Chitsauko 2

Dhanieri—Bhuku Riri Kutongwa

1, 2. Bhuku raDhanieri rinoramba richipomerwa mupfungwai, uye nei uchifunga kuti zvinokosha kufungisisa uchapupu hunoridzivirira?

ZVIFUNGIDZIRE uri mudare redzimhosva, wauyira mhaka inokosha. Mumwe murume anomira achipomerwa kukorovhera. Mutongi anoramba achingoti murume wacho ane mhaka. Asi, munhu wacho ari kupomerwa ane mukurumbira kwenguva refu wokuva akavimbika. Hawaizofarira kunzwa uchapupu hwevanomupupurira here?

² Uri panzvimbo yakafanana kana toreva nezvebhuku reBhaibheri raDhanieri. Munyori waro akanga ari murume ainyatsozivikanwa nemhaka yokuva akavimbika. Bhuku rine zita rake rave richiremekedzwa kwezviuru zvemakore. Rinozviratidza senhau dzakaitika dzechokwadi, dzakanyorwa naDhanieri, muprofita wechiHebheru akararama mukati mezana remakore rechinomwe nerechitanhatu B.C.E. Kuverenga nguva kwakarurama kweBhaibheri kunoratidza kuti bhuku rake rinotaura nezvenguva inobva munenge muna 618 kusvikira muna 536 B.C.E. munova ndimo marakapedzwa. Asi bhuku racho rinoramba richipomerwa. Mamwe maenisaikoropidhiya nemamwe mabhuku anoratidzira kana kuti anotaura zvakajeka kuti nderokunyepera.

3. The New Encyclopædia Britannica inoti chii pamusoro pokuti bhuku raDhanieri nderechokwadi?

³ Somuenzaniso, The New Encyclopædia Britannica inobvuma kuti bhuku raDhanieri raichimbo“wanzorangarirwa kuva nhau dzechokwadi dzakaitika, rine uprofita hwechokwadi.” Britannica yacho inotaura kuti chaizvoizvo, zvisinei, bhuku raDhanieri “rakanyorwa pashure penguva yedambudziko rerudzi rwose—apo vaJudha vakanga vachitambura kutambudzwa kwakakomba mukutonga kwa[Mambo weSiria] Antiochus IV Epiphanes.” Enisaikoropidhiya yacho inoti bhuku iri nderepakati pa167 na164 B.C.E. Bhuku iri rinotaura kuti munyori webhuku raDhanieri haaprofiti zviri mberi asi anongotaura “zvinhu zvakatoitika kare kwaari souprofita hwezvichaitika nguva yemberi.”

4. Kutsoropodzwa kwebhuku raDhanieri kwakavamba rini, uye chii chakakuchidzira kutsoropodza kwakafanana mumazana amakore achangobva kupfuura?

⁴ Pfungwa dzakadaro dzinobva kupi? Kutsoropodzwa kwebhuku raDhanieri hakusi kutsva. Kwakatanga kare muzana remakore rechitatu C.E. nomuzivi anonzi Porphyry. Kufanana nevazhinji vaiva muUmambo hweRoma, akanzwa atyisidzirwa nesimba rechiKristu. Akanyora mabhuku 15 okutsoropodza chitendero “chitsva” ichi. Rechi12 rakanyorerwa kurwisa bhuku raDhanieri. Porphyry akati bhuku racho raiva rokunyepedzera, rakanyorwa nomuJudha muzana remakore rechipiri B.C.E. Kudenha kwakafanana kwakaitwa muzana remakore rechi18 nerechi19. Mukurangarira kwavatsoropodzi vezvinyorwa zveBhaibheri nevanozviti vanofunga, uprofita—kufanotaurwa kwezvichaitika munguva yemberi—hakubviri. Dhanieri ndiye akanyanya kutsoropodzwa. Pakupedzisira, iye nebhuku rake vakatongwa mudare. Vatsoropodzi vaiti vaive nouchapupu hwakawanda hwokuti bhuku racho rakanyorwa, kwete naDhanieri munguva yokugara kwevaJudha muBhabhironi, asi nomumwe munhu mazana amakore gare gare.a Kudenha kwakadaro kwakanyanya kwazvo zvokuti mumwe munyori akatonyora mashoko okudzivirira anonzi Daniel in the Critics’ Den.

5. Nei nhau yokuti bhuku raDhanieri nderechokwadi ichikosha?

⁵ Pane uchapupu here hwezvinotaurwa nechivimbo nevatsoropodzi? Kana kuti uchapupu hwacho hunotsigira vanoridzivirira here? Pane nhau pano. Hausi mukurumbira webhuku rekare chete unobatanidzwa asiwo nguva yedu yemberi. Kana bhuku raDhanieri riri rokunyepera, zvipikirwa zvaro zvenguva yemberi yorudzi rwomunhu anongova mashokowo zvawo asina zvaanoreva. Asi kana rine uprofita hwechokwadi, pasina mubvunzo uchada kwazvo kudzidza zvahunoreva kwatiri nhasi. Tichifunga izvozvo, ngatinzvere kumwe kudenhwa kwebhuku raDhanieri.

