Pfungwa Yacho Inopinda muchiJudha, chiKristudhomu, uye chiIslam
“Rudzidziso inzirawo yokunzwananisa nayo vanhu neidi rokuti rimwe zuva vanofanira kufa, zvichida kupfurikidza nechipikirwa choupenyu huri nani pashure porufu, kuberekwazve, kana kuti zvose zviri zviviri.”—GERHARD HERM, MUNYORI WEGERMANY.
MUKUITA chipikirwa choupenyu pashure porufu, runenge rudzidziso rwose zvarwo runotsamira pachitendero chokuti munhu ane mweya usingafi uye kuti pakufa unoenda kune imwe nzvimbo kana kuti unoenda kuchimwe chisikwa. Sezvataurwa muchikamu chapfuura, kudavira kusafa kwavanhu kwave kuri rutivi runokosha rwemarudzidziso eMabvazuva kubva pakuvamba kwawo. Asi zvakadini nechiJudha, chiKristudhomu, uye chiIslam? Dzidziso yacho yakava huru sei muzvitendero izvi?
ChiJudha Chinogamuchira Mirangariro yechiGiriki
2 Mavambo echiJudha anodzokera shure anenge makore 4 000 kusvikira kuna Abrahama. Zvinyorwa zvinoyera zvechiHebheru zvakavamba kunyorwa muzana ramakore rechi16 B.C.E. uye zvakapedzwa panguva apo Socrates naPlato vakaumba rondedzero yokusafa kwomweya. Magwaro aya aidzidzisa kusafa kwomweya here?
3 Encyclopaedia Judaica inopindura kuti: “Pashure bedzi penguva yeBhaibheri, chitendero chakajeka uye chakasimba chokusafa kwemweya chakasimba . . . ndokuva rimwe remabwe apakona ezvitendero zvechiJudha nechiKristu.” Inotiwo: “Munhu airangarirwa akazara munguva yeBhaibheri. Nokudaro mweya wakanga usingasiyaniswi zvikuru nemutumbi.” VaJudha vepakuvamba vaidavira rumuko rwevakafa, uye urwu “runofanira kusiyaniswa nokudavira . . . kusafa kwemweya,” inojekesa kudaro enisaikoropidhia iyoyo.
4 Ipapo dzidziso yacho yakava sei, zvino “rimwe remabwe epakona” echiJudha? Nhau inogovera mhinduro. Muna 332 B.C.E., Alexander Mukuru akatora rutivi rukuru rweMiddle East norukundo sokubwaira kweziso. Paakasvika muJerusarema, vaJudha vakamugamuchira nemaoko maviri. Maererano newenhau wemuzana rokutanga ramakore wechiJudha Flavius Josephus, vakatomuratidza uporofita huri mubhuku raDhanieri, hwakanga hwanyorwa makore 200 akanga apfuura, hwairondedzera zvakajeka kukunda kwaAlexander sa“mambo weGirisi.” (Dhanieri 8:5-8, 21) Vakatsiva Alexander vakapfuuridzira chirongwa chake chokuchinjira vanhu kuchiGiriki, achizadza mativi ose enyika yacho nomutauro wechiGiriki, tsika, uye uzivi. Kubatanidzwa kwetsika mbiri—yechiGiriki neyechiJudha—kwakanga kusingadzivisiki.
5 Pakuvamba muzana ramakore rechitatu B.C.E., shanduro yokutanga yeMagwaro echiHebheru achienda muchiGiriki, inonzi Septuagint, yakavambwa. Kupfurikidza nayo Vemamwe Marudzi vakawanda vakasvika pakuremekedza nokurovedzana norudzidziso rwavaJudha, vamwe vachitotendeuka. VaJudha, kune rumwe rutivi, vakanga vave kuziva kufunga kwechiGiriki, uye vamwe vakave vazivi, chimwe chinhu chitsva chose chose kwavari. Philo weAlexandria, wezana rokutanga ramakore C.E., akanga ari mumwe muzivi wechiJudha akadaro.
