Fungu Rorudzidziso—Kuzvidavirira Kwokupedzisira
MWOTO inoputika, zvinon’aima zvinopenya, maroketi anomhanya kundoita kuti denga rive dzvuku, bhuruu, yero, uye girini. Mbatatisi dziri mumakanda adzo. Kuseka kukuru, kushwararadza kwomufaro. Bonfire Night in England.
VASHANDI vakawana zvitunha 25 netsaona. Marangwanda akanga asanovigwa, maoko akapetwa. Vezvenhau nokudaro vakapinda munzira yechakavanzika chinodzokera shure makore 200. Quebec, Canada.
Pamusoro apa pane zvinoitika zviviri zvisina batano zvine mavambo akafanana—Reformation.
NYAYA yaiva muchinyorwa chedu chaOctober 1 yakaratidza kuti Europe yakapupurira chinjo huru yorudzidziso muzana ramakore rechi 16. Miuyo yacho yakapararira kumamwe mativi enyika. Mativi mazhinji oupenyu nhasi anongova zvawo makoronga akasiiwa nemvura dzeReformation. Zvichida iwo anototapura muitiro wako wezuva nezuva. Kunokosha zvikuru, timire pamucheto pengwavaira yokupedzisira yorudzidziso iyo ichatapura zvamazvirokwazvo upenyu hwako. Unoziva kuti sei here?
Ronda makwara eReformation munyika dzinotevera:
Germany: Vamwe vanotaura kuti pesvedzero yaLuther paunhu hweGermany haienzaniswi neiyo yomunhu upi noupi wenyika inotaura chiNgezi. Shanduro yake yaMagwaro ndiimwe yamaBhaibheri eGermany anogamuchirwa zvakapararira zvikurusa. Luther akaita zvakawanda kumutauro nokuvanzarika hwaro hwoukama hwomumba hweGermany. Iye akaita kuti Hurumende izive kudikanwa kwokudzidza nokuda kwavose, kusimudzira mugariro webasa rokudzidzisa.
Canada: Nguva yakapfuura yokutongwa nehurumende yokumwe yakaona Britain neFrance zvakabatikana mukudhonzana uko kwakasiya chiratidzo chako paruwa rumwe zvikuru—Quebec. Zvayakagarwa pakuvamba navatami veKaturike veFrance, Quebec yakapinda pasi peBritain, uye nokudaro yakadzorwa nePurotesitendi muna 1763. Yakanga iri nguva pfupi pamberi penguva iyoyo apo zvitunha zvadudzwa pamavambo penyaya ino zvakavigwa pachivande pedyo namasvingo akasimbiswa eguta. Neiko pachivande? Nemhaka yokuti vanoratidzika kuva vaiva vaPurotesitendi, avo panguva iyoyo vakarambidzwa kuvigwa mumakuva eKaturike. Quebec ichiri sechitsuwa chechiKaturike chinotaura chiFrench, uye ikoku kunomutsa masangano azvino uno avapanduki.
Ireland: Chisingaororwi neReformation, Chitsuwa cheEmerald chakaramba chisingabatanidzwi. Pashure penguva yakati, pesvedzero yePurotesitendi yakayambuka zvishoma nezvishoma Irish Sea ichibva England ndokupinda mumaruwa okuchamhembe. Nhaka yacho nhasi iIreland yakakamuraniswa. Kufora kwegore negore kwomuzhezha muUlster kunochengeta rukundo rwePurotesitendi rwomunguva yakapfuura. Kuchengeta kunowanzosiya mipingo, mabomba, uye mabara epurasitiki. Orange Day Parade muna July 1986 yakasiya vane 160 vakuvadzwa. Yakachengeta zuva makore 300 apfuura apo King William weOrange, uyo akaita kuti chiPurotesitendi muBritain chichengeteke, akakurira mambo weKaturike wokupedzisira weEngland, James II.
