Tariro Iri Nani Yomweya

VARWI veRoma vakanga vasina kukarira izvi. Sezvo vakavhozhokera nhare yegomo reMasada, nhare yokupedzisira yemauto anopandukira echiJudha, ivo vakazvigadzirira vamene kudenha vavengi vavo, kudanidzira kwavarwi, kuridza mhere kwavakadzi navana. Panzvimbo pezvo ivo vakanzwa kurira kwamarimi bedzi. Sezvo ivo vakanzvera nhare yaitsva, vaRoma vakaziva zvokwadi inotyisa: vavengi vavo—vanhu vanenge 960—vakanga vatofa! Nenzira ine nhevedzano, varwi vechiJudha vakanga vauraya mhuri dzavo vamene, ipapo mumwe nomumwe. Murume wokupedzisira akanga azviuraya amene.a Chii chakanga chavatungamirira kuuku kuponda kukuru kunotyisa uye kuzviuraya?

Maererano nowezvenhau akararama panguva imwe cheteyo Josephus, chinhu chinokosha chakanga chiri rudaviro mumweya usingafi. Eleazar Ben Jair, mutungamiriri wevaZealot muMasada, pakutanga akanga aedza kunyengetedza vanhu vake kuti kuzviuraya kwaizova kunoremekedzwa zvikuru kupfuura rufu kana kuti uranda pamaoko evaRoma. Achivaona vachizengurira, iye akatanga kutaura zvinonzwisa tsitsi pamusoro pomweya. Iye akavaudza kuti muviri wakanga uri chidzivisowo zvacho, torongo yomweya. “Asi apo, unosunungurwa muuremu hunouzvuvira pasi uye unorembedzwa,” iye akapfuurira, “mweya unodzokera kunzvimbo yawo umene, ipapo chaizvoizvo unowana simba rakakomborerwa uye simba risina kuganhurirwa chose chose, uchiramba uri sousingaoneki kumeso avanhu saMwari Amene.”

Kuita kwacho? Josephus anoshuma kuti pashure pokunge Eleazar ataura neiyi nzira zvizere mufungo, “vateereri vake vose vakapindira uye vakazadzwa nembavarira isingadzoreki vakakurumidza kuita chiito chacho.” Josephus anowedzera, kuti: “Sokunge vasvikirwa ivo vakamhanya, munhu ari wose achidisa kukurumidza kupfuura munhu anotevera, . . . chishuvo chisingatongodzivisiki chakanga chavabata kuti vauraye vadzimai vavo, vana vavo, uye ivo vamene.”

Uyu muenzaniso unotyisa unobatira kuratidzira kuti dzidziso yomweya usingafi inogona zvikuru sei kuchinja murangariro wavanhu womuzvarirwo worufu. Vatendi vanodzidziswa kurangarira rufu, kwete somuvengi akaipisisa womunhu, asi senzirawo zvayo inosunungura mweya kuti ufarikanye kuvapo kukuru zvikuru. Asi nei vaZealot vechiJudha ivavo vaidavira nenzira iyi? Vakawanda vangafungidzira kuti manyoro avo matsvene, Magwaro echiHebheru, anodzidzisa kuti munhu ane mudzimu unoziva uri mukati make, mweya unopukunyuka kuti upfuurire kurarama pashure porufu. Ikoko kwakadaro chaizvoizvo here?

Mweya muMagwaro echiHebheru

Neshoko rimwe, aiwa. Mubhuku rokutanga rimene chairoiro reBhaibheri, Genesi, tinoudzwa kuti mweya hachisi chimwe chinhu chaunacho, iwo chimwe chinhu chauri. Tinorava nezvokusikwa kwaAdhama, munhu wokutanga: “Munhu akava mweya mupenyu.” (Genesi 2:7) Shoko rechiHebheru rinoshandiswa pano nokuda kwomweya, neʹphesh, rinooneka kanopfuura zvikuru ka700 muMagwaro echiHebheru, risingatongopi kana kamwe mufungo worutivi rwakaparadzana, rwokudenga, rwomudzimu rwomunhu. Mukupesana, mweya unobatika, chinhu chaichoicho chakasimba, ndowenyama.