6. Kupomerai kunomboitwa pamusoro penhau dzakaitika dziri mubhuku raDhanieri?

⁶ Somuenzaniso, funga nezvekupomerwa kwarinoitwa muThe Encyclopedia Americana kwokuti: “Mashoko mazhinji akazara ezvakaitika kare kare [akadai seekutapwa muBhabhironi] akamonyaniswa kwazvo” mubhuku raDhanieri. Izvi ndizvo chaizvo here? Ngatifungisisei nezvezvinonzi zvikanganiso zvitatu, chimwe panguva.

NHAU YAMAMBO ASIPO

7. (a) Nei kutaura kwaDhanieri nezvaBhershazari kwaifadza vatsoropodzi veBhaibheri kubva kare? (b) Chii chakaitika kupfungwa yokuti Bhershazari aingova zvake munhu wokunyepedzera?

⁷ Dhanieri akanyora kuti Bhershazari, “mwanakomana” waNebhukadhinezari, akanga achitonga samambo muBhabhironi apo guta racho rakakundwa. (Dhanieri 5:1, 11, 18, 22, 30) Vatsoropodzi vakarwisa pfungwa iyi kubva kare, nokuti hapana kumwe kwaiwanika zita raBhershazari musiri muBhaibheri. Panzvimbo paizvozvo, vanyori venhau dzakaitika vekare vakazivisa Nabonidus, akatsiva Nebhukadhinezari, sewokupedzisira wemadzimambo eBhabhironi. Nokudaro, muna 1850, Ferdinand Hitzig akataura kuti sezviri pachena zvaBhershazari zvaiva zvomumusoro womunyori. Asi hauoniwo sokuti Hitzig akangopotsera mashoko here? Uyewo, kusambotaurwa kwamambo uyu—kunyanya panguva inotenderanwa kuti zvinyorwa zvenhau dzakaitika zvakanga zvisingaoneki—kunoratidza chaizvoizvo kuti haana kumbovapo here? Zvisinei, muna 1854 tumwe tumagaba twevhu twakafukunurwa mumatongo eguta reUri reBhabhironi rekare kwave zasi kweIraq iye zvino. Magwaro aya akanyorwa nechicuneiform akabva kuna Mambo Nabonidus aibatanidza kunyengeterera “Bel-sar-ussur, mwanakomana wangu mukuru.” Kunyange vatsoropodzi vaitofanira kubvuma kuti: Uyu ndiye akanga ari Bhershazari wemubhuku raDhanieri.

8. Kurondedzera kwaDhanieri Bhershazari samambo anotonga kwakaratidzwa sei kuti ndekwechokwadi?

⁸ Asi, vatsoropodzi havana kugutsikana. “Izvi hazvina zvazvinoreva,” akanyora kudaro mumwe anonzi H. F. Talbot. Akapomera kuti mwanakomana akanyorwa ipapo zvimwe aive mwanawo zvake, asi Dhanieri anomutaura samambo anotonga. Zvisinei, gore rimwe bedzi pashure pokunge zvakataurwa naTalbot zvabudiswa, mamwe mahwendefa akafukunurwa aitaura nezvaBhershazari achinzi aive nevanyori nevashandi vomumba. Haasi mwana uyu! Pakupedzisira, mamwe mahwendefa akatsigira nhau yacho, achitaura kuti Nabonidus aipota achibuda muBhabhironi pano neapo kwemakore. Mahwendefa aya akaratidzawo kuti mukati menguva iyi, ai“ronzesa ushe” hweBhabhironi kumwanakomana wake mukuru (Bhershazari). Panguva dzakadaro, chaizvoizvo Bhershazari akanga ari mambo—aitonga baba vake vasipo.b

9. (a) Dhanieri angave akareva kuti Bhershazari aiva mwanakomana waNebhukadhinezari mupfungwai? (b) Nei vatsoropodzi vasina kururama nokutaura kuti Dhanieri haatombotauri nezvokuvapo kwaNabonidus?

⁹ Vachiri vasina kugutsikana, vamwe vatsoropodzi vanotsutsumwa vachiti Bhaibheri rinoti Bhershazari, haasi mwanakomana waNabonidus, asi mwanakomana waNebhukadhinezari. Vamwe vanongoramba vachiti Dhanieri haatomboratidzi kuti Nabonidus aivako. Zvisinei, kuramba uku kwose kukatarisiswa hakuna kusimba. Kunenge kuti Nabonidus akaroora mwanasikana waNebhukadhinezari. Izvi zvinobva zvaita kuti Bhershazari ave muzukuru waNebhukadhinezari. Mumutauro wechiHebheru nowechiAramaic hamuna mashoko okuti “sekuru” kana kuti “muzukuru”; “mwanakomana wa-” zvinogona kureva kuti “muzukuru wa-” kana kuti kunyange “wedzinza ra-.” (Enzanisa naMateo 1:1.) Uyezve, nhoroondo yeBhaibheri inobvumira kuti Bhershazari azivikanwe semwanakomana waNabonidus. Paanotyiswa nezvakanyorwa pamadziro zvinoreva chimwe chinhu, Bhershazari apererwa nezano anopa nzvimbo yechitatu muumambo kumunhu upi noupi anogona kududzira mashoko acho. (Dhanieri 5:7) Nei yechitatu kwete yechipiri? Nzvimbo yaakapa iyi inoratidza kuti yokutanga neyechipiri dzakanga dzichitova nevanhu. Chokwadi, dzakanga dzagarwa—naNabonidus uye nemwanakomana wake, Bhershazari.

