Tyisidziro Yenyukireya—Yapera Pakupedzisira Here?
“RUGARE Pasi pano runoratidzika kuva runobvira zvikuru zvino kupfuura panguva ipi neipi chifo cheHondo yeNyika II.” Uku kurangarira kune tariro kwakaitwa nomunyori wenhau pamugumo wama 1980 kwakanga kwakavakirwa paidi rokuti zvibvumirano zvinokosha zvokukanda zvombo pasi nechinjo dzisingakarirwi mune zvamatongerwe enyika pakupedzisira zvakanga zvagumisa Utsinye Hwakakomba pakati paMarudzi. Asi tyisidziro yenyukireya, yairatidzira kwazvo bonderano yeaichimbova masimba makuru, yakaperawo here? Rugare rusingagumi nechengeteko zvakanga zvodokuwanwa zvomenemene here?
Ngozi Dzokuwanda
Mukati moUtsinye Hwakakomba pakati paMarudzi, nepo aivimba nokutyana kuti achengete rugare, masimba makuru akabvuma kubvumidza kukura kworuzivo rwokugadzira nyukireya mukurondwa kwamadonzo ane rugare asi kuganhurira kushandiswa kwarwo mukuita zvombo zvenyukireya. Muna 1970 Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty yakatanga kushanda; gare gare yakatenderwa nenyika 140. Bva, masimba anobvira enyukireya, zvakadai seArgentina, Brazil, India, uye Israel, akaramba kusaina kunyange kusvikira kuzuva rino.
Muna 1985, zvisinei, rimwe simba rinobvira renyukireya, North Korea, rakasaina. Naizvozvo apo rakazivisa kubuda kwaro muchibvumirano chacho pana March 12, 1993, nyika nenzira ino mufungo yakanetseka. Magazini yenhau yeGermany Der Spiegel yakati: “Chiziviso chokubuda muNuclear Nonproliferation Treaty chinoparira muenzaniso: Zvino kune tyisidziro yenhangemutange yezvombo zvenyukireya, kutanga muAsia, iyo ingagona kuva ine ngozi zvikuru kupfuura zvakanga zvakaita kwikwidzano yamabhomba pakati pamasimba makuru.”
Nourudzi hunoparira nyika itsva pamwero unokatyamadza, chiverengero chamasimba enyukireya zvimwe chichawedzera. (Ona bhokisi.) Munyori wenhau Charles Krauthammer anonyevera, kuti: “Mugumo wetyisidziro yeSoviet haurevi mugumo wengozi yenyukireya. Ngozi chaiyoiyo kuwanda, uye kuwanda kuchangobva kuvamba.”
Mabhomba Okutengesa
Angava masimba enyukireya anodisa kuwana mukurumbira nesimba zvinopa izvi zvombo. Imwe nyika inotaurwa kuva yakatenga zvinenge zvombo zviviri zvinoputika zvenyukireya kuKazakhstan. Iyi yaichimbova nyika inozvitonga yeSoviet inoronga pamutemo zvombo zvinoputika se“zvakarasika.”
Muna October 1992 varume vanoverengeka vakasungwa muFrankfurt, Germany, vane magiramu 200 ecesium inochetura zvikuru, akakwana kuchetura mugove wose wemvura yeguta. Vhiki imwe gare gare, vaverevedzi vanomwe vakabatwa muMunich vane makirogiramu 2, 2 euranium. Kuwanwa kwamapoka maviri avaverevedzi venyukireya mukati mevhiki mbiri kwakakatyamadza vakuru vakuru, sezvo shanu bedzi dzemhaka dzakadaro dzakanga dzashumwa munyika yose kwegore rose rakapfuura.
Kana ava vanhu vakanga vakatsunga kutengesa kumapoka amagandanga kana kuti kuhurumende dzorudzi hakuzivikanwi. Kunyanguvezvo, kubvira kwougandanga hwenyukireya kuri kukura. Dr. David Lowry weEuropean Proliferation Information Centre anotsanangura ngozi yacho, achiti: “Icho bedzi gandanga rinofanira kuita kutumira muenzaniso weuranium yakavandudzwa zvikuru kuchiremera chine mukurumbira nokuda kwokuedza, richitaura kuti tine chitsama chakati uye hechino chibvumikiso. Kwakafanana nomunyerudzi anotumira nzeve yanyajambwa.”
