Nei Uchifanira Kuvimba Nemabhuku eEvhangeri Ari muBhaibheri?

“Azobudirira zvikuru. Akaita kuti pave nemafirimu anowanisa mari yakawanda . . . uye anotengwa kupfuura mamwe ose . . . Masangano madiki emachechi echiKristu akaashandisa. Akaita kuti dzidziso dzakasiyana-siyana dzechitendero uye dzakavanzika dzivepo.”—SUPER INTERESSANTE, A BRAZILIAN NEWS MAGAZINE.

CHII chaimbotaurwa nezvacho chinofarirwa zvakadai? Magazini yacho yaitaura nezvekufarirwa uye zvinhu zvine chokuita nekuunganidzwa kweanonzi mamwe mabhuku eevhangeri, tsamba dzevaapostora, uye mabhuku eapokirifa akawanwa pakati pezana remakore rechi20 muNag Hammadi uyewo kuEgypt. Zvinhu izvi nemamwe magwaro akadai zvave zvichinzi magwaro echi“Gnostic” uye “Apokirifa.”a

Pakarongwa Kuti Mabhuku eApokirifa Asabudiswa Here?

Munguva ino vanhu pavasingachavimbi neBhaibheri uye zvitendero zvakakurumbira, magwaro echi“Gnostic” kana kuti eApokirifa ari kunyanya kufarirwa nevanhu mazuva ano. Magwaro aya ane zvakawanda zvaakaita pamaonero anoita vanhu dzidziso dzaJesu uye chiKristu. Sokutaura kunoita imwe magazini: “Evhangeri yaTomasi nemamwe mabhuku eApokirifa anobaya mwoyo yevanhu vari kuramba vachiwedzera mazuva ano: vaya vanoda chaizvo kunamata asi vasingavimbi nechitendero.” MuBrazil chete makaonekwa kuti “mune mapoka anopfuura 30 anotenda zvinobva muApokirifa.”

Kuwanika kwakaita magwaro aya kwakasimudzira pfungwa yokuti muzana remakore rechina C.E., Chechi yeRoma yakaronga kusabudisa chokwadi nezvaJesu, kuti dzimwe nyaya dzoupenyu hwake dzinowanika mumabhuku eApokirifa dzisabudiswe uye kuti Evhangeri ina dzinowanika muBhaibheri remazuva ano dzakachinjwa. Elaine Pagels anotaura nezvazvo seizvi: “Tava kutanga kuona kuti chatinoti chiKristu uye tsika dzechiKristu, chokwadi zvinongomirira chikamu chiduku chakasarudzwa kubva pane zvimwe zvakawanda.”

Mukuona kwenyanzvi dzakaita saPagels, kutenda kwechiKristu hakungowaniki muBhaibheri chete, kune zvimwe zvakadai semagwaro eApokirifa. Somuenzaniso, chimwe chirongwa chepaterevhizheni yeBBC chinonzi Bible Mysteries, “Mariya Magadharini Chaiye,” charatidza kuti magwaro eApokirifa anotaura nezvaMariya Magadharini se“mudzidzisi uye munhu anobatsira vamwe vadzidzi pakunamata. Haasi mudzidzi chete, asi muapostora wevaapostora.” Achitaura nezvebasa rinonzi ndiro rakapiwa Mariya Magadharini, Juan Arias akanyora mune rimwe pepanhau rokuBrazil rinonzi O Estado de S. Paulo kuti: “Mazuva ano zvinhu zvose zvinoita kuti titende kuti sangano rekare revaKristu, rakatangwa naJesu, raitungamirirwa ‘nomukadzi,’ sezvo machechi okutanga aiitirwa mudzimba dzevakadzi, mavaitungamirira sevapristi uye semabhishopu.”