United States: “Mhatsa yamasekete ane migariro yakasiana-siana yeEurope yaiva chinhu chine simba mukuparira rusununguko rworudzidziso muAmerica,” anonyora kudaro A. P. Stokes muChurch and State in the United States. Mazuva ehurumende yokumwe akaona United States yakapfeka mavara ePurotesitendi. Zvinokosha zvaCalvin zvakapa nhungamiro murudzidziso, matongerwe enyika, uye zvokutengeserana. Chitendero chikuru chaiva chokuti munhu mumwe nomumwe aimira zvakananga achizvidavirira kuMusiki wake pasina reverero youprista. Iyi pfungwa yakabereka mumwe munhu anodisa kuita nguva yayo imene yemberi pakuwana tuso dzebasa rayo rimene.
T. H. White anoyeuka mubhuku rake In Search of History kuti, pamugumo pezana rino ramakore, 13 muzana yavagari veUnited States yaiva yeKaturike. Ichi chikamu chakakwira kupfuura 25 muzana pakasvika 1960. Kunyange zvakadaro, Vakaturike vashomanene vakasvika panzvimbo dzakakwirira dzamatongerwe enyika. White anopfuurira, achiti: “Pamwero wakakwirira weSenate, umo hondo norugare zvakaitwa, umo zvibvumirano nomuitiro wokuimwe nyika zvakasarudzwa, umo Supreme Court Justices dzakasimbiswa, vaAmerica vakanga vachiri kungoda maPurotesitendi egamuchidzanwa rekare savachengeti vedonzo rorudzi.” Tsika yacho yakaparadzwa apo John F. Kennedy akava purezidhendi weKaturike wokutanga weUnited States.
Nokuda kwemimwe mienzaniso inobva kudzimwe nyika, tapota ona bhokisi riri papeji 29.
Nyika Yakafukidzwa Nemvura
Pasi pechiPurotesitendi, kurukurirano youmwari yakawedzera, uye shanduro dzeBhaibheri netsinhiro zvakasvika pakuyangamara pamusoro porusununguko nokutaura kwomunhu oga. Zvisinei, sezvo nguva yakapfuura, rusununguko rwakaratidzira kutsoropodzwa kweBhaibheri. Pfungwa itsva dzakagamuchirwa; madiro akava chinhu chezuva nezuva. Fambiro mberi yakanga isati ichavazve kurova kunyoro kwamafungu asi kutinhira kukuru kwamafungu makuru anorova pamhenderekedzo. Simba guru rokuvandudza rakaparadza hwaro humene hwedzidziso yechiKristu yegamuchidzanwa. Zvimwe zvinhu zvazvino uno kufanana nemhindumupindu, kusunungurwa kwavakadzi, uye ‘tsika itsva’ zvakaraswa kufanana nemiti inorasirwa pamhenderekedzo yegungwa nefungu, zvapupu zvakanyarara zvedutu. Rudzidziso rwakaitwa rwomunhu oga munyika dzePurotesitendi rwakasiya munhu mumwe nomumwe asingazivi chokuita, akandirwa pachitsuwa chake amene ari oga chokutenda.
Nyika yomunharaunda dzePurotesitendi inoumbwa nechido chokupanikira miitiro yakasimba. Vanhu vanoiswa pachitendero chefambiro mberi, rusununguko, uye maruramiro avanhu. Max Weber, woruzivo rwamagarire avanhu nowezvorutsuta weGermany, akabudisa nyaya muna 1904 pamsoro pechiPurotesitendi nekaputerizimu. Iye akataura kuti chikeputarizimu chaisangova bedzi muuyo weReformation. Asi iye akawana kuti munharaunda dzinobudirira dzechikeputarisiti dzemigariro yorudzidziso yakavhengana, zvikurukuru akanga ari maPurotesitendi akanga ari vamwene, vatungamiriri, vane unyanzvi, uye vakarovedzwa. Mukuwirirana neDer Fischer Weltalmanach, pamaNobel prize 540 akapiwa kutozosvikira muna 1985, zvikamu zviviri zvezvitatu zvakaenda kuvagari vemo vakabva kuzvaunga zvePurotesitendi. Vagari venharaunda dzeKaturike vakawana 20 muzana bedzi. Pamarudzi 20 apamusoro, kana toreva nezvomuuyo wose worudzi pamunhu, mapfumbamwe aiva ePurotesitendi, maviri eKaturike. Pane rumwe rutivi, panyika gumi dzinobudirira dzine zvikwereti dzakarongwa, shanu dzaiva dzeKaturike, hapana yePurotesitendi.