6 Philo aikudza Plato uye akaedza kutsanangura chiJudha mumashoko euzivi hwechiGiriki. “Kupfurikidza nokuumba muvhenganiswa wakasiyana weuzivi hwaPlato negamuchidzanwa reBhaibheri,” rinodaro bhuku rinonzi Heaven—A History, “Philo akakurira nzira vafungi vechiKristu vaizouya gare gare [pamwe chete nevechiJudha].” Uye Philo aidavirei pamusoro pemweya? Bhuku racho rinopfuurira kuti: “Kwaari, rufu runodzorera mweya kuchimiro chawo chepakuvamba munhu asati aberekwa. Sezvo mweya uri wokunyika yemidzimu, upenyu huri mumutumbi hunova pasina asi nhambo pfupi, kazhinji kazhinji isingafadzi.” Vamwe vafungi vechiJudha vaidavira kusafa kwemweya vanobatanidza Isaac Israeli, chiremba wechiJudha anozivikanwa zvikuru wezana ramakore rechi10, uye Moses Mendelssohn, muzivi wechiJudha weGermany wezana ramakore rechi18.
7 Rimwe bhuku rakapesvedzerawo zvikuru kufunga kwechiJudha noupenyu iTalmud—pfupiso yakanyorwa yeunonzi mutemo unotaurwa, netsinhiro dzakazoitwa gare gare netsananguro zvomutemo uyu, zvakaunganidzwa navarabhi kubva muzana ramakore rechipiri C.E. kupinda mumaMiddle Ages. “Vanarabhi veTalmud,” inodaro Encyclopaedia Judaica, “vaidavira kuti mweya unopfuurira kuvapo pashure porufu.” Talmud inototaura nezvevakafa vachitaura nevapenyu. “Zvichida nemhaka yokupesvedzerwa nechiPlato,” inodaro Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics, “[vanarabhi] vaidavira kuvako kare kwemweya.”
8 Bhuku rechiJudha rezvakavanzika rakazovapo gare gare, Cabala, rinotodzidzisa kunyange kuberekwazve. Pamusoro pechitendero ichi, The New Standard Jewish Encyclopedia inoti: “Pfungwa yacho inoratidzika kuva yakavambira muIndia. . . . MuKabbalah inotanga kubuda mubhuku Bahir, uye ipapo, kubva kuZohar zvichienda mberi, yaiwanzogamuchirwa zvikuru nevanhu vanoti vanoziva chokwadi nenzira yakavanzika, ichiita basa rinokosha muchitendero chechiHasid nemabhuku.” MuIsrael nhasi, kuberekwazve kunogamuchirwa zvikuru sedzidziso yechiJudha.
9 Pfungwa yokusafa kwomweya, naizvozvo, yakapinda muchiJudha kupfurikidza nepesvedzero yeuzivi hwechiGiriki, uye murangariro wacho nhasi unogamuchirwa nemapoka acho ose. Chii chinogona kutaurwa nezvokupinda kwedzidziso yacho muchiKristudhomu?
ChiKristudhomu Chinogamuchira Kufunga kwaPlato
10 ChiKristu chechokwadi chakavambwa naKristu Jesu. Pamusoro paJesu, Miguel de Unamuno, nyanzvi yakakurumbira yeSpain yomuzana ramakore rechi20, akanyora kuti: “Aidavira panzvimbo pezvo murumuko rwenyama, maererano nomutoo wechiJudha, kwete mukusafa kwemweya, maererano nomutoo waPlato [wechiGiriki]. . . . Ufakazi hweizvi hunogona kuoneka mubhuku ripi neripi rokududzira rakatendeka.” Akagumisa kuti: “Kusafa kwemweya . . . idzidziso yeuzivi yechihedheni.”