Nzvera magwaro anotevera akarongwa mukopi yako umene yeBhaibheri, nokuti shoko rechiHebheru rokuti neʹphesh rinowanikwa mune rumwe nerumwe rwawo. Iwo anoratidza zvakajeka kuti mweya unogona kutarisana nengozi, njodzi, uye kunyange kubiwa (Dheuteronomio 24:7; Vatongi 9:17; 1 Samueri 19:11); kubata zvinhu (Jobho 6:7); kupfigirwa musimbi (Pisarema 105:18); kupanga kudya, kutambudzwa kupfurikidza nokutsanya, uye kuziya nenzara nenyota; uye kutambura nechirwere chinoparadza kana kuti kunyange kushaya hope somugumisiro wenhamo. (Dheuteronomio 12:20; Pisarema 35:13; 69:10; 106:15; 107:9; 119:28) Namamwe mashoko, nemhaka yokuti mweya wako ndiwe, iwe umene, mweya wako unogona kuwana chinhu chipi nechipi unogona kuwana.b

Ikoko kunoreva here, ipapoka, kuti mweya unogona kufa chaizvoizvo? Hungu. Mukupesana nokuva isingafi, mweya yavanhu inotaurwa nezvayo muMagwaro echiHebheru seino“bvisw[a],” kana kuti kuurawa, nokuda kwokuita chakaipa, kurohwa zvinouraya, kupondwa, kuparadzwa, uye kudimburwa-dimburwa. (Eksodho 31:14; Dheuteronomio 19:6; 22:26; Pisarema 7:2) “Mweya unotadza, uchafa,” inodaro Ezekieri 18:4. Nenzira yakajeka, rufu ndiwo mugumo wavose wemweya yavanhu, sezvo tose zvedu tichitadza. (Pisarema 51:5) Munhu wokutanga, Adhama, akaudzwa kuti chirango chechivi chakanga chiri rufu—kwete kutamisirwa kunzvimbo yemidzimu uye kusafa. (Genesi 2:17) Uye apo akatadza, mutongo wacho wakataurwa: “Zvauri guruva, uchadzokerazve kuguruva.” (Genesi 3:19) Apo Adhama naEvha vakafa, ivo vakangova icho Bhaibheri kazhinji kazhinji rinonongedzera kwachiri se‘mweya yakafa’ kana kuti ‘mweya yakaenda.’—Numeri 5:2; 6:6.

Hakushamisi kuti The Encyclopedia Americana inoti nezvemweya muMagwaro echiHebheru: “Murangariro weTestamende Yekare womunhu ndouya wechinzwano, kwete mubatanidzwa womweya nomuviri.” Iyo inowedzera, kuti: “Nefesh . . . haitongonzwisiswi seinoshanda yakaparadzana nomuviri.”

Naizvozvo, vaJudha vakatendeka vaidavira rufu kuva chii? Kuchitaurwa zvakapfava, ivo vaidavira kuti rufu ndirwo musiyano woupenyu. Pisarema 146:4 rinotaura chinoitika apo mudzimu, kana kuti simba roupenyu, rinosiya munhu: “Mweya wake unobuda, iye ndokudzokera pasi pake; nezuva iro mano ake anopera.”c Nenzira yakafanana, Mambo Soromoni akanyora kuti vakafa “havana chavanoziva.”—Muparidzi 9:5.

Nei, ipapoka, vaJudha vakawanda vomuzana rokutanga ramakore, vakadai savaZealot paMasada, vakanga vachipwiswa kwazvo nezvekusafa kwomweya?

