Mishnah Nomutemo waMwari Kuna Mosesi

“TINOTANGA nepfungwa yokuti tiri kupindira mukurukurirano yave ichiitika kare pamusoro pemisoro yatisingambofi takanzwisisa . . . Tinonzwa sokuti tiri muimba yokumirira pachiteshi chendege chiri kure. Tinonzwisisa mashoko ari kutaurwa navanhu, asi tinoshamiswa nezvavanoreva nezvinovanetsa, zvikurukuru, tinoshamiswa nokukurumidza kutaura kwavari kuita.” Ndiwo marondedzerere akaita nyanzvi yechiJudha Jacob Neusner manzwire angaita varavi pavanotanga kurava Mishnah. Neusner anowedzera kuti: “Mishnah haina painotangira. Inongoerekana yapera.”

MuA History of Judaism, Daniel Jeremy Silver anodana Mishnah kuti “rugwaro rwunokosha rwechiJudha chavarabhi.” Kutaura idi, anotsinhirazve kuti: “Mishnah yakatsiva Bhaibheri sebhuku rinofundwa redzidzo [yechiJudha] yaipfuurira.” Nei bhuku risina kunyorwa zvakanaka kudaro raizokosha zvakadaro?

Mhinduro yacho inowanikwa mune aya mashoko ari muMishnah: “Mosesi akagamuchira Torah paSinai ndokuipa kuna Joshua, Joshua kuvakuru, uye vakuru kuvaporofita. Uye vaporofita vakaipa kuvanhu vedare guru.” (Avot 1:1) Mishnah inotaura kuti inobata nemashoko akapiwa kuna Mosesi paGomo reSinai—chikamu chisina kunyorwa cheMutemo waMwari kuna Israeri. Varume vedare guru (gare gare vakanzi Sanihedrini) vairangarirwa serutivi rwenyanzvi, kana kuti vachenjeri, avo vaidzidzisa dzimwe dzidziso nomuromo kubva kune chimwe chizvarwa kuenda kune chimwe kusvikira zvose izvozvi zvanyorwa muMishnah. Asi ichokwadi here ichocho? Ndiani akanyora Mishnah chaizvoizvo, uye nei? Zvirimo zvakabva kuna Mosesi paSinai here? Zvine zvazvinoreva kwatiri nhasi here?

ChiJudha Chisina Tembere

Kutenda mutemo usina kunyorwa waMwari wakapiwa mukuwedzera kuMutemo wakanyorwa waMosesi kwaisazivikanwa apo Magwaro akanga achinyorwa achifuridzirwa.a (Eksodho 34:27) Mazana akawanda amakore gare gare vaFarise vaiva boka raiva muchiJudha rakatanga nokutsigira pfungwa iyi. Mukati mezana ramakore rokutanga C.E., vaSadhuse nevamwe vaJudha vakashora iyi dzidziso isiri yomuBhaibheri. Zvisinei, chero bedzi tembere yaiva muJerusarema yaiva nzvimbo huru yokunamata kwechiJudha, nhau yemutemo usina kunyorwa yaisanyanyokosha. Kunamatira patembere kwaisimbisa uye kwaidzikamisa kuvapo kwomuJudha mumwe nomumwe.

Muna 70 C.E., kunyange zvakadaro, rudzi rwechiJudha rwakasangana nenhamo yorudzidziso yavaisafungidzira. Jerusarema rakaparadzwa nemauto eRoma, uye vaJudha vanopfuura miriyoni imwe vakaurawa. Tembere, nzvimbo huru yokunamata kwavo, yakanga isisipo. Kurarama maererano noMutemo waMosesi, uyo waida zvibayiro nebasa rouprista patembere, kwaisabvira. Hwaro hwechiJudha hwakanga husisipo. Nyanzvi yeTalmud Adin Steinsaltz anonyora kuti: “Kuparadzwa . . . muna 70 C.E. kwakanga kwaita kuti kuumbwa kweupenyu hworudzidziso kuve chinodikanwa chinokosha.” Uye zvechokwadiwo vakaivaka.