10. Nei nhoroondo yaDhanieri youmambo hweBhabhironi ine mashoko akazara kupfuura dzevamwe vanyori vekare venhau dzakaitika?

¹⁰ Naizvozvo kutaura kwaDhanieri nezvaBhershazari hahusi uchapupu hwenhau dzakaitika “dzakamonyaniswa kwazvo.” Kusiyana naizvozvo, Dhanieri—kunyange zvazvo akanga asiri kunyora nhau dzezvakaitika dzeBhabhironi—anotipa mashoko akazara eumambo hweBhabhironi kupfuura vanyori vekare venhau dzakaitika vakadai saHerodotus, Xenophon, uye Berossus. Nei Dhanieri akakwanisa kunyora mashoko anokosha avakasiya? Nokuti akanga arimo muBhabhironi. Bhuku rake ibasa romunhu akazvionera nemeso, kwete munyengeri wemazana amakore gare gare.

NDIANI AINZI DHARIUSI MUMEDHIA?

11. Maererano naDhanieri, ndiani aiva Dhariusi muMedhia, asi chii chakataurwa nezvake?

¹¹ Dhanieri anotaura kuti apo Bhabhironi rakakundwa, mambo ainzi “Dhariusi muMedhia” akavamba kutonga. (Dhanieri 5:31) Dhariusi muMedhia haasati awanikwa nezita muzvinyorwa zvenyika kana kuti zvevezvokuchera matongo. Saka, The New Encyclopædia Britannica inoti Dhariusi uyu “munhu wokunyepedzera.”

12. (a) Nei vatsoropodzi veBhaibheri vachifanira kuziva zviri nani pane kungotaura kuti Dhariusi muMedhia haana kumbovapo? (b) Chii chimwe chinobvira pamusoro pokuzivikanwa kwaDhariusi muMedhia, uye uchapupu hupi hunoratidzira izvi?

¹² Dzimwe nyanzvi dzave dzakangwarira zvikuru. Uyewo, vatsoropodzi vakambotiwo Bhershazari “ndewokunyepedzera.” Pasina mubvunzo, nhau yaDhariusi ichava yakafanana. Nechekare, mahwendefa echicuneiform akatoratidza kuti Koreshi muPersia haana kutora zita rebasa rokuti “Mambo weBhabhironi” nokukurumidza pashure pokukunda. Mumwe munzveri anoti: “Upi noupi aive nezita rebasa rokuti ‘Mambo weBhabhironi’ akanga ari mambo aive pasi paKoreshi, kwete Koreshi pachake.” Zvingareva here kuti Dhariusi ndiro raive zita rokutonga kana kuti zita rebasa, romushandi wehurumende yeMedhia aive nesimba akasiiwa achitarisira Bhabhironi? Vamwe vanoti Dhariusi angave aive murume ainzi Gubharu. Koreshi akagadza Gubharu sagavhuna muBhabhironi, uye zvinyorwa zvenyika zvinosimbisa kuti akatonga nesimba rakati kurei. Rimwe hwendefa rinotaura kuti akagadza vatevedzeri vemagavhuna muBhabhironi. Nenzira inofadza, Dhanieri anoti Dhariusi akagadza machinda 120 kuti adzore umambo hweBhabhironi.—Dhanieri 6:1.

13. Ndechipi chikonzero chinonzwisisika nei Dhariusi muMedhia achitaurwa mubhuku raDhanieri asi kwete muzvinyorwa zvenhau?

¹³ Pashure penguva yakati, humwe uchapupu hwakananga hwokuzivikanwa kwamambo hungawanwa. Kunyange zvakadaro, kusawana mashoko kwevanochera matongo panhau iyi hachingambovi chikonzero chokuti Dhariusi nde“wokunyepedzera,” ndoda kuramba bhuku rose raDhanieri zvichinzi nderekunyepera. Zvinonzwisisika kwazvo kuona nhoroondo yaDhanieri seuchapupu hwemunhu akazvionera nemeso hune mashoko akazara kupfuura zvinyorwa zvenyika zviripo zvino.

KUTONGA KWAJEHOIAKIMI

14. Nei pasina musiyano pakati paDhanieri naJeremia pamusoro pemakore okutonga kwaMambo Jehoiakimi?

¹⁴ Dhanieri 1:1 inoti: “Negore rechitatu rokubata ushe kwaJehoiakimi mambo waJudha, Nebhukadhinezari mambo weBhabhironi, akasvika Jerusarema, akarikomba.” Vatsoropodzi vakawanira rugwaro urwu mhaka nokuti haruratidziki sorunowirirana naJeremia, uyo anotaura kuti gore rechina raJehoiakimi ndiro rakanga riri gore rokutanga raNebhukadhinezari. (Jeremia 25:1; 46:2) Dhanieri akanga ari kupesana naJeremia here? Namashoko okuwedzera, nhau iyi inonyatsojekeswa. Paakatanga kuitwa mambo muna 628 B.C.E. naFarao Neko, Jehoiakimi akava chidhori chaicho chomutongi iyeye weEgipita. Iwayo akanga ari anenge makore matatu Nebhukadhinezari asati atsiva baba vake pachigaro cheBhabhironi, muna 624 B.C.E. Nokukurumidza pashure paizvozvo (muna 620 B.C.E.), Nebhukadhinezari akapinda nechisimba munyika yeJudha ndokuita Jehoiakimi mambo aimiririra Bhabhironi. (2 Madzimambo 23:34; 24:1) KumuJudha aigara muBhabhironi, “gore rechitatu” raJehoiakimi raizove gore rechitatu rebasa ramambo uyu aiva pasi peBhabhironi. Dhanieri akanyora nemaonero aya. Jeremia, zvisinei, akanyora nemaonero evaJudha vaigara muJerusarema chaimo. Naizvozvo akataura nezveumambo hwaJehoiakimi sehwaitanga apo Farao Neko akamuita mambo.