“Mabhomba Anoputika Panguva Yakarongwa” Ane Rugare uye “Migariro Ine Ngozi Kuupenyu”
Apo 1992 akavamba, magwenya enyukireya 420 akashandiswa mukurondwa kune rugare kwokubudisa magetsi; mamwe 76 akanga achigadzirwa. Asi mumakore apfuura, tsaona dzamagwenya dzakatungamirira kumishumo yechirwere chakawedzerwa, yokupfupfudzika, uye urema hwokuberekwa nahwo. Mumwe mushumo unotaura kuti pakasvika 1967 zvinoitika panzvimbo yeplutonium yeSoviet zvakanga zvakaparira kubuda kwomwaranzi unochetura wakawanda nekatatu kupfuura ngwavaira yeChernobyl.
Chokwadika, ichi chinoitika chapashure paChernobyl, Ukraine, muna 1986 ndicho chakabata misoro yenhau. Grigori Medwedew, mutevedzeri wainjiniya mukuru wenyukireya panzvimbo yeChernobyl mukati mama 1970, anotsanangura kuti “uwandu hukuru hwomwaranzi inochetura hunogara kwenguva refu” hwakapinda mumhepo yakapoteredza pasi “hwakaenzana namabhomba gumi eHiroshima kana toreva nezvemiuyo inogara nguva refu.”
Mubhuku rake Tschernobylskaja chronika, Medwedew anoronga zvinoitika zvamagwenya enyukireya zvakakomba 11 muyaichimbova Soviet Union pakasvika pakati pama 1980 uye zvimwe 12 muUnited States. Yapashure yakabatanidza tsaona inokatyamadza muna 1979 paThree Mile Island. Nezvechinoitika ichocho, Medwedew anoti: “Chakarova jambwa rakakomba rokutanga pasimba renyukireya ndokudzinga fungidziro pamusoro pechengeteko yenzvimbo dzesimba renyukireya mundangariro dzavakawanda—asi kwete mundangariro dzavose.”
Ikoku kunotsanangura chikonzero nei zvikanganiso zvichiri kuitika. Mukati ma 1992 zvakawedzera muRussia neinodokusvika 20 muzana. Pashure pechimwe cheizvi zvinoitika, muna March wegore iroro panzvimbo yamagetsi yeSosnovy Bore muSt. Petersburg, Russia, mwero yemwaranzi inochetura yakakwira ne 50 muzana muEngland yokuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva ndokusvika kakapetwa ruviri mwero unobvumidzwa mukurusa muEstonia neFinland yokumaodzanyemba. Purofesa John Urquhart weNewcastle University anobvuma, kuti: “Handigoni kubvumikisa kuti yakanga iri Sosnovy Bore yakaparira wedzero yacho—asi kana yakanga isiri Sosnovy Bore, chakanga chiri chii?”
Zvimwe zviremera zvinotaura kuti magwenya omutoo weChernobyl ane zvikanganiso mumugadzirirwo wawo uye anongova zvawo ane ngozi zvikuru kushandisa. Kunyanguvezvo, anopfuura gumi namaviri achiri kushandiswa kubetsera kugutsa kudikanwa kukuru kwamagetsi. Vamwe vashandisi vamagwenya vakatopomerwa mhaka yokudzima miitiro yakachengeteka yokudzora kuti vagowedzera kubuda kwesimba. Mishumo yakadai souyu inotyisa nyika dzakafanana neFrance, iyo inoshandisa nzvimbo dzenyukireya kubudisa 70 muzana yamagetsi ayo. Imwe “Chernobyl,” uye nzvimbo dzakawanda muFrance dzingamanikidzirwa kuvhara zvechigarire.
Kunyange magwenya “asina ngozi” sezviri pachena anova asiri asina ngozi nokugara. Mukuvamba kwa 1993, mukati mokunzvera kusava nengozi kwenguva dzose, ndutwe dzinopfuura zana dzakawanwa mupombi dzesimbi mugwenya rapaBrunsbüttel, rimwe reekaresa eGermany. Ndutwe dzakafanana dzakawanwa mumagwenya muFrance neSwitzerland. Tsaona yakakomba yokutanga panzvimbo yeJapan yakaitika muna 1991, kugara kuchiva kwakava chisakiso chinobvira chinoparira. Ikoku kunoratidzira kuti tsaona dzakafanana dzingaitika muUnited States, umo zvikamu zviviri zvezvitatu zvamagwenya okutengesa zvagara makore anopfuura gumi.
Tsaona dzamagwenya enyukireya dzinogona kuitika kunzvimbo ipi neipi panguva ipi neipi. Kana pane magwenya akawanda, tyisidziro yacho inobva yava huru zvikuru; kana gwenya ragara zvikuru, ngozi inobva yava huru zvikuru. Risiri risina chikonzero rimwe pepanhau rakaadana kuti mabhomba anorira anoputika panguva yakarongwa nemigariro ine ngozi kuupenyu ine mwaranzi inochetura.
Vanofanira KurasiraKupi Marara Acho?