Kunyange apo tembere yakanga isati yaparadzwa, Yohanan Ben Zakkai, mumwe mudzidzi airemekedzwa wemutungamiriri wevaFarise Hillel, akabvumirwa naVespasian (uyo akanga ava kuva mambo) kubvisa nzvimbo huru yechiJudha neSanihedrini kubva kuJerusarema kuenda kuYavneh. Seizvo Steinsaltz anotsanangura, pashure pokuparadzwa kweJerusarema, Yohanan Ben Zakkai “akatarisana nechinetso chokutanga nzvimbo itsva yevanhu uye kuvabatsira kuchinjira kumamiriro ezvinhu umo kushingairira rudzidziso kwaifanira kuchinjirwa kune imwe nzvimbo sezvo pari zvino Tembere yakanga isisipo.” Nzvimbo iyoyo yaiva mutemo waingotaurwa nomuromo chete.

Sezvo tembere yakanga yava matongo, vaSadhuse nemamwe masekete echiJudha havana kugovera chimwe chinhu chakanaka. VaFarise vakava vanotungamirira chiJudha, vachibatanidza mapoka aishorana. Sezvavaisimbisa kubatana, vanarabhi vakuru vakarega kuzviti vaFarise, zita rairatidza zvikuru masekete nemapato. Vakasvika pakungozivikanwa bedzi savanarabhi, “vachenjeri vaIsraeri.” Ava vachenjeri vaizovamba zvitendero zvaitsigira murangariro wavo wemutemo waitaurwa nomuromo. Waizova muitiro womudzimu usingakanganiswi nevanhu sezvakaitwa tembere.

Kusimbiswa Kwomutemo Wakataurwa Nomuromo

Kunyange zvazvo chikoro chavanarabhi chaiva muYavneh (makiromita 40 kumadokero kweJerusarema) chakanga chava nzvimbo huru, zvimwe zvikoro zvaidzidzisa mutemo usina kunyorwa zvakatanga muIsraeri yose uye kunyange kure seBhabhironi neRoma. Zvisinei, izvi zvakamutsa chinetso. Steinsaltz anotsanangura kuti: “Chero bedzi vachenjeri vose vaiunganidzwa pamwe chete uye basa guru reunyanzvi raiitwa neboka rimwe ravanhu [muJerusarema], kubatana kwetsika kwakachengetwa. Asi kupararira kwevadzidzisi nekutangwa kwezvikoro kwakakonzera . . . kunyanyisa kwemitoo yokutaura nayo.”

Vadzidzisi vemutemo usina kunyorwa vainzi Tannaim, shoko rakabva mushoko rechiAramaiki rinoreva “kufunda,” kana kuti “kudzokorora.” Izvi zvakasimbisa mutoo wavo wokudzidza nokudzidzisa mutemo usina kunyorwa kupfurikidza nokudzokorora nokuyeuka. Kuti vaite kuti kuyeuka magamuchidzanwa asina kunyorwa kuve nyore, mutemo mumwe nomumwe kana kuti gamuchidzanwa waideredzwa kuva mashoko mapfupi, akananga. Mashoko mapfupi ndiwo akanaka. Mutoo wokudetemba wakatsvakwa, uye mashoko aiwanzoita zvokuimbwa. Bva, iyi mitemo yakanga isina kurongeka, uye yaisiyana pamudzidzisi nomudzidzisi.

Rabhi wokutanga kusimbisa zvakananga tsika dzisina kunyorwa dzakasiyana-siyana aiva Akiba ben Joseph (c. 50-135 C.E.). Pamusoro pake, Steinsaltz anonyora kuti: “Vaakararama navo vaienzanisa basa rake nebasa romushandi anoenda kumunda ndokupinza mubhasikiti rake chinhu chipi nechipi chaanowana, ipapo anodzokera kumusha ndokuronga zvakasiyana pazvo zvoga. Akiba akanga adzidza zvinhu zvakawanda zvakanga zvisina kurongeka ndokuzvironga kuva mapoka akasiyana.”

Muzana ramakore rechipiri C.E.—makore anopfuura 60 pashure pokuparadzwa kweJerusarema—kumukira kwechipiri kwechiJudha muRoma kwakatungamirirwa naBar Kokhba. Zvakare, kumukira kwakaunza ngwavaira. Akiba navadzidzi vake vakawanda vaiva pakati pevanyajambwa vechiJudha vanoda kusvika miriyoni imwe. Tariro dzipi nedzipi dzokuvakazve tembere dzakanga dzaparadzwa sezvo Mutongi weRoma Hadrian akazivisa kuti vaJudha vaisafanira kupinda muJerusarema, kunze kwekupemberera kuparadzwa kwetembere.