15. Nei kutsoropodza nguva inowanwa pana Dhanieri 1:1 kusina simba?

¹⁵ Chokwadi, uku kunonzi kusiyana kunongosimbisa uchapupu hwokuti Dhanieri akanyora bhuku rake ari muBhabhironi ari pakati penhapwa dzechiJudha. Asi pane chimwe chikanganiso chiri pachena mumashoko aya okurwisa bhuku raDhanieri. Yeuka kuti munyori webhuku raDhanieri sezviri pachena aive nebhuku raJeremia uye akatotaura nezvaro. (Dhanieri 9:2) Kudai munyori webhuku raDhanieri akanga ari munyepedzeri akangwara, sezvinotaura vatsoropodzi, aizozviisa mungozi yokupokana nebhuku rinoremekedzwa kudaro here raJeremia—uye mundima yokutanga chaiyo yebhuku rake kuwedzera kuna izvozvo? Chokwadika kwete!

MASHOKO AKAZARA ANOGUTSA

16, 17. Uchapupu hwekuchera matongo hwakatsigira sei nhoroondo yaDhanieri (a) yokumisa chifananidzo chokunamata kwaNebhukadhinezari kuti vanhu vake vose vachinamate? (b) younhu hwokuzvikudza hwaNebhukadhinezari pamusoro pemabasa ake okuvaka muBhabhironi?

¹⁶ Zvino ngatimbosiyai zvokutsoropodza titarise zvinotsigira. Funga nezvemamwe mashoko akazara ari mubhuku raDhanieri anoratidza kuti munyori aiziva nezvenguva dzaakanyora nezvadzo kwete zvokuudzwa.

¹⁷ Kuziva kwaDhanieri mashoko ezvakavanzika akazara pamusoro peBhabhironi uchapupu hwakasimba hwekuti nhoroondo yake ndeyechokwadi. Somuenzaniso, Dhanieri 3:1-6 inotaura kuti Nebhukadhinezari akamisa chifananidzo chihombe kuti vanhu vose vachinamate. Vezvekuchera matongo vakawana humwe uchapupu hwokuti mambo uyu aida kuti vanhu vake vabatanidzwe muzviito zvenyika nezvetsika yavo yokunamata. Nenzira yakafanana, Dhanieri anonyora nezveunhu hwaNebhukadhinezari hwokuzvikudza pamusoro pemabasa ake mazhinji okuvaka. (Dhanieri 4:30) Kutozosvika munguva dzazvino uno vanochera matongo vakanga vasina kugona kusimbisa kuti Nebhukadhinezari ndiye zvechokwadi akatungamirira kuvaka kuzhinji kwakaitwa muBhabhironi. Pamusoro pokuzvikudza—inga wani murume wacho akaita kuti zita rake rinyorwe pazvidhinha zvacho chaizvo! Vatsoropodzi vaDhanieri havagoni kutsanangura nzira iyo wavanofungidzira kuva munyepedzeri wavo wemunguva dzevanaMakabhii (167-63 B.C.E.) angagona kuva akaziva nayo nezvemabasa okuvaka akadaro—mazana mana amakore pashure pacho uye nguva yakareba vanochera matongo vasati vazvibudisa.

18. Nhoroondo yaDhanieri yemarudzi akasiyana-siyana echirango mukutonga kweBhabhironi nekutonga kwePersia inoratidza sei kururama?

¹⁸ Bhuku raDhanieri rinobudisa mimwe misiyano mikuru yemutemo weBhabhironi newevaMedhia nevaPersia. Somuenzaniso, mumutemo weBhabhironi shamwari nhatu dzaDhanieri dzakakandirwa muchoto chinopisa kwazvo nemhaka yokuramba kuteerera murayiro wamambo. Makumi emakore gare gare, Dhanieri akakandirwa mugomba reshumba nemhaka yokuramba kuteerera mutemo wavaPersia waikanganisa hana yake. (Dhanieri 3:6; 6:7-9) Vamwe vakaedza kuramba nhoroondo yechoto chinopisa kwazvo sengano, asi vanochera matongo vakawana tsamba chaiyo muBhabhironi rekare inonyatsotaura nezvechirango chorudzi urwu. KuvaMedhia nevaPersia, zvisinei, moto waiyera. Naizvozvo vaishandisa mamwe marudzi okuranga kunotyisa. Saka, gomba reshumba haringavi chinhu chinoshamisa.

