Mutemo Waiita Zvokutaurwa—Nei Wakanyorwa?

NEI vaJudha vakawanda vomuzana rokutanga remakore vakatadza kubvuma Jesu saMesiya? Chimwe Chapupu chakaona chinoshuma kuti: “[Jesu] wakati achipinda mutemberi, vapristi vakuru navakuru vavanhu vakauya kwaari achidzidzisa, vakati: Munoita zvinhu izvozvi nesimba ripiko? Ndiani wakakupai simba iri?” (Mateo 21:23) Sokuona kwavo, Wamasimba Ose akanga apa rudzi rwechiJudha Torah (Mutemo), uye yakapa vamwe varume simba rinopiwa naMwari. Ko Jesu aiva nesimba rakadaro here?

Jesu akaremekedza Torah neavo vakanga vapiwa nayo simba rechokwadi zvakakwana. (Mateo 5:17-20; Ruka 5:14; 17:14) Asi nguva nenguva akashora vaya vaidarika mirayiro yaMwari. (Mateo 15:3-9; 23:2-28) Vanhu vakadaro vakatevera tsika dzakazozivikanwa semutemo waiita zvokutaurwa. Jesu akaramba simba rawo. Saka, vakawanda vakamurambawo saMesiya. Vaidavira kuti munhu aitsigira tsika dzavaya vaiva nesimba pakati pavo ndiye chete aigona kutsigirwa naMwari.

Uyu mutemo waiita zvokutaurwa wakabva kupi? VaJudha vakazosvika sei pakuuona seune simba rakafanana noMutemo wakanyorwa muMagwaro? Uye kana waida kunzi uve tsika inoitwa zvokutaurwa, nei wakazopedzisira waita zvokunyorwa?

Tsika Dzacho Dzakabva Kupi?

VaIsraeri vakapinda muukama hwesungano naJehovha Mwari paGomo reSinai muna 1513 B.C.E. Vakagamuchira mirau yesungano iyoyo nokuna Mosesi. (Eksodho 24:3) Kutevera mirayiridzo iyi kwaizoita kuti va‘zviratidze kuti vatsvene nokuti Jehovha Mwari wavo akanga ari mutsvene.’ (Revhitiko 11:44) Musungano yoMutemo, kunamata Jehovha kwaibatanidza zvibayiro zvaipiwa navapristi vakasarudzwa. Paifanira kuva nenzvimbo yepakati yokunamatira—yakazoguma yava temberi yaiva muJerusarema.—Dheuteronomio 12:5-7; 2 Makoronike 6:4-6.

Mutemo waMosesi wakagovera manamatiro ayo vaIsraeri vaifanira kuita Jehovha sorudzi. Zvisinei, mamwe mashoko haana kutaurwa zvakajeka. Somuenzaniso, Mutemo wakarambidza kushanda paSabata, asi hauna kuratidza musiyano chaiwo wekushanda nemamwe mabasa.—Eksodho 20:10.

Kudai Jehovha akanga aona zvakakodzera kuita kudaro, angadai akapa mirayiro yakakwana yaizopindura mibvunzo yose ingafungidzirwa. Asi akanga asika vanhu vane hana, uye akavabvumira kutanga kumunamata vakasununguka vachidzorwa nemitemo yake. Mutemo wakaita gadziriro dzokuti mhaka dzematare dzitongwe navapristi, vaRevhi, uye vatongi. (Dheuteronomio 17:8-11) Mhaka zvadzakawedzera, mitemo yakati yakaitwa, uye pasina mubvunzo mimwe yaiyoyi yakapfuudzwa kubva kune chimwe chizvarwa kuenda kune chimwe chizvarwa. Nzira dzokuita nadzo mabasa oupristi patemberi yaJehovha dzakapfuudzwawo kubva kuna baba kuenda kumwana. Rudzi rwacho zvarwakaramba rwuripo, tsika dzarwo dzakawandawo.

Zvisinei, Mutemo wakanyorwa wakapiwa Mosesi wakaramba uchishandiswa pakunamata navaIsraeri. Eksodho 24:3, 4 inotaura kuti: “Mosesi akauya akaudza vanhu mashoko ose aJehovha, nezvaakanga atema zvose, vanhu vakapindura nenzwi rimwe, vakati: Mashoko ose akarehwa naJehovha tichaaita. Mosesi akanyora mashoko ose aJehovha.” Mwari akaita sungano yake nevaIsraeri maererano nemirayiro yakanyorwa iyi. (Eksodho 34:27) Chokwadi ndechokuti, Magwaro hapana paanombodudza kuti kwaiva nemutemo waiita zvokutaurwa.

