munhu achinge afa, ungararamazve here?”—JOBHO 14:14.
1, 2. Vakawanda vanotsvaka sei kunyaradzwa pavanenge vafirwa nevadiwa vavo?
PANE imwe kambani inotarisira zvitunha muNew York City, shamwari nemhuri vanoita mudungwe chinyararire vachipfuura nepabhokisi rakavhurwa romukomana ane makore 17 akafa nekenza. Mai vabayiwa mwoyo vanodzokorora vadzokororazve nemisodzi kuti: “Tommy ava kufara zvino. Mwari aida kuti Tommy anogara naye kudenga.” Ndizvo zvavakadzidziswa kudavira.
2 Anenge makiromita 11 000 kubva ipapo, muJamnagar, India, mukuru pavanakomana vatatu anotungidza huni dzakaita murwi pari kupisirwa baba vavo vakashaya. Mukati mokuputika kwomoto muBrahman anodzokorora kuteterera kwechiSanskrit kwokuti: “Mweya usingambofi ngaurambe uchitamburira kuva chaiwoiwo pakupedzisira.”
3. Vanhu vave vachifungisisa nezvemibvunzo ipi kwamakore?
3 Tose tinogona kufa chero nguva. (VaRoma 5:12) Zvinongova zvomuzvarirwo kuti tishamisike kana rufu rurirwo mugumisiro wacho. Achifunga nezveupenyu hwezvinomera, Jobho, mubatiri waJehovha Mwari wekare akanga akatendeka, akati: “Kana muti uchinge watemwa, kune tariro kuti uchabudazve, uye kuti davi rawo nyoro haringaperi.” Saka, zvakadini navanhu? “Kana munhu achinge afa, ungararamazve here?” Jobho akabvunza kudaro. (Jobho 14:7, 14) Mumakore akawanda akapfuura, vanhu vomunzanga dzose vakafunga nezvemibvunzo yokuti: Kune upenyu pashure porufu here? Kana zvakadaro, upenyu hworudzii? Somugumisiro, vanhu vakasvika pakudavira chii? Uye nei?
Mhinduro Dzakawanda, Dzine Musoro Wakafanana
4. Vanhu vezvitendero zvakasiyana-siyana vanodavirei nezvoupenyu pashure porufu?
4 VaKristu vezita vakawanda vanodavira kuti pashure porufu, vanhu vanoenda kudenga kana kuti kuhero. Asiwo, vaHindu, vanodavira mukuberekwazve. Maererano nezvinodavira vaIslam, pachava nezuva rokutongwa pashure porufu, apo Allah achaongorora mararamiro omunhu mumwe nomumwe ndokutumira munhu mumwe nomumwe kuparadhiso kana kuti kuhero yomoto. Mune dzimwe nyika, zvinodavirwa pamusoro pevakafa kunyatsobatanidzwa kwegamuchidzanwa romunyika iyoyo nechiKristu chezita. Somuenzaniso, muSri Lanka, vaBuddha navaKaturike vanovhurisa masuo namahwindo panoitika rufu mumhuri mavo, uye vanogadzika bhokisi tsoka dzomushakabvu dzakatarisa kumusuo wokumberi. Vanodavira kuti kuita izvi kunoita kuti zvive nyore kuti mudzimu, kana kuti mweya, womufi ubude. Pakati pevaKaturike vakawanda nevaPurotesitendi vomuWest Africa, itsika kuvhara magirazi panofa mumwe munhu kuitira kuti pasave nomunhu angatarira ndokuona mudzimu womunhu afa. Zvadaro, kwapera mazuva 40, vemhuri neshamwari vanopemberera kukwira kwomweya kudenga.
5. Ipfungwa ipi inokosha inobvumiranwa nezvitendero zvakawanda?
5 Pasinei zvapo nokusiyana uku, zvinoita sokuti zvitendero zvakawanda zvinoti bvumiranei papfungwa imwe. Zvinodavira kuti chimwe chinhu chiri mumunhu—chinganzi mweya, mudzimu, kana kuti chipoko—hachifi uye chinoramba chichirarama muviri wafa. Anenge mazana ose ezvitendero zvechiKristudhomu nemasekete anotsigira kudavira kuti mweya haufi. Chitendero ichiwo idzidziso yapamutemo muchiJudha. Ndiyo fandesheni chaiyo yedzidziso yechiHindu yokuberekwazve. VaMuslim vanodavira kuti mweya unoramba uchingorarama muviri wafa. VaAborigine vekuAustralia, vanodavira zvemidzimu vomuAfrica, vaShinto, kunyange vaBuddha, vose vanodzidzisa zvakasiyana-siyana pamusoro iwoyu.
6. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinoona sei pfungwa yokuti mweya haufi?
6 Asiwo, pane vaya vanofunga kuti upenyu hwokuziva hunogumira parufu. Kwavari pfungwa yokuti upenyu hwomurangariro nehweungwaru hunoramba huripo mumweya usiri munhu, wakaita somumvuri wakaparadzana nomuviri inoita sokuti haina musoro. Nyanzvi yokuSpain yomuzana ramakore rechi20 Miguel de Unamuno inonyora kuti: “Kudavira kuti mweya haufi kushuva kuti mweya usafa, asi kuushuvira zvakasimba kudaro zvokuti chido ichi chinoita kuti munhu asafunga.” Vamwe vanodavira zvakafanana vanobatanidza vanhu vakasiyana-siyana vakadai sevazivi vekare vakakurumbira Aristotle naEpicurus, chiremba Hippocrates, muzivi wechiScottish David Hume, nyanzvi yeArab Averroës, uye mutungamiriri wehurumende wokutanga weIndia pashure pokuzvitonga, Jawaharlal Nehru.
7. Mibvunzo ipi inokosha pamusoro pokudavira kuti mweya haufi inofanira kufungwa nezvayo zvino?
7 Tatarisana nepfungwa dzakadai dzisingawirirani nezvitendero, tinofanira kubvunza kuti: Tine mweya usingafi chaizvoizvo here? Kana mweya uchifa chaizvoizvo, saka dzidziso yenhema yakadaro ingava sei chimwe chinhu chinokosha chezvitendero zvanhasi zvakawanda kudaro? Pfungwa yacho yakabvepi? Zvakafanira kuti tiwane mhinduro dzechokwadi nedzinogutsa dzemibvunzo iyi nemhaka yokuti ramangwana redu rinotsamira padziri. (1 VaKorinte 15:19) Asi, kutanga, ngationgororei kuti dzidziso yokuti mweya haufi yakatanga sei.
Kutanga Kwedzidziso Yacho
8. Socrates naPlato vakaitei mukukudziridza pfungwa yokuti mweya haufi?
8 Vazivi vechiGiriki vemuzana ramakore rechishanu B.C.E. Socrates naPlato vanonzi ndivo vamwe vevakatanga kukudziridza dzidziso yokuti mweya haufi. Asi, havasi ivo vakatanga pfungwa yacho. Panzvimbo pezvo, vakainatsiridza ndokuichinja kuti ive dzidziso yavazivi, vachibva vaiita kuti ifadze mapoka emuzuva ravo akadzidza uye neakazotevera. Chokwadi ndechokuti vaZoroaster vomuPersia yekare navaEgipita vakavatangira vaidavirawo kuti mweya haufi. Saka, mubvunzo ndewokuti, Dzidziso iyi yakabva kupi?
9. Ndokupi kwaibva pesvedzero yaizivikanwa mutsika dzekare dzeEgipita, Persia, neGirisi?
9 “Munyika yekare,” rinodaro bhuku rinonzi The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, “Egipita, Persia, neGirisi dzakapesvedzerwa nechitendero cheBhabhironi.” Pamusoro pezvaidavirwa muzvitendero zveEgipita, bhuku racho rinopfuurira kutaura kuti: “Tichifunga nezvokukurukurirana kwepakutanga-tanga kweEgipita neBhabhironi, sezvinoratidzirwa nemahwendefa eEl-Amarna, zvechokwadi paiva nemikana yakawanda yokuti pfungwa netsika zveBhabhironi zvipinde muzvitendero zveEgipita.”a Zvakangofanana zvinogona kutaurwa nezvetsika dzekare dzechiPersia nechiGiriki.
10. VaBhabhironi vaiona sei upenyu pashure porufu?
10 Asi vaBhabhironi vekare vaidavira kuti mweya haufi here? Papfungwa iyi Purofesa Morris Jastrow, Jr., wepaYunivhesiti yekuPennsylvania, U.S.A., akanyora kuti: “Vanhu kana kuti vatungamiriri vechitendero [cheBhabhironi] havana kumbofunga nezvokuparadzwa zvachose kwechinhu kana chatombovapo. Rufu [sokuona kwavo] rwaiva nzira yokuenda kuupenyu hworumwe rudzi, uye kuramba kuti mweya haufi [muupenyu hwazvino] kwaingosimbisa kusabvira kwokupukunyuka kuchinja kwokuvapo kunoparirwa norufu.” Hungu, vaBhabhironi vaidavira kuti upenyu hworumwe rudzi, mune chimwe chimiro, hwaipfuurira pashure porufu. Vakazviratidza nokuviga zvinhu nevashakabvu kuti vazoshandisa muUpenyu hwapashure porufu.