Pesvedzero yechiGiriki

VaJudha vakawana iyi pfungwa, kwete muBhaibheri, asi kuvaGiriki. Pakati pezana ramakore rechinomwe nerechishanu B.C.E., murangariro wacho unoratidzika kuva wakapinda uchibva mumasekete orudzidziso echiGiriki akavanzika uchienda kuuzivi hwechiGiriki. Pfungwa youpenyu hwapashure uko mweya yakaipa yaizogamuchira matsive anorwadza yakanga yave ichifadza zvikuru, uye murangariro wacho wakasimbiswa ndokupararira. Vazivi vakakurukura nenzira isingagumi nezvechimiro ichocho chomweya. Homer akataura kuti mweya wakapfuura nokukurumidza panguva yorufu, uchiziririka, uchitsviririka kana kuti uchishinyira zvinonzwika. Epicurus akataura kuti mweya chaizvoizvo wakanga uchirema uye, naizvozvo, wakanga uri muviri muduku zvikuru.d

Asi zvichida mutsigiri mukurusa wokusafa kwomweya akanga ari muzivi wechiGiriki Plato, wezana ramakore rechina B.C.E. Rondedzero yake yorufu rwomudzidzisi wake, Socrates, inoratidzira zvitendero zvakafanana zvikuru neizvo zvavaZealot veMasada mazana amakore gare gare. Nyanzvi Oscar Cullmann inoti, “Plato anotiratidza nzira iyo Socrates anofa nayo murugare rwakakwana nedzikamo. Rufu rwaSocrates rufu rwakaisvonaka. Hapana chinoonwa pano chokutyisa kworufu. Socrates haagoni kutya rufu, sezvo zvirokwazvo rwuchitisunungura mumuviri. . . . Rufu ishamwari huru yomweya. Anodzidzisa saizvozvo; uye naizvozvo, mutsinhirano yakaisvonaka nedzidziso yake, iye anofa.”

Sezviri pachena makanga muri mukati menhambo yavaMaccabee, muzana ramakore rechipiri Kristu asati auya, umo vaJudha vakavamba kufungisisa iyi dzidziso yakabva kuvaGiriki. Muzana ramakore rokutanga C.E., Josephus anotiudza kuti vaFarise uye vaEssene—mapoka orudzidziso echiJudha aiva nesimba—aitsigira iyi dzidziso. Dzimwe nhetembo idzo zvimwe dzakaitwa munhambo iyoyo dzinoratidzira chitendero chimwe chetecho.

Zvakadiniko, kunyange zvakadaro, naJesu Kristu? Iye navateveri vake nenzira yakafanana vakadzidzisa iyi pfungwa yakabva murudzidziso rwechiGiriki here?

Murangariro wavaKristu Vapakuvamba Womweya

VaKristu vezana rokutanga ramakore havana kurangarira mweya sezvakaita vaGiriki. Rangarira, somuenzaniso, rufu rweshamwari yaJesu Razaro. Kudai Razaro akanga ane mweya usingafi uyo wakakurumidza kupfuura, wakasununguka uye uchifara, panguva yorufu, nhoroondo iri muna Johane ganhuro 11 ingadai isina kurava zvakasiyana zvikuru here? Zvirokwazvo Jesu angadai akaudza vateveri vake kana Razaro akanga ari mupenyu uye akasimba uye achiziva ari mudenga; mukupesana, iye akadzokorora Magwaro echiHebheru uye akavaudza kuti Razaro akanga akarara, asingazivi. (Joh 11 Ndima 11) Zvirokwazvo Jesu angadai akafara kudai shamwari yake yakanga iri kufarikanya kuvapo kutsva kwakaisvonaka; panzvimbo pezvo, tinomuwana achichema pachena pamusoro porufu urwu. (Joh 11 Ndima 35) Zvirokwazvo, kudai mweya waRazaro wakanga uri mudenga, uchifara mukusafa kunofadza, Jesu angadai asina kutongova ane utsinye kwazvo zvokumudzorera kuti ararame mamwe makore mashomanene mu“torongo” yomuviri wenyama usina kukwana pakati porudzi rwomunhu rwunorwara uye rwunofa.