Der Spiegel pepanhau revhiki nevhiki reGermany rakanyora kuti pfungwa dzechiCalvin dzakakurudzira vaBritish kukuva simba guru renyika. Kuvambira muzana ramakore rechi 19, simba rinokura rezvamatongerwe enyika reUnited States, Germany, uye Great Britain rakava simba remutsidzirwo yenzanga. Kuenzana kwebanza nokuda kwavose kwakasimbiswa. Masimba omukati mepesvedzero huru yeReformation anorangarirwa navamwe savatangiri vechisosharizimu chazvino uno. Kuziva kwezvamatongerwe enyika mutoro wenzanga kwakagadzirira nzira mugariro wegarikano wewerofeya. Zvikurukuru munharaunda dzePurotesitendi, zviremera zvehurumende pashoma napashoma zvakadzora mativi apamutemo okubereka, rufu, roorano, chatanuro, uye nhaka. Kuwanika kwokuchatanura nokubvisa pamuviri kwapamutemo munyika dzeKaturike zvino kunowanzova kwakasiana zvikuru nouko kwomunyika dzePurotesitendi.
Dziviriro mbiri dzechiPurotesitendi, United States neGreat Britain, dzakakurira pamwe chete kuva chikara chine nyanga mbiri chouporofita hweBhaibheri. (Zvakazarurwa 13:11) Hofori yomuzana ramakore rechi 20 yezvamatongerwe enyika, sangano reChibatanwa chaMarudzi, yakatanga kunzi Chinzwano chaMarudzi, yakabuda munhamburiko dzePurotesitendi.
Mafashamo Achadzokera
Fungu rinoderera rinosiya chiratidzo pamhenderekedzo yegungwa icho chinotiyeuchidza nezvokudzokera kwaro. Nenzira yakafanana, Reformation yomuzana ramakore rechi 16 yakasiya nzira dzinooneka dzatinogona kuona nhasi. Uye pane hufakazi hwakasimba hwokuti takamira pachikumbaridzo chefungu rokupedzisira rechinjo yorudzidziso iro richapfuura chinjo dzose dzakare, kuparadza rudzidziso rwenhema nokusingaperi, uye kutapura munhu ari wose mupenyu. Iwe ucharipukunyuka here? Munyika yose, mune kusagutsikana kukuru norudzidziso rwakarongwa, pakati pavanhu nehurumende. Neiko pane kusagutsikana?
Rudzidziso kazhinji kazhinji runopfuura murairo warwo worudzidziso, kuvhiringidza chipfeko chenzvimbo nechipfeko chegadzo, korona nengoani, tsvimbo nomuchinjikwa. Makore akati apfuura pepanhau reSvondo reObserver rakamutsa mubvunzo pamsoro pokuti vezvamatongerwe enyika muIreland vakanga vakagadzirira kutora kubva kuvaprista kutungamirirwa kwenyika here. Aichimbova Chancellor weWest German Helmut Schmidt akatsinhira pamsoro pokupindira kworudzidziso mumatongerwe enyika nokutaura kuti, “Handidaviri kuti ikoku kunogona kubvumidzwa kusvikira kunguva isingazivikanwi.” Uye Le Figaro yeParis yakapomera chechi kupindira “mumatongerwe enyika” zvikuru kwazvo zvokuti “yava mungozi yokuona matongerwe enyika achipindira murudzidziso.” Kuvambira kuIndia kusvikira kuEgipita kusvikira kuUnited States, kuvambira Poland kusvikira Nicaragua, kuvambira Malaysia kusvikira Chile, rwisano inonetesa pakati pamatongerwe enyika norudzidziso inopfuurira.