11, 12. Pashure peMafashamo, ndokupi kwakatangira dzidziso yokuti mweya haufi?
11 Zvakajeka kuti, dzidziso yokuti mweya haufi inodzokera shure kuBhabhironi rekare. Izvozvo zvine zvazvinoreva here? Zvechokwadi, nokuti maererano neBhaibheri, guta reBhabheri, kana kuti Bhabhironi, rakatangwa naNimirodhi, muzukuru chibvi waNoa. Pashure peMafashamo emunyika yose omuzuva raNoa, vanhu vose vaitaura mutauro mumwe uye vaiva nechitendero chimwe. Nimirodhi akanga asiri chete “kurwisana naJehovha” asi iye navateveri vake vaida kuti va“zvimutsire mukurumbira.” Saka nokutanga guta nokuvaka svingo ipapo, Nimirodhi akatanga chitendero chakasiyana.—Genesi 10:1, 6, 8-10, NW; Gen. 11:1-4.
12 Gamuchidzanwa rinoti Nimirodhi akafa achiita zvokuurayiwa. Afa vaBhabhironi nenzira inonzwisisika vangadai vakafunga kuti varambe vachimuremekedza semutangi, muvaki, uye mambo wokutanga weguta ravo. Sezvo mwari Marduk (Merodhaki) aionwa semutangi weBhabhironi uye madzimambo eBhabhironi akawanda akatopiwa zita rake, dzimwe nyanzvi dzakakarakadza kuti Marduk anomirira Nimirodhi akaitwa mwari. (2 Madzimambo 25:27; Isaya 39:1; Jeremia 50:2) Saka kana zvakadaro, pfungwa yokuti munhu ane mweya usingafi inofanira kuva yaive yakakurumbira panguva yakazofa Nimirodhi. Chero zvazvingava, zvakanyorwa zvenhau zvinoratidza kuti pashure peMafashamo, dzidziso yokuti mweya haufi yakatangira kuBhabheri, kana kuti kuBhabhironi.
13. Dzidziso yomweya usingafi yakapararira sei munyika yose, uye zvakaguma nei?
13 Bhaibheri rinoratidzazve kuti Mwari akavhiringidza zvose zvaida kuitwa nevavaki veshongwe paBhabheri nokupesanisa mutauro wavo. Vasingachagoni kutaurirana, vakarega basa ravo uye vakapararira “panyika yose.” (Genesi 11:5-9) Tinofanira kuyeuka kuti kunyange zvazvo mutauro weava vaida kuvaka wakanga wachinjwa, mafungiro avo nepfungwa hazvina. Saka kwose kwose kwavaienda, vakaenda nepfungwa dzavo dzechitendero. Nenzira iyi dzidziso dzeBhabhironi dzechitendero—kubatanidza iya yekuti mweya haufi—dzakapararira panyika yose uye dzakava hwaro hwezvitendero zvikuru zvenyika ino. Saka umambo hwenyika hwezvitendero zvenhema hwakatanga, hunorondedzerwa zvakafanira muBhaibheri se“Bhabhironi, guta guru, mai vemhombwe navezvinonyangadza zvenyika.”—Zvakazarurwa 17:5.
Umambo Hwenyika Hwezvitendero Zvenhema Hunowedzera Hwakananga Kumabvazuva
14. Zvaidavirwa nechitendero chevaBhabhironi zvakapararira sei muchikamu chekondinendi yeIndia?
14 Vamwe vanyori venhau vanotaura kuti makore anopfuura 3 500 apfuura, kutama kukuru kwaiita vanhu kwakaunza vanhu vane ganda rakacheneruka, vaAryan kubva kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumavirira kuuya kuIndus Valley, zvino huru yayo yava muPakistan uye muIndia. Kubva ikoko vakapararira mumapani eRwizi Ganges uye mhiri kweIndia. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinoti pfungwa dzechitendero dzevaitama dzakanga dzakavakirwa padzidziso dzekare dzekuIran nedzekuBhabhironi. Saka, pfungwa idzi dzechitendero dzakava midzi yechiHindu.