11 “Dzidziso youzivi yechihedheni” iyi yakapinda rini uye sei muchiKristu? New Encyclopædia Britannica inojekesa kuti: “Kubva pakati pezana ramakore rechipiri AD vaKristu vakarovedzwa zvakati kuti muuzivi hwechiGiriki vakavamba kunzwa kudikanwa kwokutaura kutenda kwavo mashoko ahwo, nokuda kwezvose zviri zviviri kugutsa dzidzo yavo uye kuitira kuti vatendeutse vahedheni vakadzidza. Uzivi hwakavakodzera zvikuru hwaiva chiPlato.”
12 Vazivi vaviri vapakuvamba vakadaro vakapesvedzera dzidziso dzechiKristudhomu zvikuru. Mumwe wacho akanga ari Origen weAlexandria (c. 185-254 C.E.), uye mumwe, Augustine weHippo (354-430 C.E.). Pamusoro pavo, New Catholic Encyclopedia inoti: “Origen weMabvazuva naSt. Augustine wekuMadokero bedzi ndivo vakabvumikisa kuti mweya chinhu chomudzimu uye murangariro wouzivi wakaumbwa pamusoro pechimiro chawo.” Origen naAugustine vakavakira mirangariro yavo yemweya pachii?
13 Origen akanga ari mudzidzi waClement weAlexandria, uyo akanga ari “wokutanga wavanaFata kukwereta gamuchidzanwa rechiGiriki pamusoro pemweya,” rinodaro New Catholic Encyclopedia. Pfungwa dzaPlato pamusoro pemweya dzinofanira kuve dzakatapura Origen zvikuru. “[Origen] akavamba mudzidziso yechiKristu nhau yose yemweya, iyo akatora kuna Plato,” akadaro mufundisi Werner Jaeger muThe Harvard Theological Review.
14 Augustine anorangarirwa nevamwe vari muchiKristudhomu semufungi mukurusa wepasichigare. Asati atendeukira ku“chiKristu” pazera ramakore 33, Augustine aifarira uzivi zvikuru uye akanga ava muteveri waPlato.a Paakatendeuka, akaramba ari muteveri waPlato mukufunga kwake. “Mundangariro make makanga muri mubikiro umo rudzidziso rweTestamende Itsva rwakabatanidzwa zvakakwana negamuchidzanwa raPlato reuzivi hwechiGiriki,” inodaro The New Encyclopædia Britannica. New Catholic Encyclopedia inobvuma kuti “dzidziso [yemweya],” yaAugustine “yakazova inogamuchirika kuMadokero kusvikira mukunopera kwezana ramakore rechi12, yaive ine zvakawanda . . . zvechiPlato.”
15 Muzana ramakore rechi13, dzidziso dzaAristotle dzakanga dzichiwedzera kukurumbira muEurope, zvikurukuru nemhaka yokuti dzaigona kuwanika muchiLatin chemabhuku enyanzvi dzechiArab dzakanga dzatsinhira zvikuru pamusoro pezvinyorwa zvaAristotle. Imwe nyanzvi yeKaturike inonzi Thomas Aquinas yakaororwa zvikuru nokufunga kwaAristotle. Nemhaka yezvinyorwa zvaAquinas, mirangariro yaAristotle yakatapura zvikuru dzidziso yechechi kupfuura zvakaita yaPlato. Muitiro uyu, zvisinei, hauna kutapura dzidziso yokusafa kwemweya.
16 Aristotle akadzidzisa kuti mweya wakanga wakabatanidzwa nomutumbi nenzira isingaparadzanisiki uye kuti waisapfuurira kuvapo uri woga pashure porufu uye kuti kana pane chimwe chinhu chisingagumi chaivapo mumunhu, chakanga chiri ungwaru, husingabatiki upenyu, husiri hwomunhu. Iyi nzira yokurangarira nayo mweya yakanga isingawirirani nechitendero chechechi chemweya yevanhu inopukunyuka rufu. Naizvozvo, Aquinas akagadziridza murangariro waAristotle wemweya, achitaura kuti kusafa kwemweya kunogona kubvumikiswa nechikonzero. Nokudaro, kudavira kwechechi kusafa kwemweya kwakaramba kwakasimba.