19. Musiyanoi uri pakati pezvemitemo yeBhabhironi neyeMedhia nePersia unojekeswa nebhuku raDhanieri?

¹⁹ Mumwe musiyano unobudazve. Dhanieri anoratidza kuti Nebhukadhinezari aigona kugadza ndokuchinja mitemo pamadiro. Dhariusi hapana chaaigona kuita kuti achinje ‘mitemo yevaMedhia nevaPersia’—kunyange iyo iye pachake akanga agadza! (Dhanieri 2:5, 6, 24, 46-49; 3:10, 11, 29; 6:12-16) Munyori wenhau John C. Whitcomb anonyora kuti: “Nhau dzakaitika kare dzinotsigira musiyano uyu uri pakati peBhabhironi, uko mutemo wakanga uri pasi pamambo, nevaMedhia nevaPersia, uko mambo akanga ari pasi pomutemo.”

20. Mashokoi akazara pamusoro pemutambo waBhershazari anoratidza kuti Dhanieri aiziva tsika dzeBhabhironi kwete zvokuudzwa?

²⁰ Nhoroondo inofadza yomutambo waBhershazari, yakanyorwa muna Dhanieri chitsauko chechishanu, chakazara nemashoko akakwana. Sezviri pachena, wakatanga nokudya, vanhu vakasununguka nokunwa zvikuru, nokuti kunotaurwa zvakawanda nezvewaini. (Dhanieri 5:1, 2, 4) Chokwadika, zvivezwa zvakanyorwa zvemitambo yakafanana zvinoratidza waini bedzi ichinwiwa. Saka, sezviri pachena, waini yaikosha zvikuru pamitambo yakadaro. Dhanieri anotaurawo kuti vakadzi vaivepo pamafashafasha ezvekudya aya—vamwe vakadzi vamambo nevarongo vake. (Dhanieri 5:3, 23) Zvinhu zvinocherwa mumatongo zvinotsigira aya mashoko akazara etsika yeBhabhironi. Pfungwa yokuti varume vaite mutambo pamwe nevakadzi yairambwa nevaJudha nevaGiriki munguva dzevanaMakabhii. Zvichida ndokusaka shanduro dzepakuvamba dzakashandurwa kubva muGreek Septuagint dzaDhanieri dzisingatauri nezvavakadzi ava.c Asi, anonzi munyepedzeri akanyora bhuku raDhanieri aizodai akararama mutsika dzimwe chete dzechiHellen (chiGiriki) uye kunyange munguva yakafanana, yakabudisa Septuagint!

21. Ndeipi tsananguro inonzwisisika zvikuru yokunyatsoziva kwaDhanieri nezvenguva netsika zvenhapwa dzekuBhabhironi?

²¹ Mukurangarira mashoko akazara akadaro, zvinoita sokupenga chaiko kuti Britannica yaigona kurondedzera munyori webhuku raDhanieri saaive ne“mashoko ekubatira pamusoro asina kururama” bedzi omunguva dzoutapwa. Munyepedzeri upi noupi womunguva dzakazotevera aigona sei kunyatsoziva zvakadzama tsika dzeBhabhironi rekare nePersia? Yeukawo kuti, umambo hwose huri huviri hwakanga husisina mukurumbira kwenguva huru zana remakore rechipiri B.C.E. risati rasvika. Sezviri pachena kwakanga kusina vanochera matongo kare ikoko; uyewo vaJudha vapanguva iyoyo vakanga vasingadadi netsika nenhau dzakaitika zvokumwe. Dhanieri muprofita, munhu akazvionera nguva idzodzo nezvakaitika zvaakarondedzera, ndiye bedzi angagona kuve akanyora bhuku reBhaibheri rine zita rake.

MASHOKO OKUNZE ANORATIDZA BHUKU RADHANIERI SEREKUNYEPERA HERE?

22. Vatsoropodzi vanoti chii pamusoro penzvimbo yebhuku raDhanieri mumabhuku eBhaibheri eMagwaro echiHebheru?

²² Imwe nyaya inowanzotaurwa zvikuru mukurwisa bhuku raDhanieri inobatanidza nzvimbo yariri mumabhuku eMagwaro echiHebheru. Vanarabhi vekare vakaronga mabhuku eMagwaro echiHebheru mumapoka matatu anoti: Mutemo, Vaprofita, uye Rondedzero. Vakaronga Dhanieri, kwete pakati pevaprofita, asi pakati peRondedzero. Izvi zvinoreva kuti, vatsoropodzi vanodaro, bhuku iri rinofanira kuva rakanga risingazivikanwi panguva apo mabhuku evamwe vaprofita akaunganidzwa. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti rakaiswa muboka reRondedzero nemhaka yokuti idzi dzakazounganidzwa gare gare.