Ikoku hakushamisi, hakusi chinhu chitsva. Zvakazarurwa ganhuro 17 inorondedzera rudzidziso rwenhema rwose semhombwe, “Bhabhironi Guru,” iyo inoita ufeve navezvamatongerwe enyika vapasi. Ndima 4 inoifananidzirazve se“yakapfeka ndarama nedombo rinokosha namaparera.” Umambo hworudzidziso hahugutswi, hunoumburuka muumbozha, huchibudisa pfuma. Muzana ramakore rechi 16, mabhokisi anon’aima echechi yeKaturike akakwezva kuringa kwechishuvo. Zvimwe chetezvo ndezvechokwadi nezvemhindu yorudzidziso rwose muzana rino ramakore rechi 20.
Hurumende dzinotokandira maziso anochiva kuupfumi hwakadaro. Albania akaona misikiti, chechi, uye zvimwe zvivako zvechechi zvinopfuura 2 000, uye akazviita zvenyika kana kuti kuzvikoromora. Sunday Times yakashuma muna 1984 kuti hurumende yeMalta “yakavamba kuongorora pfuma yechechi,” ichideredza betsero yemari yose yezvikoro zvechechi. Rabvunzwa kuti chechi inofanira kutsiva sei nokuda kwerasikirwo, rimwe gurukota rehurumende rakapindura, kuti: “Kana kuchifanira kudikanwa, ivo vanogona kunyungurutsa michinjikwa yavo yendarama neatari dzesirivha.” Chechi yeGreek Orthodox yakarwisa nesimba kuitwa kwomutemo wakatenderwa pakuvamba gore rino neParamende yeGirisi uyo waizogonesa hurumende kutora nzvimbo huru dzechechi (inenge 10 muzana yenharaunda yenyika yacho).
Munyika yose, rudzidziso ndichinoodza mwoyo chikuru. Panzvimbo pokubatanidza, runoparadzanisa. Rimwe pepanhau rezuva nezuva reGermany rakataura “rwisano iri pakati pavaKaturike namaPurotesitendi iyo inoguma noruvengo.” Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung yakanyora kuti kunyange masangano echechi, akarongedzerwa kubatanidza mukaha wacho, akatanga ari panzvimbo yo“kusavimbana, ruvengo rusingayananiswi pakati paVakaturike namaPurotesitendi.” Elie Wiesel, muwani we 1986 Nobel Peace Prize, akanokorwa mashoko murimwe pepanhau reGermany rezuva nezuva saanoti: “Ndinowanzofunga kuti takundikana. Kudai mumwe munhu akanga atiudza muna 1945 kuti taizoona zvakare hondo dzinosundwa norudzidziso dzichiitika painenge nyika iri yose . . . tingadai tisina kukudavira.” Rudzidziso runokurudzira nhamo, runonyandura kana kuti kufuratira hondo, rudzidziso rwenhema. Ndorwenhema. Uye Musiki akasarudza kare kare kuruparadza.
Ganhuro 17 yaZvakazarurwa haisiyi panikiro pamsoro penguva yemberi yorudzidziso rwose rwenhema. Mundima 16 tinorava, kuti: “Nyanga dzine gumi [masimba ehurumende ari mukati mesangano reChibatanwa chaMarudzi] dzawaona, nechikara, [Chibatanwa chaMarudzi], ndivo vachavenga mhombwe [rudzidziso rwenhema] vachaiparadza, nokuitorera nguvo; vachadya nyama yayo, nokuipisa nomwoto.”
Umire Papi?
Kunyange zvazvo kungava kunoratidzika kuva kunoshamisa, rudzidziso rwenhema rwakava nenguva yarwo. Miitiro yarwo, tsika, magamuchidzanwa, uye maropafadzo zvichakurumidza kunyangarika. Ikoko kungaratidzika kuva kusingabviri kwauri sezvakaita kufashamira kwechechi yeKaturike kuvanhu muzana ramakore rechi 16. Asi mvura dzeReformation dzakanga dzichikurira. Pfuma yechechi yakaenda kuvanhu, simba rayo kumadzimambo. Kunyange zvazvo ikoko kuri kwechokwadi muzuva redu, marudzi achatungamirira paruparadziko rwokupedzisira rworudzidziso rwenhema.