“Ndiani Wakakupai Simba Iri?”

Mutemo waMosesi wakanyatsosiyira simba rinokosha rechitendero nemurayiridzo mumaoko evapristi, vazukuru vaAroni. (Revhitiko 10:8-11; Dheuteronomio 24:8; 2 Makoronike 26:16-20; Maraki 2:7) Zvisinei, mumazana emakore acho, vamwe vapristi vakava vasina kutendeka uye vane uori. (1 Samueri 2:12-17, 22-29; Jeremia 5:31; Maraki 2:8, 9) Munguva yokutonga kwevaGiriki, vapristi vakawanda vakabvumirana pane zvisina kufanira munhau dzechitendero. Muzana remakore rechipiri B.C.E., vaFarise—boka idzva raiva muchiJudha risina kuvimba noupristi—vakatanga kuumba tsika dzaizoshandiswa nomunhuwo zvake kuzviona somutsvene kufanana nomupristi. Tsika idzi dzakafadza vakawanda, asi dzakanga dzawedzerwa kuMutemo zvisingagamuchirwi.—Dheuteronomio 4:2; 12:32 (13:1 muzvinyorwa zvechiJudha).

VaFarise vakatanga kuva nyanzvi itsva dzoMutemo, vachiita basa ravaifunga kuti vapristi vakanga vasiri kuita. Mutemo waMosesi zvawakanga usingabvumiri kuti vave nesimba, vakatanga mitoo mitsva yokududzira Magwaro nenzira dzakavanda uye nedzimwe nzira dzingadaro dzaitsigira pfungwa dzavo.a Zvavakanga vari ivo vatarisiri vakuru nevakurudziri vetsika idzi, vakatanga rimwe simba idzva muna Israeri. Pakasvika zana remakore rekutanga C.E., vaFarise vakanga vava simba rinotonga muchiJudha.

Zvavakaunganidza tsika dzaiita zvokutaurwa dzaivapo ndokutsvaka kubatana kwazvakanga zvakaita neMagwaro kuitira kuti vazviitire dzavo ivo pachavo, vaFarise vakaona kudiwa kwokuwedzera simba kubasa ravo. Pfungwa itsva ine chokuita nekwakabva tsika idzi yakatangwa. Vanarabhi vakatanga kudzidzisa kuti: “Mosesi akagamuchira Torah paSinai ndokuipa Joshua, Joshua akapa vakuru, uye vakuru vakapa vaporofita. Uye vaporofita vakaipa varume vesangano guru.”—Avot 1:1, Mishnah.

Pavakataura kuti, “Mosesi akagamuchira Torah,” vanarabhi vakanga vasiri kungotaura chete nezvemitemo yakanyorwa asi nezvetsika dzavo dzose dzaiita zvokutaurwa. Vaitaura kuti tsika idzi—dzakatangwa ndokuvandudzwa nevanhu—dzakapiwa Mosesi naMwari paSinai. Uye vaidzidzisa kuti Mwari akanga asina kuzvisiyira vanhu kuti vazadzise zvakanga zvasarira asi akanga arondedzera mukutaura zvakanga zvisina kutaurwa neMutemo wakanyorwa. Maererano navo, Mosesi akapfuudzira mutemo uyu waiita zvokutaurwa nemuzvizvarwa zvose, kwete kuvapristi, asi kune vamwe vatungamiriri. VaFarise pachavo vaitaura kuti ndivo vakanga vangoberekwa vari vadyi venhaka venhevedzano iyi yesimba “isingagumi.”

Kusavapo kwoMutemo—Nzira Itsva Yokuita Nayo Zvinhu

Jesu, ane simba raakapiwa naMwari rakapokanwa nevatungamiri vechitendero vechiJudha, akanga afanotaura nezvekuparadzwa kwetemberi. (Mateo 23:37–24:2) VaRoma pavakanga vaparadza temberi muna 70 C.E., zvaidiwa noMutemo waMosesi zvaibatanidza zvibayiro nemabasa oupristi zvakanga zvisingachagoni kuitwa. Mwari akanga atanga sungano itsva yakavakirwa pachibayiro chorudzikinuro chaJesu. (Ruka 22:20) Sungano yoMutemo waMosesi yakanga yagumiswa.—VaHebheru 8:7-13.