Vanhu vakawanda vanoona mabhuku eApokirifa seanokosha kupfuura mabhuku emuBhaibheri. Zvisinei, izvi zvinoita kuti pave nemibvunzo iyi inokosha: Mabhuku eApokirifa ndeechokwadi here pachitendero chechiKristu? Paanopesana nedzidziso dzakajeka dziri muBhaibheri, unofanira kutenda chii—Bhaibheri here kana kuti mabhuku eApokirifa? Pakarongwa here muzana remakore rechina kuti mabhuku aya asabudiswa uye kuchinja mabhuku eEvhangeri kuitira kuti asava nemashoko anokosha nezvaJesu, Mariya Magadharini, nevamwe? Kuti tipindure mibvunzo iyi, ngationgororei Evhangeri yaJohani imwe yeEvhangeri ina dziri muBhaibheri.

Uchapupu Huri Muevhangeri yaJohani

Chimwewo chikamu chinokosha cheEvhangeri yaJohani chakawanika muIjipiti zana remakore rechi20 rava kunopera uye chinozivikanwa sePapyrus Rylands 457 (P52). Chine mashoko ari pana Johani 18:31-33, 37, 38 muBhaibheri riripo mazuva ano uye rakachengetedzwa muJohn Rylands Library, Manchester, England. Ichi ndechimwe chikamu chekare kwazvo chiripo cheMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki. Nyanzvi dzakawanda dzinodavira kuti chikamu ichi chakanyorwa munenge muna 125 C.E., makore anenge 25 kana kuti pfuurei Johani afa. Chinoshamisa ndechokuti mashoko ari ipapo anobvumirana nemashoko emimwe mipumburu yakanga yanyorwa kare. Kusvika kwakanga kwatoita kopi yeEvhangeri yaJohani yekare zvakadaro kuIjipiti, kwakaonekwa chikamu chomupumburu wacho, kunoratidza kuti mashoko akanaka sezvakataurwa naJohani akanyorwa muzana remakore rokutanga C.E. uye naiye Johani sezvinoratidzwa neBhaibheri. Saka bhuku raJohani rakanyorwa nechapupu chakaona zvaiitika.

Ukuwo, mabhuku eApokirifa anoratidza kuti akanyorwa muzana remakore rechipiri, makore zana kana kuti kupfuura pashure pokunge zviitiko zvaanotsanangura zvaitika. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinoedza kuramba dzichiti mabhuku eApokirifa akanyorwa achitora mashoko pazvinhu zvakaitika kare, asi hapana uchapupu hunoratidza izvi. Saka, mubvunzo uyu wakakodzera wokuti, Unofanira kunyanya kutenda chii—uchapupu hwevanhu vakaona kana kuti hwevanhu vakararama makore zana pashure pokunge zvinhu zvacho zvaitika? Mhinduro yacho iri pachena.b

Asi zvakadii nemashoko anotaurwa okuti mabhuku eEvhangeri ari muBhaibheri akachinjwa kuitira kuti dzimwe nhoroondo dzoupenyu hwaJesu dzisazivikanwe? Somuenzaniso, pane uchapupu hupi nohupi here hunoratidza kuti Evhangeri yaJohani yakachinjwa muzana remakore rechina kuitira kuti chokwadi chikanganisike? Kuti tipindure mubvunzo uyu, tinofanira kuziva kuti mashoko ari muBhaibheri redu remazuva ano, akawanda acho akabva mumupumburu womuzana remakore rechina unonzi Vatican 1209. Kana Bhaibheri redu riine zvimwe zvakachinjwa muzana remakore rechina zvingadai zvirimowo mumupumburu uyu. Asi chinotofadza ndechokuti pane mumwezve mumupumburu une mashoko akawanda ebhuku raRuka neraJohani unonzi Bodmer 14, 15 (P75),wakanyorwa muna 175 C.E. kusvika muna 225 C.E. Maererano nenyanzvi, mashoko arimo akafanana chaizvo neari muVatican 1209. Nemamwe mashoko, mabhuku eEvhangeri omuBhaibheri haana kuchinja, uye tine uchapupu hweVatican 1209.