VaTannaim avo vakararama pashure paAkiba vakanga vasati vamboona tembere muJerusarema. Asi kudzidza kwavo magamuchidzanwa omutemo usina kunyorwa kwakarongwa ndiko kwakava “tembere” yavo, kana kuti nzvimbo huru yokunamatira. Basa rakatangwa naAkiba navadzidzi vake mukusimbisa ichi chimiro chemutemo usina kunyorwa chakaitwa naTannaim wokupedzisira, Judah ha-Nasi.

Maumbirwe eMishnah

Judah ha-Nasi aiva muzukuru waHillel naGamarieri.b Akaberekwa mukati menguva yokumukira kwaBar Kokhba, akava musoro wenzanga yechiJudha muna Israeri nechokugumo kwezana ramakore rechipiri uye kuvamba kwezana ramakore rechitatu C.E. Zita rokuti ha-Nasi rinoreva “muchinda,” richiratidza nzvimbo yaaiva nayo mumeso avaJudha biyake. Anowanzotaurwa nezvake saRabbi. Judah ha-Nasi akatungamirira zvose zviri zviviri sangano rake neSanhedrini, pakutanga muBet She’arim uye gare gare muSepphoris muGarirea.

Achiziva kuti kubonderana kwemunguva yemberi yeRoma kungakuvadza kufambiswa kwemutemo usina kunyorwa, Judah ha-Nasi akatsunga kuupa chimiro chaizosimbisa kuchengetwa kwawo. Akaunganidza nyanzvi huru dzezuva rake pachikoro chake. Pfundo rimwe nerimwe negamuchidzanwa romutemo zvakakurukurwa. Kupfupikiswa kwekurukurirano dzose idzi kwakaunganidzwa kuva mashoko akakwana zvinoshamisa, achiva mashoko akapfava okudetemba kwechiHebheru.

Uku kupfupikiswa kwakarongwa kuva zvikamu zvikuru zvitanhatu, kana kuti Mitemo, maererano nemisoro mikuru. Judha akaronga izvozvi kuva zvikamu 63, kana kuti tuzvikamu tuduku. Chivako chomudzimu zvino chakanga chakwana. Kusvikira pane ino nguva, magamuchidzanwa akadaro nguva dzose akanga afambiswa achiita zvokutaurwa nomuromo. Asi sedziviriro yokuwedzera, chiito chokupedzisira chekuchinja chakanga chaitwa—chiya chokunyora zvinhu zvose. Uyu mutoo mutsva wokunyora mutemo wakanga usina kunyorwa wakanzi Mishnah. Zita rokuti Mishnah rinobva mushoko rechiHebheru rapakuvamba rokuti sha·nahʹ, rinoreva kuti “kudzokorora,” “kufunda,” kana kuti “kudzidzisa.” Rakaenzana neshoko rechiAramaiki rokuti tenaʼʹ, panobva tan·na·ʼimʹ, shoko raishanda kuvadzidzisi veMishnah.

Donzo reMishnah raisava rokutanga kupfupikiswa kwokupedzisira kwemutemo. Raive nechokuita zvikuru nezvaikarirwa, zvichifungidzirwa kuti muravi aiziva nheyo dzapakuvamba. Chaizvozvo, yakapfupikisa zvakakurukurwa nokudzidziswa muzvikoro zvavanarabhi mukati menguva yaJudah ha-Nasi. Mishnah yakagadzirirwa mutemo wakanga usina kunyorwa nokuda kwokumwe kukurukura, chimiro chisina kukwana, kana kuti hwaro, chokuvakira pachiri.

Panzvimbo pokuratidzira chinhu chipi nechipi chakapiwa kuna Mosesi paGomo reSinai, Mishnah inogovera kukura kwakaita mutemo wakanga usina kunyorwa, pfungwa yakavamba navaFarise. Mashoko akanyorwa muMishnah anojekesa mashoko ari muMagwaro echiGiriki echiKristu uye dzimwe kurukurirano dzakaitwa naJesu Kristu navaFarise. Zvisinei, pane kudikanwa kwokungwarira nemhaka yokuti pfungwa dzinowanwa muMishnah dzinoratidzira mirangariro yechiJudha yezana ramakore rechipiri C.E. Mishnah ndiyo inobatanidza nhambo yechipiri yetembere neTalmud.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Bhokisi riri papeji 26]

Zvikamu zveMishnah

Mishnah yakakamurwa kuva Mirayiro mitanhatu. Iyoyi ine mabhuku maduku zvikuru 63, kana kuti zvikamu zviduku, zvakakamurwa kuva maganhuro nemishnayot, kana kuti maparagirafu (kwete mavhesi).