Panzvimbo pokuona zviitiko izvi souchapupu hwokuti Jesu akanga ari Mesiya, vaFarise vakatowana imwe nzira yokuita nayo zvinhu. Vakanga vatobvuta kare simba guru roupristi. Sezvo temberi yakanga yaparadzwa, vaigona kuitazve chimwe chinhu. Pachikoro chavanarabhi chaiva muYavneh ndipo pakanga pava kuitirwa Sanihedhirini yakarongwa patsva—dare rapamusoro rechiJudha. ChiJudha chakaumbwazve zvakakwana chichitungamirirwa naYohanan ben Zakkai naGamaliel II paYavneh. Minamato yaiitirwa pasinagoge, yaitungamirirwa navanarabhi, yakatsiva kunamata kwaiitirwa patemberi, kwaitarisirwa nevapristi. Minyengetero, kunyanya iya yepaZuva Rokuyananisa, yakatsiva zvibayiro. VaFarise vakafunga kuti mutemo unoita zvokutaurwa wakapiwa kuna Mosesi paSinai wakanga watofanoona uye watogadzirira izvi.

Zvikoro zvavanarabhi zvakaramba zvichikurumbira. Zvidzidzo zvavo zvikuru zvakanga zviri kukurukurirana zvakasimba, kuziva zvinhu nomusoro, nokushandiswa kwomutemo waiita zvokutaurwa. Pakutanga, mutemo uyu unoitwa zvokutaurwa wakanga wakabatanidzwa nekududzira Magwaro—Midrash. Zvino, tsika dzinoramba dzichiwedzera dzakanga dzichiungana dzakatanga kudzidziswa nokurongwa dzakaparadzana. Kutaura kwoga kwoga kwomutemo waiita zvokutaurwa kwakarerutswa kuti kuve mashoko mapfupi, anozivikanwa nomusoro nyore nyore, aiwanzotaurwa pane rwiyo.

Mutemo Unoita Zvokutaurwa Unonyorerwei?

Kuwanda kwezvikoro zvavanarabhi nokuwedzera kwemitemo yavanarabhi kwakatanga chimwe chinetso chitsva. Nyanzvi yechirabhi Adin Steinsaltz inotsanangura kuti: “Mudzidzisi mumwe nomumwe akanga ane mutoo wake oga uye aitaura mitemo yake yaiita zvokutaurwa namashoko ake oga akasiyana. . . . Zvakanga zvisisina kuringana kungorovedzana nezvinodzidziswa nomudzidzisi wako chete, uye mudzidzi akanga achimanikidzwa kuzviita kuti arovedzane nebasa redzimwe nyanzvi . . . Saka vadzidzi vaimanikidzwa kuziva nomusoro mashoko akawanda zvikuru nemhaka yoku‘wanda kweruzivo.’” Pakati pemashoko akawanda asina kurongeka, ndangariro dzomudzidzi dzaishandiswa kusvikira dzaneta.

Muzana remakore rechipiri C.E., kupandukira Roma kwavaJudha, kwaitungamirirwa naBar Kokhba, kwakaita kuti nyanzvi dzechirabhi dzitambudzwe zvikuru. Akiba—rabhi mukuru wacho, akanga atsigira Bar Kokhba—pamwe nenyanzvi dzakawanda dzaitungamirira dzakaurayiwa. Vanarabhi vakatya kuti kutambudza kutsva uku kwaigona kuisa pangozi kuvapo chaiko kwomutemo wavo waiita zvokutaurwa. Vakanga vafunga kuti tsika dzaigona kupfuudzwa zvakanakisisa nomuromo kubva kuna tenzi kuenda kumudzidzi, asi kuchinja uku kwezvinhu kwakaita kuti pave nenhamburiko yakawedzerwa yokutanga nzira yakarongwa yokuchengeta nayo dzidziso dzevazivi, nezvisizvo dzaizokanganwika zvachose.

Munguva yakazotevera yorugare rushomanene neRoma, Judah Ha-Nasi, rabhi aitungamirira wekupera kwezana remakore rechipiri nokutanga kwezana remakore rechitatu C.E., akaunganidza nyanzvi dzakawanda ndokunyora tsika dzaiita zvokutaurwa dzakawanda mugadziriro yakarongwa yaiumbwa neZvikamu zvitanhatu, chimwe nechimwe chakakamurwazve mutuzvikamu tuduku—zvose pamwe chete zviri 63. Bhuku iri rakazozivikanwa seMishnah. Ephraim Urbach, chimwe chiremera chomutemo waiita zvokutaurwa, anotsinhira kuti: “Mishnah . . . yakapiwa mvumo nesimba zvakanga zvisati zvambopiwa bhuku chero ripi zvaro kunze kweTorah pachayo.” Mesiya akanga arambwa, temberi yakanga yaparadzwa, asi nemutemo waiita zvokutaurwa wakachengetwa wakanyorwa seMishnah, nguva itsva muchiJudha yakavamba.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 26]

Nei vaJudha vakawanda vakaramba simba raJesu?