Hapana uchapupu hwakanyorwa kana kuti humwewo hunoratidza kuti mashoko ari mubhuku raJohani kana kuti mune mamwe mabhuku eEvhangeri akachinjwa muzana remakore rechina. Apedza kuongorora zvikamu zviduku zvemipumburu yakawanwa kuOxyrhynchus, kuEgypt, Dr. Peter M. Head, of Cambridge University, akanyora kuti: “Mipumburu iyi inowanzopupurira [mipumburu yakanyorwa nemabhii makuru yakanyorwa kubvira muzana remakore rechina] iri iyo yakanyanya kushandiswa pakanyorwa mabhuku aripo mazuva ano evatsoropodzi. Hamuna chinoda kuti pave nemanzwisisiro matsva emashoko akanyorwa muTI [Testamende Itsva] yepakutanga.”

Togumisa Tichiti Chii?

Mabhuku mana eEvhangeri echokwadi—aMateu, Mako, Ruka, neraJohani—aibvumwa munyika yose nevaKristu kare kunyange pakati pezana remakore rechipiri. Bhuku raTatian raishandiswa zvikuru rinonzi Diatessaron (shoko rechiGiriki rinoreva kuti “pachishandiswa mabhuku mana”), rakanyorwa pakati pa160 na175 C.E., mashoko aro aingobva mumabhuku mana echokwadi eEvhangeri kwete mumabhuku “eevhangeri” eGnostic. (Ona bhokisi rinonzi “Kudzivirirwa Kwakaitwa Mabhuku Evhangeri Kare.” Uyewo mashoko akataurwa naIrenaeus muzana remakore rechipiri C.E. anokosha. Akati panofanira kunge paine mabhuku mana eEvhangeri, sezvo nyika yakakamurwa iri muzvikamu zvina uye kuine mhepo ina. Kunyange zvazvo vanhu vangasava nechokwadi nefananidzo yake, zvaakataura zvinotsigira pfungwa yokuti kwaingova nemabhuku mana chete panguva iyoyo.

Mashoko ose aya anoratidzei? Kuti Magwaro echiKristu echiGiriki—kusanganisira mabhuku mana eEvhangeri—atinawo mazuva ano haana kumbobvira achinja kubvira muzana remakore rechipiri zvichienda mberi. Hapana chinofanira kuita kuti tinyanye kufunga kuti muzana remakore rechina pakarongwa kuchinja kana kuita kuti chimwe chikamu cheMagwaro aMwari akafuridzirwa chisabudiswa. Kusiyana neizvi, imwe nyanzvi yeBhaibheri inonzi Bruce Metzger yakanyora kuti: “Zana remakore rechipiri rava kusvika, . . . ungano dzevatendi dzemarudzi akasiyana-siyana dzakanga dzakapararira kwete chete dzaiva kuMediterranean asiwo dzaiva kuBritain kusvika Mesopotamia dzakanyatsobvumirana kushandisa chikamu chikuru cheTestamende Itsva.”

Muapostora Pauro naPetro vaitsigira chokwadi chiri muShoko raMwari. Vose vakanyevera zvakasimba vaKristu vavainamata navo kuti vasabvuma kana kutenda mamwe mashoko kunze kweavakanga vadzidziswa. Somuenzaniso, kuna Timoti, Pauro akanyora kuti: “Haiwa Timoti, rinda zvawakaronzeswa, uchifuratira kutaura kusina zvakunobatsira kunoshatisa zvinhu zvitsvene, nokupokanidzana pamusoro peinonzi ‘zivo’ iyo iri yenhema. Nokuti vachishamisira nezivo yakadaro, vamwe vakatsauka pakutenda.” Petro akazvipupurirawo achiti: “Aiwa, hatina kukuzivisai simba nokuvapo kwaShe wedu Jesu Kristu tichitevera ngano dzakanyatsorukwa, asi takazviita nokuva zvapupu zvakaona ukuru hwake.”—1 Timoti 6:20, 21; 2 Petro 1:16.