1. Zeraim (Mitemo Yokurima)

Izvi zvikamu zvine kurukurirano pamusoro peminyengetero yaitaurwa pamusoro pezvokudya uye pamusoro pekurima. Inobatanidzawo mitemo pamusoro pekupa zvegumi, zvikamu zvevaprista, kuunganidza zvirimwa, uye makore eSabata.

2. Moed (Nguva Tsvene, Mitambo)

Zvikamu zveMurayiro uyu zvaikurukura mitemo ine chokuita neSabata, Zuva reYananiso, uye mimwe mitemo.

3. Nashim (Vakadzi, Mutemo Weroorano)

Iyi mitemo inotaura pamusoro peroorano nekurambana, mhiko, vaNaziri, uye mhaka dzeupombwe hunofungidzirwa kuti hwakaitwa.

4. Nezikin (Kukanganiswa Kwezvinhu uye Mutemo Wehurumende)

Zvikamu zviri mune uyu Murayiro zvinofukidza nhau dzine chokuita nemutemo wehurumende nezvinhu, matare uye chirango, kushanda kweSanihedrini, kunamata zvidhori, mhiko, uye Tsika dzavanaBaba (Avot).

5. Kodashim (Zvibayiro)

Izvi zvikamu zvinorondedzera mitemo ine chokuita nezvipiriso zvemhuka neupfu pamwe chete nekukamurwa kwetembere.

6. Toharot (Mitambo Yokuchenura)

Uyu Murayiro unobatanidza zvikamu zvinokurukura rucheno rwetsika, kugeza, kugeza maoko, zvirwere zveganda, uye kusachena kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana.

[Bhokisi riri papeji 28]

Mishnah Nemagwaro echiGiriki echiKristu

Mateo 12:1, 2: “Nenguva iyo Jesu wakafamba napakati peminda yezviyo nomusi wesabata; vadzidzi vake vakanga vane nzara, vakatanga kutanha hura, vachidya. VaFarise vakati vachizviona, vakati kwaari: Tarira, vadzidzi vako vanoita zvisina kutenderwa nomusi wesabata.” Magwaro echiHebheru haana kurambidza zvakaitwa navadzidzi vaJesu. Asi muMishnah tinowana ndaza yezvinhu 39 zvairambidzwa navanarabhi paSabata.—Shabbat 7:2.

Mateo 15:3: “[Jesu] akapindura, akati kwavari: Nemiwo munodarikireiko murayiro waMwari nokuda kwetsika dzenyu?” Mishnah inobvumirana neaya mafungire. (Sanhedrin 11:3) Tinorava kuti: “Mutemo wakasimba unoshanda pa[kuchengetwa kwe]mashoko eVanyori kupfuura [kuchengetwa kwe]mashoko eMutemo [wakanyorwa]. Kana munhu akati, ‘Hazvimanikidzwe kupfeka mafirakitera’ zvokuti anodarika mashoko oMutemo, haana mhaka; [asi kana akati], ‘Maari munofanira kuva nezvikamu zvishanu’, zvokuti anowedzera mashoko eVanyori, ane mhaka.”—The Mishnah, raHerbert Danby, peji 400.

VaEfeso 2:14: “Nokuti [Jesu] ndiye rugare rwedu, iye wakaita zvinhu zviviri kuti chive chinhu chimwe, akaputsa rusvingo rwapakati rwaiparadzanisa.” Mishnah inoti: “Mukati meGomo reTembere makavakwa (Soreg), yakareba mamita gumi kuenda kudenga.” (Middot 2:3) Vamamwe Marudzi vairambidzwa kupfuura neiyi nzvimbo uye kupinda muvazhe dzomukati. Muapostora Pauro angave akanga achitaura nezveaya masvingo nenzira yokufananidzira apo ainyorera vaEfeso muna 60 kana kuti 61 C.E., paakanga achakamira. Rusvingo rwokufananidzira rwaiva sungano yoMutemo, iyo yakanga yaparadzanisa vaJudha neVemamwe Marudzi kwenguva refu. Nemhaka yekufa kwaKristu muna 33 C.E., zvisinei, rusvingo irworwo rwakaparadzwa.