15. Pfungwa yomweya usingafi yakasvika sei pakupesvedzera chiHindu chanhasi?
15 MuIndia pfungwa yomweya usingafi yakava dzidziso yokuberekwazve. Vazivi vechiHindu, vachirwisana nedambudziko romunyika yose roushati nokutambura kwavanhu, vakasvika paunonzi mutemo weKarma, mutemo wechinoparira nemugumisiro. Vachibatanidza mutemo uyu nekudavira kuti mweya haufi, vakaumba dzidziso yokuberekwazve, maererano nayo zvakanaka nezvakaipa zvohumwe upenyu zvinozowana mubayiro kana kuti kurangwa mune hunotevera. Chinangwa chevakatendeka ndechemoksha, kana kuti kusunungurwa kubva munhevedzano yokuberekwazve ndokubatanidzwa nehunonzi upenyu chaihwoihwo hwakazara, kana kuti Nirvana. Mukufamba kwemazana amakore, kupararira kwakaita chiHindu ndiko kwaiitawo dzidziso yokuberekwazve. Uye dzidziso iyi yazova musimboti wechiHindu chanhasi.
16. Kudavira chii pamusoro poUpenyu pashure porufu kwakasvika pakudzora kufunga kwezvitendero uye miitiro yevanhu vakawanda vokuEast Asia?
16 MuchiHindu makabuda zvimwe zvitendero, zvakadai sechiBuddha, chiJain, uye chiSikh. Izvi zvinodavirawo kuberekwazve. Uyezve, sezvo chiBuddha chakapinda munyika dzakawanda dzeEast Asia—China, Korea, Japan, nekumwewo—chakatapura zvikuru tsika nechitendero cheruwa rwacho rwose. Izvi zvakaita kuti zvitendero zvinoratidza muvhenganiswa wezvinodavirwa zviwande, zvichibatanidza zvitendero zvechiBuddha, kunamata midzimu, uye kunamata madzitateguru. Zvine simba rakanyanya pane izvi chiTao, chiConfucius, nechiShinto. Nenzira iyi kudavira kuti upenyu hunopfuurira muviri wafa kwakasvika pakudzora kufunga kwechitendero nemiitiro zvechikamu chikuru chavanhu murutivi irworwo rwenyika.
Zvakadini nechiJudha, chiKristudhomu, nechiIslam?
17. VaJudha vekare vaidavirei nezveupenyu pashure porufu?
17 Vanhu vanotevera zvitendero zvechiJudha chiKristudhomu, nechiIslam vanodavirei pamusoro poupenyu pashure porufu? Pazvitendero izvi, chiJudha ndicho chekare kare. Chakatanga kare makore anenge 4 000 tichidzokera kuna Abrahama—kare kare Socrates naPlato vasati vaumba rondedzero yokuti mweya haufi. VaJudha vekare vaidavira murumuko rwavakafa uye kwete vanhu vanoberekwa vachinzi havafi. (Mateo 22:31, 32; VaHebheru 11:19) Saka, dzidziso yokuti mweya haufi yakapinda sei muchiJudha? Nhau inopindura.
18, 19. Dzidziso yokuti mweya haufi yakapinda sei muchiJudha?
18 Muna 332 B.C.E., Alexander Mukuru akakunda Middle East, kubatanidza Jerusarema. Sezvo vakatsiva Alexander vakapfuudzira chirongwa chake chokutendeutsira vanhu kuchiGiriki, kubatanidzwa kwetsika mbiri—yechiGiriki neyechiJudha—kwakaitika. Nokufamba kwenguva, vaJudha vakaziva mafungiro echiGiriki, uye vamwe vakatova vazivi.
19 Philo weAlexandria, wezana ramakore rokutanga C.E., akanga ari muzivi wechiJudha akadaro. Aikudza Plato uye akaedza kutsanangura chiJudha namashoko ouzivi hwechiGiriki, nokudaro achigadzira nzira yavafungi vechiJudha vaizouya gare gare. Talmud—mabhuku okutsinhira akanyorwa pamusoro pezvemitemo inoita zvokutaurwa navanarabhi—yakapesvedzerwawo nokufunga kwechiGiriki. “Vanarabhi veTalmud,” inodaro Encyclopaedia Judaica, “vaidavira kuti mweya unoramba uripo pashure porufu.” Mabhuku echiJudha ezvakavanzika akazovapo gare gare, akadai seCabala, anotodzidzisa kuberekwazve. Nokudaro nomutoo usina kunanga weuzivi hwechiGiriki, pfungwa yokuti mweya haufi yakapinda muchiJudha. Chii chingataurwa nezvokupinda kwedzidziso yacho muchiKristudhomu?
20, 21. (a) VaKristu vapakutanga vaitii nezveuzivi hwaPlato, kana kuti hwechiGiriki? (b) Chii chakaita kuti pfungwa dzaPlato dzisanganiswe nedzidziso dzechiKristu?