23. VaJudha vekare vaiona sei bhuku raDhanieri?

²³ Kunyange zvakadaro, havasi vanzveri veBhaibheri vose vanobvuma kuti vanarabhi vekare vaikamura mabhuku eBhaibheri nenzira yokuomesa kudaro kana kuti vakasiya Dhanieri paVaprofita. Asi kunyange kana vanarabhi vakaronga bhuku raDhanieri pakati peRondedzero, izvi zvingaratidza kuti rakazonyorwa gare gare here? Aiwa. Nyanzvi dzine mukurumbira dzakapa zvikonzero zvinoverengeka nei vanarabhi vangave vasina kubatanidza Dhanieri muVaprofita. Somuenzaniso, vangave vakaita kudaro nemhaka yokuti bhuku racho raivagumbura kana kuti nemhaka yokuti vaiona Dhanieri pachake seakasiyana nevamwe vaprofita pakuti aiva nebasa rokunyika rehurumende munyika yokumwe. Kunyange zvakadaro, chinokosha ndeichi: VaJudha vekare vairemekedza zvikuru bhuku raDhanieri uye vairirangarira sechikamu chemabhuku eBhaibheri. Uyezve, uchapupu hunoratidza mabhuku eBhaibheri eMagwaro echiHebheru akapedzwa nguva refu zana remakore rechipiri B.C.E. risati rasvika. Akazonyorwa gare gare akanga asingatombobvumirwi, kubatanidza mamwe mabhuku akanyorwa muzana remakore rechipiri B.C.E.

24. Bhuku reapokirifa raUngwaru rakashandiswa sei mukurwisa bhuku raDhanieri, uye chii chinoratidza kuti pfungwa yacho haina kutsarukana?

²⁴ Zvinotoshamisa, rimwe remabhuku aya rakanyorwa gare gare rikarambwa rakashandiswa senhau inopesana nebhuku raDhanieri. Bhuku reapokirifa Ungwaru, rakanyorwa naJesus Ben Sirach, sezviri pachena rakanyorwa munenge muna 180 B.C.E. Vatsoropodzi vanoda kubudisa pfungwa yokuti Dhanieri haadudzwi pandandanda refu yebhuku racho yevarume vakarurama. Vanopa zvikonzero zvokuti Dhanieri anofanira kuva aisazivikanwa panguva iyoyo. Nhau iyi inogamuchirwa zvikuru nenyanzvi. Asi chimbofunga izvi: Ndandanda iyoyo inosiya Ezra naMordekai (vose vakanga vari magamba makuru mukuona kwevaJudha pashure poutapwa) uye Mambo Jehoshafati akanaka. Pavatongi vose inongotaura nezvaSamueri chete.d Nemhaka yokuti varume vakadaro vanosiyiwa pandandanda isingatauri kuti inovapedza vose, isiri mumabhuku eBhaibheri, tinofanira here kuvaramba vose sevokunyepedzera? Pfungwa yacho haina musoro.

UCHAPUPU HURI KUNZE HUNOTSIGIRA DHANIERI

25. (a) Josephus akapupurira sei kuti nhoroondo yaDhanieri ndeyechokwadi? (b) Nhoroondo yaJosephus pamusoro paAlexander Mukuru nebhuku raDhanieri zvinowirirana sei nezvakaitika zvinozivikanwa? (Ona mashoko omuzasi echipiri.) (c) Uchapupu hwemutauro hunotsigira sei bhuku raDhanieri? (Ona peji 26.)

²⁵ Ngatifungeizve nezvezvinotsigira. Zvakanzi hapana rimwe bhuku reMagwaro echiHebheru rinonyatsotsigirwa seraDhanieri. Kuenzanisira: Munyori wenhau dzakaitika wechiJudha akakurumbira Josephus anopupurira kuti nderechokwadi. Anotaura kuti Alexander Mukuru, muhondo nevaPersia muzana remakore rechina B.C.E., akauya kuJerusarema, uko vapristi vakamuratidza kopi yebhuku raDhanieri. Alexander pachake akaguma oti mashoko ouprofita hwaDhanieri akanga achitaura nezvake akanga achitaura nezvokuunganidza kwake mauto kwaibatanidza Persia.e Izvi zvaizodai zvakava makore anenge zana namakumi mashanu “kunyepedzera” kusati kwaitwa sezvinotaura vatsoropodzi. Chokwadika, vatsoropodzi vakatuka Josephus nemhaka yemashoko aya. Vanomutukirawo kutaura kuti humwe uprofita huri mubhuku raDhanieri hwakazadzika. Asi, sezvakataurwa nemunyori wenhau dzakaitika Joseph D. Wilson, “[Josephus] zvichida aiziva zvakawanda zvenhau yacho kupfuura vamwe vatsoropodzi vose vari munyika.”

26. Mipumburu yeManyoro yeGungwa rakafa yakatsigira sei kuti bhuku raDhanieri nderechokwadi?

²⁶ Kuti bhuku raDhanieri nderechokwadi kwakatsigirwazve apo Manyoro eGungwa Rakafa akawanwa mubako reQumran, Israel. Nenzira inoshamisa zvizhinji pakati pezvakawanwa muna 1952, mipumburu nezvipenga zvomubhuku raDhanieri. Chekare kupfuura zvose chakanzi ndechokunopera kwezana remakore rechipiri B.C.E. Naizvozvo, kareko, bhuku raDhanieri rakanga rava kutonyatsozivikanwa uye richiremekedzwa nevazhinji. Pictorial Encyclopedia of the Bible yeThe Zondervan inoti: “Nguva yebhuku raDhanieri maererano nevanaMakabhii zvino inofanira kusiiwa, kutoti nemhaka yokuti zvakanga zvisingagoni kuti pave nenguva yakaringana pakati pokunyorwa kwebhuku raDhanieri nokuoneka kwaro riri pamakopi muraibhurari yesekete rechitendero chevanaMakabhii.”