17 Mukati mezana remakore rechi14 nerechi15, rutivi rwokutanga rweRenaissance, kwakava nekumutsiridzwa kwekufarira Plato. Mhuri yakakurumbira yekwaMedici muItaly yakatobetsera kutanga chikoro muFlorence chokutsigira kufundwa kwouzivi hwaPlato. Mukati mezana ramakore rechi16 nerechi17, kufarira Aristotle kwakaderera. Uye Kuchinja kwemuzana ramakore rechi16 hakuna kutanga kuchinja dzidziso yemweya. Kunyange zvazvo Vachinji vePurotesitendi vakamutsa nharo pamusoro pedzidziso yepurigatori, vaibvuma pfungwa yokurangwa kusingagumi kana kuti tuso.
18 Dzidziso yokusafa kwemweya nokudaro yakapararira mumasangano mazhinjisa echiKristudhomu. Ichicherechedza izvi, imwe nyanzvi yeAmerica yakanyora kuti: “Rudzidziso, kutaura idi, nokuda kwavoruzhinji verudzi rwedu, runoreva, kusafa, uye hapana chimwezve. Mwari ndiye muvambi wokusafa.”
Kusava nechiIslam
19 ChiIslam chakavamba nokusarudzwa kwaMuḥammad kuti ave muporofita apo akanga ane makore anenge 40 okukura. Zvinongodavirwa nevaMuslim kuti zviratidzo zvakauya kwaari mukati menhambo yemakore anenge 20 kusvika ku23, kubva munenge muna 610 C.E. kusvikira parufu rwake muna 632 C.E. Zviratidzo izvi zvakanyorwa muKoran, bhuku dzvene rechiMuslim. Apo chiMuslim chakavapo, chiJudha nechiKristudhomu zvakanga zvazadzwa nemurangariro waPlato wemweya.
20 VaMuslim vanodavira kuti kutenda kwavo kuguma kwezviratidzo zvakapiwa kuvaHebheru vakatendeka nevaKristu vekare. Koran inonokora mashoko eMagwaro ose ari maviri echiHebheru neechiGiriki. Asi padzidziso yokusafa kwemweya, Koran inotsauka pazvinyorwa izvi. Koran inodzidzisa kuti munhu ane mweya unoramba uchirarama pashure porufu. Inotaurawo nezverumuko rwevakafa, zuva rorutongeso, uye nguva yemberi yemweya yokupedzisira—zvichida upenyu mubindu reparadhiso yokudenga kana kuti chirango muhero inopfuta moto.
21 VaMuslim vanodavira kuti mweya wemunhu akafa unoenda kuBarzakh, kana kuti “Mupanda,” “nzvimbo kana kuti mamiriro ezvinhu umo vanhu vachave vari pashure porufu uye rutongeso rusati rwavamba.” (Surah 23:99, 100, The Holy Qur-an, mashoko omuzasi) Mweya unoziva, ikoko uchiona kunonzi “Kurangwa kweHwiro” kana munhu wacho akanga akaipa kana kuti achifarikanya mufaro kana akanga akatendeka. Asi vanhu vakatendeka vanofanirawo kurwadziswa kwechinguvana nemhaka yezvivi zvavo zvishomanene zvavakaita vachiri vapenyu. Pazuva rorutongeso, mumwe nomumwe anotarisana nenguva yake yemberi isingagumi, inogumisa mugariro iwoyo wepakati.