20 ChiKristu chechokwadi chakatanga naJesu Kristu. NezvaJesu, Miguel de Unamuno, ane mashoko ambotaurwa pakutanga akanyora kuti: “Panzvimbo pezvo aidavira mukumuka kwenyama, maererano netsika yechiJudha, kwete kuti mweya haufi, maererano netsika yaPlato [yechiGiriki].” Akagumisa kuti: “Kuti mweya haufi . . . idzidziso youzivi hwechihedheni.” Tichifunga nezveizvi, tinogona kuona chikonzero nei Pauro akanyevera zvakasimba vaKristu vomuzana rokutanga ramakore kuti vangwarire “uzivi uye nounyengeri husina maturo maererano netsika dzevanhu, maererano nezvinhu zvepakutanga zvenyika uye kwete maererano naKristu.”—VaKorose 2:8, NW.
21 Zvisinei, iyi “dzidziso youzivi hwechihedheni” yakapinda muchiKristudhomu rini uye sei? The New Encyclopædia Britannica inotsanangura kuti: “Kubvira pakati pezana ramakore rechipiri AD vaKristu vakarovedzwa muuzivi hwechiGiriki vakatanga kunzwa kuti vaifanira kutaura kutenda kwavo namashoko ouzivi hwacho, kuti vazvifadze neuchenjeri hwavo uye kuitira kuti vatendeutse vahedheni vakadzidza. Uzivi hwainyanya kuvakodzera hwaiva hwaPlato.” Vazivi vaviri vapakutanga vakadaro vakapesvedzera dzidziso dzechiKristudhomu vaiva Origen weAlexandria naAugustine weHippo. Vose vari vaviri vakapesvedzerwa zvakasimba nepfungwa dzaPlato uye vakabetsera mukubatanidza dzidziso idzodzo nedzidziso dzechiKristu.
22. Dzidziso yokuti mweya haufi yakaramba sei yakakurumbira muchiIslam?
22 Nyange zvazvo pfungwa yokuti mweya haufi muchiJudha nomuchiKristudhomu iri nemhaka yokupesvedzerwa naPlato, pfungwa yacho yakavakirwa muchiIslam kubva pakutanga kwayo. Koran, bhuku dzvene rechiIslam, rinodzidzisa kuti munhu ane mweya unoramba uchirarama pashure porufu. Rinotaura nezvemugumisiro wokupedzisira womweya seupenyu mubindu rokudenga reparadhiso kana kuti kurangwa muhero inopisa. Izvi hazvirevi kuti nyanzvi dzechiArabhu hadzina kuedza kubatanidza dzidziso dzechiIslam nouzivi hwechiGiriki. Nyika yavaArabhu, kutaura chokwadi, yakati pesvedzerwei nebasa raAristotle. Zvisinei, vaMuslim vanoramba vachidavira kuti mweya haufi.
23. Mibvunzo ipi inofanira kubvunzwa nezvoupenyu pashure porufu ichakurukurwa munyaya inotevera?
23 Zvakajeka kuti, zvitendero munyika yose zvakatanga kudavira zvinhu zvinovhiringidza zvoUpenyu pashure porufu, zvakavakirwa padzidziso yokuti mweya haufi. Uye kudavira kwakadaro kwakatapura, hungu, kutodzora uye kuita mabhiriyoni avanhu varanda. Tatarisana nezvose izvi, tinonzwa tichimanikidzwa kubvunza kuti: Zvinobvira here kuziva chokwadi pamusoro pezvinoitika patinofa? Kune upenyu pashure porufu here? Bhaibheri rinotii nezvazvo? Izvi tichazvikurukura munyaya inotevera.
[Mashoko Omuzasi]
a El-Amarna inzvimbo yamatongo eguta reEgipita Akhetaton, rinonzi rakavakwa muzana ramakore rechi14 B.C.E.
Ungatsanangura Here?
◻ Ndoupi musoro wakafanana unodavirwa nezvitendero zvakawanda pamusoro poupenyu pashure porufu?
◻ Nhau neBhaibheri zvinoratidza sei kuti kuBhabhironi rekare ndiko kwakatangira dzidziso yomweya usingafi?
◻ Zvitendero zvokuMabvazuva zvinotapurwa nechitendero cheBhabhironi chomweya usingafi munzira ipi?
◻ Dzidziso yomweya usingafi yakapinda sei muchiJudha, chiKristudhomu, nechiIslam?
[Mifananidzo iri papeji 12, 13]
Kukunda kwakaita Alexander Mukuru kwakaparira kubatanidzwa kwetsika dzechiGiriki nechiJudha
Augustine akaedza kubatanidza uzivi hwaPlato nechiKristu
[Kwazvakatorwa]
Alexander: Musei Capitolini, Roma; Augustine: From the book Great Men and Famous Women