27. Ndohupi uchapupu hwakare zvikuru hwokuti Dhanieri akanga ari munhu chaiyeiye akanga achinyatsozivikanwa mukati meutapwa hwokuBhabhironi?

²⁷ Zvisinei, kune humwe uchapupu hwekare kwazvo hunogona kuvimbwa nahwo hwebhuku raDhanieri. Mumwe wevakararama nguva imwe naDhanieri akanga ari muprofita Ezekieri. Iyewo akashanda somuprofita munguva youtapwa hwokuBhabhironi. Nguva zhinji, bhuku raEzekieri rinotaura nezvaDhanieri nezita. (Ezekieri 14:14, 20; 28:3) Ndima idzi dzinoratidza kuti kunyange munguva youpenyu hwake pachake, muzana remakore rechitanhatu B.C.E., Dhanieri akanga ava kutozivikanwa zvikuru semurume akarurama akachenjera, akakodzera kutaurwa pamwe chete naNoa naJobho vaitya Mwari.

CHAPUPU CHIKURU KUPFUURA ZVOSE

28, 29. (a) Ndohupi uchapupu hunopfuura hwose hunoita kuti titende kuti Bhuku raDhanieri nderechokwadi? (b) Nei tichifanira kubvuma uchapupu hwaJesu?

²⁸ Pakupedzisira, zvisinei, ngatifunge nezvechapupu chikuru kupfuura zvose chokuti bhuku raDhanieri nderechokwadi—hapana mumwe kunze kwaJesu Kristu. Mukutaura kwake nezvemazuva okupedzisira, Jesu anotaura nezve“muprofita Dhanieri” uye humwe hwouprofita hwake.—Mateo 24:15; Dhanieri 11:31; 12:11.

²⁹ Zvino kudai dzidziso yevanaMakabhii yevatsoropodzi yaiva yechokwadi, chimwe chezvinhu zviviri chinofanira kuva chechokwadi. Zvimwe Jesu akanyengedzwa nemanyepo aya kana kuti haana kumbotaura zvinonzi naMateo akataura. Hapana kana nechimwe chaizvozvi chinoshanda. Kana tisingagoni kuvimba nenhoroondo yeEvhangeri yaMateo, tinogona sei kuvimba nezvimwe zvikamu zveBhaibheri? Kana tikabvisa mitsetse iyoyo, ndeapi mashoko atichatevera kukwachura muMagwaro Matsvene? Muapostora Pauro akanyora kuti: “Rugwaro rwose rwakafuridzirwa naMwari, runobatsira pakudzidzisa, . . . nokururamisa.” (2 Timotio 3:16) Naizvozvo kudai bhuku raDhanieri rakanga riri rokunyepera, saka Pauro akanga ari mumwe wacho! Kuti Jesu angave akanyengedzwa here? Nyangwe. Akanga ari mupenyu kudenga pakanyorwa bhuku raDhanieri. Jesu akatoti: “Abrahama asati avapo, ini ndaivapo.” (Johane 8:58) Pavanhu vose vati vamborarama, Jesu ndiye aizova munhu akanakisisa wokuti tibvunze mashoko nezvebhuku raDhanieri kana riri rechokwadi. Asi hazvidi kuti tibvunze. Sezvataona, uchapupu hwake hahungajeki kupfuura ipapa.

30. Jesu akawedzera sei kuratidza kuti bhuku raDhanieri nderechokwadi?

³⁰ Jesu akawedzera kuratidza kuti bhuku raDhanieri nderechokwadi panguva chaiyo yaakabhabhatidzwa. Ipapo akava Mesiya, achizadzika uprofita huri muna Dhanieri pamusoro pevhiki 69 dzemakore. (Dhanieri 9:25, 26; ona Chitsauko 11 chebhuku rino.) Kunyange kana dai kutaura kwokuti rakanyorwa pashure penguva yaro kwaiva kwechokwadi, munyori webhuku raDhanieri akafanoziva zvemunguva yemberi nemakore 200. Chokwadika, Mwari haaizofuridzira munyepedzeri kuti ataure uprofita hwechokwadi nezita rokunyepa. Aiwa, uchapupu hwaJesu hunogamuchirwa nemwoyo wose nevanhu vakatendeka kuna Mwari. Kudai nyanzvi dzose, vatsoropodzi vose vari munyika, vaizobatana somunhu mumwe kuti vatuke Dhanieri, uchapupu hwaJesu hwaizoratidza kuti vakarasika, nokuti iye “chapupu chakatendeka, chazvokwadi.”—Zvakazarurwa 3:14.

31. Nei vatsoropodzi vazhinji veBhaibheri vasati vave kutenda pamusoro pokuti bhuku raDhanieri nderechokwadi?

³¹ Kunyange uchapupu uhwu hahuna kukwana kuvatsoropodzi veBhaibheri vazhinji. Pashure pokufunda nhau iyi zvakakwana, hapana zvingaita munhu kunze kwekungoshamisika kana pane uchapupu hwakawanda zvokukwana kuvaita kuti vatende. Mumwe purofesa wepaOxford University akanyora kuti: “Hapana chaunowana nokungopindura munhu ari kuramba, chero bedzi pfungwa yokufungidzira yapakuvamba yokuti, ‘hazvigoni kuti kuve nouprofita husiri hwevanhu,’ ichiripo.” Naizvozvo kufungidzira kwavo kunovapofumadza. Asi ichocho chisarudzo chavo—uye inofa kwavo.