Razaro akadzoka kubva murufu nenhoroondo dzinofadza dzamazuva ake mana anoshamisa somunhu womudzimu akasunungurwa, asina muviri here? Aiwa, iye haana kudaro. Vanodavira kusafa kwomweya vachapindura kuti ikoku kwakanga kuri nemhaka yokuti chinoitika chomunhu wacho chaishamisa zvikuru zvokusarondedzereka. Asi gakava iroro rinokundikana kupwisa; pashure pezvose, Razaro angadai asina kugona kunge akaudza vadiwa vake izvozvo hazvo here—kuti iye akanga awana chiitiko chinoshamisa zvikurusa zvokusarondedzereka? Panzvimbo pezvo, Razaro haana kutaura chinhu pamusoro pezviitiko zvipi nezvipi zvaakanga ava nazvo paakanga akafa. Funga nezvazvo—kunyarara panhau imwe iyo yakanangidzirwa ngwariro nokuda kuziva kwavanhu kupfuura ipi neipi: zvakaita rufu! Kunyarara ikoko kunogona kutsanangurwa munzira imwe bedzi. Pakanga pasina chokutaura. Vakafa vakavata, vasingazivi.

Naizvozvo, Bhaibheri rinoratidzira rufu seshamwari yomweya, muitirowo zvawo wokupfuura pakati pematanho okuvapo here? Aiwa! KuvaKristu vechokwadi vakadai somuapostora Pauro, rufu rwakanga rwusiri shamwari; rwakanga rwuri “muvengi wokupedzisira.” (1 VaKorinte 15:26) VaKristu vanoona rufu, kwete serwomuzvarirwo, asi sorwunotyisa, sorwusiri rwomuzvarirwo, nokuti mugumisiro wakananga wechivi nokupandukira Mwari. (VaRoma 5:12; 6:23) Harwuna kutongova rutivi rwechinangwa chapakuvamba chaMwari chorudzi rwomunhu.

Zvisinei, vaKristu vechokwadi havasi vasina tariro pakunouya kurufu rwomweya. Rumuko rwaRazaro ndeimwe yenhoroondo dzakawanda dzeBhaibheri idzo dzinotiratidza zvakajeka tariro yechokwadi, yapaMagwaro yemweya yakafa—rumuko. Bhaibheri rinodzidzisa anenge marudzi maviri akasiyana orumuko. Nokuda kworuzhinji zvikuru rworudzi rwose rwavanhu urwo rwakarara muguva, vangava vakarurama kana kuti vasina kururama, pane tariro yorumuko kuupenyu husingagumi muParadhiso pano pasi pano. (Ruka 23:43; Johane 5:28, 29; Mabasa 24:15) Nokuda kweboka duku uko Jesu akanongedzera se“boka duku” rake, pane rumuko kuupenyu husingafi sevanhu vomudzimu mudenga. Ava, avo vanobatanidza vaapostora vaKristu, vachatonga naKristu Jesu rudzi rwomunhu ndokurudzorera kukukwana.—Ruka 12:32; 1 VaKorinte 15:53, 54; Zvakazarurwa 20:6.

Nei, ipapoka, tichiwana chechi dzechiKristudhomu dzichidzidzisa, kwete rumuko, asi kusafa kwomweya womunhu? Rangarira mhinduro yakapiwa nomufundisi Werner Jaeger muThe Harvard Theological Review shure muna 1959: “Idi rinokosha zvikurusa munhau yedzidziso yechiKristu rakanga riri rokuti muvambi wezvorudzidziso rwechiKristu, Origen, akanga ari muzivi wePlato pachikoro chaAlexandria. Iye akawedzera mudzidziso yechiKristu dzidziso yose yomweya, iyo akatora kuna Plato.” Naizvozvo chechi yacho yakaita chaizvo izvo vaJudha vakanga vaita mazana amakore pakuvamba! Ivo vakasiya dzidziso dzeBhaibheri vachida uzivi hwechiGiriki.