Mazana emakore akapfuura, muprofita Isaya akafuridzirwa kutaura kuti: “Uswa hwakasvibirira hwaoma, ruva raoma; asi shoko raMwari wedu, richagara nokusingagumi.” (Isaya 40:8) Tinogonawo kuvimba kuti Munhu akanyora Magwaro Matsvene akafuridzirwa akaachengetedzawo mumakore ose aya kuitira kuti “vanhu vemarudzi ose vaponeswe uye vasvike pakuva nezivo yakarurama pamusoro pechokwadi.”—1 Timoti 2:4.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Mashoko okukwezva vaverengi ari papeji 9]

The Papyrus Rylands 457 (P⁵²), chimwe chikamu chidiki chebhuku reEvhangeri yaJohani chemuzana remakore rechipiri C.E., chakanyorwa makumi mashomanana emakore pashure pokunge acho chaiwo anyorwa

[Bhokisi/Mufananidzo uri papeji 11]

Kudzivirirwa Kwakaitwa Mabhuku eEvhangeri Kare

Kare chiKristu chatanga, vaitsoropodza vaiti mabhuku eEvhangeri anotaura zvakasiyana uye kuti zviri maari hazvigoni kuvimbwa. Mumwe munyori wokuSiriya ainzi Tatian (akararama munenge muna 110-180 C.E.) akadzivirira kushorwa kwaiitwa mabhuku eEvhangeri. Akataura kuti mashoko api neapi anoita seakasiyana ari mumabhuku aya aisazombooneka saizvozvo kudai mabhuku eEvhangeri ainyatsonyorwa nounyanzvi senyaya imwe chete pane kuti anyorwe ari mana.

Tatian akanga agadzirira kubatanidza mabhuku aya. Hazvizivikanwi kuti akatanga kuanyora muchiGiriki here kana kuti muchiSiriya. Chero zvazvaive, munenge muna 170 C.E., Tatian akapedza kunyora bhuku rake rinonzi Diatessaron, shoko rechiGiriki rinoreva kuti “pachishandiswa mabhuku mana.” Nei uchifanira kufarira kuverenga bhuku iri risina kufuridzirwa?

Muzana remakore rechi19, vatsoropodzi vakatanga kusimudzira pfungwa yokuti nguva yepakati pezana remakore rechipiri C.E. isati yasvika, hapana mabhuku eEvhangeri akanyorwa; saka akanga asinganyanyi kukosha munhoroondo. Zvisinei, mipumburu yekare yeDiatessaron yakawanika kubvira nguva iyoyo, inopa uchapupu hunogutsa hwokuti mabhuku mana eEvhangeri—uye mana iwayo chete—akanga ava kutonyatsozivikanwa uye achibvumwa nevanhu pakazosvika nguva yepakati pezana remakore rechipiri C.E.

Kuwanika kwakaitwa bhuku rinonzi Diatessaron uye mabhuku anotsanangura bhuku iri muchiArabic, Armenian, Greek, uye Latin kwakaita kuti imwe nyanzvi yeBhaibheri Sir Frederic Kenyon inyore kuti: “Pakupedzisira zvakawanwa izvi zvinopupurira zvinogutsa bhuku iri rinonzi Diatessaron, uye zvinoratidza kuti munenge muna A.D. 170 mabhuku mana eEvhangeri akanga ava kugamuchirwa seechokwadi pasina kana mubvunzo kupfuura mamwe mabhuku aitaura nezveMuponesi woupenyu hwedu.”

[Mifananidzo]

Tatian

Diatessaron mumutauro weArabic

[Chati iri papeji 8, 9]

(Kana uchida mashoko azere, ona bhuku racho)

“c.” anomirira “circa,” kana “munenge muna.”

33 C.E.

Jesu anofa

c. 41

Bhuku raMateu rinonyorwa

c. 58

Bhuku raRuka rinonyorwa

c. 65

Bhuku raMako rinonyorwa

c. 98

Bhuku raJohani rinonyorwa

125

Rylands 457 (P52)

c. 140

Mabhuku eApokirifa anotanga kunyorwa

c. 175

Bodmer 14, 15 (P75)

Zana remakore rechina

Vatican 1209

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 10]

Vatican 1209

Mupumburu weVatican 1209 womuzana remakore rechina uri pamusoro apa, unoratidza kuti zvishoma chaizvo zvakachinja mumabhuku eEvhangeri

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Kubva mubhuku rinonzi Bibliorum Sacrorum Graecus Codex Vaticanus, 1868

[Vakatipa Mufananidzo uri papegi 9]

© The Trustees of the Chester Beatty Library, Dublin