22 Pfungwa yokusafa kwemweya muchiJudha nemuchiKristudhomu yakaoneka nemhaka yepesvedzero yaPlato, asi murangariro wacho wakavakirwa muchiIslam kubva pakuvamba kwacho. Uku hakusi kutaura kuti nyanzvi dzechiArabhu hadzina kuedza kubatanidza dzidziso dzechiIslam neuzivi hwechiGiriki. Nyika yevaArabhu, kutaura idi, yakapesvedzerwa zvikuru nebasa raAristotle. Uye nyanzvi dzechiArabhu dzakakurumbira, dzakadai saAvicenna uye Averroës, dzakatsanangura nokubvumikisa kufunga kwaAristotle. Mukuedza kwavo kuwiriranisa mifungo yechiGiriki nedzidziso yechiMuslim pamusoro pemweya, zvisinei, vakatanga dzidziso dzakasiyana. Somuenzaniso, Avicenna akazivisa kuti mweya womunhu haufi. Averroës, kune rumwe rutivi, akapikisana nomurangariro iwoyo. Pasinei zvapo nemirangariro iyi, kusafa kwemweya kunoramba kuri chitendero chevaMuslim.
23 Nenzira yakajeka, ipapoka, chiJudha, chiKristudhomu, uye chiIslam zvose zvinodzidzisa dzidziso yokusafa kwemweya.
[Mashoko Omuzasi]
a Muteveri wechiPlato, rudzi rutsva rweuzivi hwaPlato hwakavambwa naPlotinus muzana ramakore rechitatu muRome.
[Mibvunzo Yechidzidzo]
1. Marudzidziso mazhinjisa anovakira chipikirwa chawo choupenyu pashure porufu pachitendero chipi chikuru?
2, 3. Maererano neEncyclopaedia Judaica, zvinyorwa zvinoera zvechiHebheru zvaidzidzisa kusafa kwemweya here?
4-6. Dzidziso yokuti mweya haufi yakava sei “rimwe remabwe epakona” echiJudha?
7, 8. (a) Talmud inorondedzera sei mweya? (b) Mabhuku echiJudha ezvakavanzika akazobuda gare gare anotii pamusoro pemweya?
9. Ndechipi chiri chimiro chemapoka mazhinjisa echiJudha chanhasi pamusoro pokusafa kwemweya?
10. Imwe nyanzvi yakakurumbira yeSpain yakagumisa kuti chii nezvechitendero chaJesu pamusoro pokusafa kwemweya?
11. Uzivi hwechiGiriki hwakavamba rini kupinda muchiKristu?
12-14. Origen naAugustine vakaita mabasai mukubatanidza uzivi hwaPlato nechiKristu?
15, 16. Ko kufarira dzidziso dzaAristotle kwemuzana ramakore rechi13 kwakachinja chimiro chechechi here padzidziso yokusafa kwemweya?
17, 18. (a) Ko Kuchinja kwomuzana ramakore rechi16 kwakatanga kuchinja dzidziso yemweya here? (b) Ndechipi chiri chimiro chemasangano mazhinjisa echiKristudhomu pamusoro pokusafa kwemweya?
19. ChiIslam chakavambwa rini, uye nani?
20, 21. VaMuslim vanodavirei pamusoro poUpenyu Pashure Porufu?
22. Irondedzeroi dzakasiyana pamusoro penguva yemberi yemweya dzakapiwa navamwe vazivi vechiArabhu?
23. ChiJudha, chiKristudhomu, uye chiIslam zvakamira papi panhau yokusafa kwemweya?
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 14]
Kukunda kwaAlexander Mukuru kwakatungamirira kukubatanidzwa kwetsika dzechiGiriki nechiJudha
[Mifananidzo iri papeji 15]
Origen, pamusoro, naAugustine vakaedza kubatanidza uzivi hwaPlato nechiKristu
[Mifananidzo iri papeji 16]
Avicenna, pamusoro, akazivisa kuti mweya womunhu haufi. Averroës akapikisa murangariro iwoyo