Mavambo Chaiwoiwo Edzidziso Yacho

Zvino vamwe vangabvunza, mukutsigira dzidziso yokusafa kwomweya, Nei dzidziso imwe cheteyo ichidzidziswa, muchimiro chakati, nemarudzidziso akawanda kwazvo enyika? Magwaro anogovera chikonzero chakasimba nei iyi dzidziso yakapararira kwazvo munzanga dzorudzidziso dzenyika ino.

Bhaibheri rinotiudza kuti “nyika yose igere muna iye wakaipa” uye rinozivisa zvakananga Satani so“muchinda wenyika ino.” (1 Johane 5:19; Johane 12:31) Sezvinooneka, marudzidziso enyika ave asina kusununguka kupesvedzero yaSatani. Mukupesana, iwo akabetsera zvikuru nhamo uye gakava zviri munyika yanhasi. Uye panhau yomweya, iwo anoratidzika kuva anoratidzira murangariro waSatani nenzira yakajeka zvikuru. Munzirai?

Yeuka nhema yokutanga yati yambotaurwa. Mwari akanga audza Adhama naEvha kuti rufu rwaizovapo kana vakamutadzira. Asi Satani akavimbisa Evha, kuti: “Hamungafi zvirokwazvo.” (Genesi 3:4) Chokwadika, Adhama naEvha vakafa; ivo vakadzokera kuguruva seizvo Mwari akanga ataura. Satani, “baba venhema,” haana kutongorega nhema dzake dzokutanga. (Johane 8:44, NW) Mumarudzidziso asingaverengeki ayo anotsauka achibva mudzidziso yeBhaibheri kana kuti kufuratira chose chose, pfungwa imwe cheteyo ichiri kugoverwa: ‘Hausati uchizofa zvirokwazvo. Muviri wako ungaparara, asi mweya wako uchapfuurira kurarama, nokusingaperi—saMwari!’ Nenzira inofadza, Satani akanga audzawo Evha kuti iye aizova “saMwari”!—Genesi 3:5.

Zviri nani zvikuru sei kuva netariro yakavakirwa, kwete panhema kana kuti pauzivi hwavanhu, asi pazvokwadi. Zviri nani zvikuru sei kuva nechivimbo chokuti vadiwa vedu vakafa havazivi vari muguva panzvimbo pokunetseka pamusoro pokune mweya usingafi! Uku kurara kwavakafa hakufaniri kutityisa kana kuti kutiodza mwoyo. Munzira yakati, tingarangarira vakafa savari munzvimbo yakakotsekana yokuzorora. Nei yakakotsekana? Nemhaka yokuti Bhaibheri rinotivimbisa kuti vakafa avo Jehovha anoda vapenyu mupfungwa chaiyo. (Ruka 20:38) Ivo vapenyu muyeuko yake. Iwoyo mufungo unonyaradza zvikuru nemhaka yokuti yeuko yake haina miganhu. Iye anodisa kumutsa mamiriyoni asingaverengeki avanhu vanodiwa uye kuapa mukana wokurarama nokusingaperi muparadhiso yapasi.—Enzanisa naJobho 14:14, 15.

Zuva rine mbiri rorumuko richauya, sezvo zvose zvezvipikirwa zvaJehovha zvinofanira kuzadzikwa. (Isaya 55:10, 11) Chimbofunga nezvouhu uporofita huchazadzika: “Asi vakafa vavo vachararama, miviri yavo ichamuka zvakare. Avo vakarara mupasi vachamuka ndokudanidzira nokuda kwomufaro; nokuti dova ravo idova rechiedza chinopenya, uye pasi richamutsazve avo vakafa kare.” (Isaya 26:19, The New English Bible) Naizvozvo vakafa avo vakarara muguva vakachengeteka sekacheche mudumbu ramai vako. Ivo vachakurumidza ku“zvarwa,” kudzorerwazve kuupenyu mupasi reparadhiso!

Itariroi ingagona kuva iri nani kupfuura iyoyo?

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 7]

VaZealot vechiJudha paMasada vaidavira kuti rufu rwaizosunungura mweya yavo