32. Chii chiri mberi mufundo yedu yebhuku raDhanieri?

³² Ko iwe? Kana uchigona kuona kuti hapana chikonzero chaichoicho chokunzwa sokuti bhuku raDhanieri harisi rechokwadi, saka wagadzirira kuona chitsva chiri murutsoka chinofadza. Uchawana kurondedzera kuri mubhuku raDhanieri kuchifadza, uprofita hwacho huchinakidza. Chinotokosha zvikuru, uchawana kutenda kwako kuchiwedzera kusimba muchitsauko chimwe nechimwe. Hauzombozvidembi nokunyatsofungisisa uprofita hwaDhanieri!

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

WANZWISISEI?

• Bhuku raDhanieri rakapomerwei?

• Nei kudenha bhuku raDhanieri kwevatsoropodzi kusina kusimba?

• Ndohupi uchapupu hunotsigira kuti bhuku raDhanieri nderechokwadi?

• Ndohupi uchapupu hunoita kuti titende zvikuru kuti bhuku raDhanieri nderechokwadi?

[Bhokisi riri papeji 26]

Nhau Yemutauro

BHUKU raDhanieri rakapera kunyorwa munenge muna 536 B.C.E. Rakanyorwa nomutauro wechiHebheru newechiAramaic, nemashoko mashomanene echiGiriki neechiPersia. Kuvhenganiswa kwemitauro kwakadaro hakuwanzoitwa asi hakusi iko kwega muMagwaro. Bhuku raEzra rakanyorwawo muchiHebheru nechiAramaic. Asi, vamwe vatsoropodzi vanongoramba vachiti munyori webhuku raDhanieri akashandisa mitauro iyi nenzira inoratidza kuti akanga achinyora pane imwe nguva pashure pa536 B.C.E. Mumwe mutsoropodzi ane mashoko anowanzotaurwa anoti kushandiswa kwamashoko echiGiriki muna Dhanieri kunoda kuti kunyora kwacho kuve kwakazoitwa pave pashure. Anoti chiHebheru chinotsigira kudaro uye chiAramaic chinenge chinobvumira nguva yepashure iyoyo—kunyange ichangobva kupfuura semuzana remakore rechipiri B.C.E.

Zvisinei, hadzisi nyanzvi dzose dzemutauro dzinobvumirana nazvo. Vamwe vakataura kuti chiHebheru chaDhanieri chakafanana nechaEzekieri naEzra uye kusiyana nechinowanikwa mumabhuku eapokirifa akazonyorwa gare gare saUngwaru. Pamusoro pokushandisa kwaDhanieri chiAramaic, rangarira magwaro maviri akawanwa pakati peMipumburu yeGungwa Rakafa. Iyowo yakanyorwa nechiAramaic uye musi wayo ndewemuzana ramakore rokutanga nerechipiri B.C.E.—isiri nguva refu kubva panofungirwa kuti ndipo pakanyorwa bhuku rokunyepedzera raDhanieri. Asi nyazvi dzakaona musiyano mukuru pakati pechiAramaic chiri mumagwaro aya nechiri muna Dhanieri. Saka, vamwe vanofungidzira kuti bhuku raDhanieri rinofanira kuva ragara mazana amakore kupfuura zvarinonzi rakaita nevanoritsoropodza.

Zvakadii nemashoko echiGiriki “akaoma” ari muna Dhanieri? Mamwe aiwaya akaonekwa kuti ndeechiPersia, kwete chiGiriki, zvachose! Mashoko bedzi achiri kufungwa kuti ndeechiGiriki mazita ezviridzwa zvokuimba zvitatu. Asi kuvapo kweaya mashoko matatu kungada chaizvoizvo kuti bhuku raDhanieri rinzi rakanyorwa pave paya here? Aiwa. Vacheri vematongo vakawana kuti Tsika yechiGiriki yaiva nesimba mazana emakore Girisi isati yava simba rinodzora nyika yose. Uyezve, kudai bhuku raDhanieri rakanga ranyorwa muzana remakore rechipiri B.C.E., apo tsika nemutauro wechiGiriki zvaiva zvazara, raizova nemashoko matatu bedzi echiGiriki here? Nyangwe. Zvichida raizova neakawanda zvikuru. Naizvozvo uchapupu hwemutauro hunotsigira chaizvoizvo kuti bhuku raDhanieri nderechokwadi.

[Mufananidzo unozadza peji yose uri papeji 12]

[Mifananidzo iri papeji 20]

(Pasi) Chigaba chomutemberi yeBhabhironi chine mazita aMambo Nabonidus nemwanakomana wake Bhershazari

(Pamusoro) Apa pakanyorwa pane kudada kwaNebhukadhinezari pamusoro pemabasa ake okuvaka

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 21]

Maererano neNhoroondo yaNabonidus, hondo yaKoreshi yakapinda muBhabhironi pasina kurwa

[Mifananidzo iri papeji 22]

(Kurudyi) “Nhoroondo yeNhetembo yaNabonidus” inotaura kuti Nabonidus akaronzesa ushe kudangwe rake

(Kuruboshwe) Chinyorwa cheBhabhironi chokurwisa nyika yeJudha kwaNebhukadhinezari