Vanhu vakashamiswa misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi kuwana nharaunda yepikiniki yapamahombekombe orwizi muFrench Alps yakavharwa ndokurindwa namapurisa. Pepanhau The European rakatsanangura, kuti: “Nzvero dzenguva dzose dzakarairwa pashure porufu rwomumwe mukadzi womunzvimbomo nechepfu yeberyllium mwedzi miviri yapfuura dzakazivisa mwero yemwaranzi inochetura panzvimbo yepikiniki iyo yakanga yakakwirira zvikuru neka 100 kupfuura iyo iri munharaunda yakapoteredza.”
Beryllium, simbi isingaremi zvinoshamisa inoitwa nemitoo yakasiyana-siyana, inoshandiswa mubasa rokugadzira ndege uye, apo inopiswa, inoshandiswa munzvimbo dzesimba renyukireya. Sezviri pachena fekitari inogadzira beryllium yakanga yarasa tsvina inobva mumuitiro wokupisa une ngozi panharaunda yepikiniki kana kuti pedyo nayo. “Guruva reberyllium, kunyange apo rinenge risina kupiswa,” rakadaro The European, “ndichimwe chezvimiro zvine chepfu zvikurusa zvetsvina yamabasa okugadzira zvinhu zvinozivikanwa.”
Munguva ino, zvine tsvina ine mwaranzi inochetura 17 000 sezvinoshumwa zvakaraswa munhambo yamakore 30 mumvura dziri kure nemhenderekedzo yegungwa yeNovaya Zemlya, dzaishandiswa navaSoviet senzvimbo yokuedzera nyukireya mukati mama 1950 apakuvamba. Mukuwedzera, zvikamu zvine mwaranzi inochetura zvengarava dzenyukireya dzinofamba pasi pegungwa namativi amagwenya anenge 12 zvakaiswa muiri dhodhibhokisi rakakodzera.
Kungava namaune kana kuti kwete, kushatisa kwenyukireya kune ngozi. Nezvengarava inofamba napasi pegungwa iyo yakanyura kure nemhenderekedzo yegungwa yeNorway muna 1989, Time yakanyevera, kuti: “Ungwandangwanda hwacho hwava kutodzudza cesium-137, isotope inoparira kenza. Kusvikira panguva ino kudzudza kwacho kunorangarirwa kuva kuduku zvikuru zvokusagona kutapura upenyu hwomugungwa kana kuti utano hwavanhu. Asi Komsomolets yakatakurawo zvombo zvenyukireya zviviri zvinoputika zvine makirogiramu 13 eplutonium ane hafu yokugara yamakore 24 000 uye chepfu yakakwirira kwazvo zvokuti kachimedu kanogona kuuraya. Nyanzvi dzeRussia dzakanyevera kuti plutonium yacho ingagona kurasikira mumvura ndokushatisa nzvimbo hombe dzegungwa nokukurumidza sa 1994.”
Chokwadika, kuraswa kwetsvina ine mwaranzi inochetura hakusi chinetso bedzi kuFrance neRussia. United States ine “makomo emarara anopisa uye hakuna nzvimbo yechigarire yokuachengeta,” inoshuma kudaro Time. Inotaura kuti mamiriyoni omune zvinhu zvinouraya ari munzvimbo yokuchengetera yechinguvana ne“ngozi [iripo nguva dzose] yokurasikirwa, kubiwa nekuvadziko yemhoteredzo inobva mukubata zvisakafanira.”
Sokunge kuratidzira iyi ngozi, tangi retsvina yenyukireya payaichimbova nzvimbo yezvombo muTomsk, Siberia, rakaputika muna April 1993, richiparira mifananidzo inotyisa yeChernobyl yechipiri.
Sezvinooneka, danidziro dzipi nedzipi dzorugare nechengeteko dzakaziviswa pahwaro hwomugumo wakafungidzirwa wetyisidziro yenyukireya hadzina hwaro hwakanaka. Asi rugare nechengeteko zvava pedyo. Tinoziva sei?
[Bhokisi riri papeji 4]
MASIMBA ENYUKIREYA
12 uye Dzichiri Kuwedzera
DZAKAZIVISWA kana kuti CHAIDZOIDZO: Belarus, Britain, China, France, India, Israel, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, Russia, South Africa, Ukraine, United States
DZINOBVIRA: Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Iran, Iraq, Libya, North Korea, South Korea, Syria, Taiwan
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 5]
Kunyange kushandiswa kune rugare kwesimba renyukireya kunogona kuva kune ngozi
[Kwazvakatorwa]
Shure: Mufanikiso weU.S. National Archives
[Vakatipa Mufananidzo uri papeji 2]
Butiro: Stockman/International Stock
[Vakatipa Mufananidzo uri papeji 3]
Mufanikiso weU.S. National Archives