Ikoko kunorevei nokuda kwako somunhu oga? Nzvera sangano rako rorudzidziso. Ko zvarinotsigira zvinobvumirana neBhaibheri munzira iri yose here? Kana kusina kudaro, ipapo sangano rako rutivi rwe“Bhabhironi Guru,” kana kuti umambo hwenyika hworudzidziso rwenhema. Tevera murairo unowanwa pana Zvakazarurwa 18:4, NW, uyo unoti: “Budai mariri, vanhu vangu, . . . kana musingadi kugamuchira rutivi rwamadambudziko aro.”
Yeuka, fungu rinounza ruparadziko rwokupedzisira kurudzidziso rwenhema riri kuuya. Rinogona kuonwa pajengachenga. Uchave wakamira papi parinounza ruparadziko rukuru? Mumupata wokusakendenga here? Pagomo rechiremera chakati chenyika here? Kana kuti pagomo raJehovha? Kunongova bedzi nenzvimbo imwe yakakotsekana yokuva.
[Mashoko okukwezva vaverengi ari papeji 27]
Simba rine simba rokuvandudza rakaparadza hwaro humene hwedzidziso yamagamuchidzanwa. Zvimwe zvinhu zvakafanana nemhindumupindu, kusunungurwa kwavakadzi, uye ‘tsika itsva’ zvakakandwa semiti inokandirwa pamhenderekedzo yegungwa
[Mashoko okukwezva vaverengi ari papeji 28]
Pane ufakazi hwakasimba hwokuti takamira pachikumbaridzo chefungu rokupedzisira rechinjo yorudzidziso. Ucharipukunyuka here?
[Mashoko okukwezva vaverengi ari papeji 29]
Kudai mumwe munhu akanga atiudza muna 1945 kuti taizoona zvakare hondo dzinosundwa norudzidziso dzichimuka munyika iri yose, tingadai tisina kukudavira
[Bhokisi riri papeji 29]
South Africa: Chitendero chavaCalvin mukudeya kutemerwa chakapa rusarura ganda hwaro hwoumwari. Pepanhau rezuva nezuva reFrankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung reGermany rakadana woruzivo rwezvamwari veNederduitse Gerformeerde Kerk (seizvo Chechi yeDutch Reformed muSouth Africa yakasvika pakuzivikanwa) “varongi vamatongerwe enyika orusarura ganda.”
Switzerland: Senzvimbo yesangano ravaCalvin, Geneva yakakwezva zviuru zvakawanda zvavapoteri, avo vakauya nepfuma noruzivo. Somuuyo, iri richiri guta guru rokubhanga uye rine basa rinobudirira rokugadzira wachi.
India: Sosaiti yaJesu (Jesuits) yakakura sorutivi rweCounter-Reformation, sangano rokumutsidzira chiKaturike pashure pezvitambudzo zveReformation. Mitezo yeSosaiti yacho yakasvika kuruwa rweGoa muzana ramakore rechi 16, nokukurumidza pashure pokutongwa kwarwo nePortugal. Pesvedzero yechechi inoratidzirwa muvagari vemo nhasi: MuGoa, vanhu 3 kubva mu 10 vaKaturike, nepo muIndia mose, munhu mumwe bedzi mu 25 achiti muKristu.
England: Gore ra 1605 rakaona James I, muPurotesitendi, ari pachigaro choumambo. Sezvo kudzvinyirirwa kwaVakaturike munyika kwakakura, rangano yakafungwa yokuparadza Paramende, Mambo nezvose. Varangani, boka raVakaturike rakatungamirirwa naGuy Fawkes, vakawanwa ndokuurawa. November 5 anoratidzira kuchengetwa kweBonfire Night. Mhuri neshamwari vachiri kuungana kuzodziisa madekwana akatota nemwoto nokupisa “guy,” kana kuti mufananidzo, womurangani.
[Mifananidzo iri papeji 26]
Martin Luther naJohn Calvin—vatungamiriri muReformation