Bhaibheri​—Nyaya Inoshamisa Yokupona Kwarakaita

BHAIBHERI ndiro bhuku rave richiparadzirwa zvikuru kwose kwose mumakore apfuura. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti maBhaibheri anosvika mabhiriyoni 4,8 akatoparadzirwa. Muna 2007 chete, maBhaibheri anopfuura 64 600 000 akagadzirwa. Iyi inhamba yakatokura zvikuru kana tichienzanisa nerimwe bhuku renganonyorwa rakatengwa zvikuru rakangodhindwa makopi 12 miriyoni mugore iri kuUnited States.

Kuti rizosvika pakuva bhuku rinodhindwa zvikuru kupfuura mamwe ari munyika, Bhaibheri rakapona njodzi dzakawanda. Mumakore ose apfuura, rakarambidzwa uye rakapiswa, uye vaya vairishandura vakadzvinyirirwa uye vakaurayiwa. Asi, imwe yengozi huru chaizvo yaigona kuita kuti Bhaibheri ritsakatike yaisava yokutambudzwa kwaingoerekana kwauya pane vaya vairishandisa, asi yaiva yokuora zvishoma nezvishoma kwezvinhu zvaishandiswa pakurinyora. Nei?

Bhaibheri mabhuku maduku anokwana 66 akaita zvokubatanidzwa, uye ekare acho akanyorwa nevamwe vorudzi rwevaIsraeri makore anopfuura 3 000 adarika. Vakatanga kuanyora nevaya vakazoita zvokuakopa, vakanyora mashoko acho akafuridzirwa pazvinhu zvaikurumidza kuparara zvakadai semapepa enhokwe nematehwe. Pane zvakanyorwa pakutanga chaipo hapana zvati zvawanikwa. Asi zvikamu zvemabhuku eBhaibheri zviduku nezvikuru zvinokwana zviuru zvakawanikwa. Chikamu cherimwe remabhuku aya, Evhangeri yaJohani, chinonzi chakanyorwa makumi emakore mashomanana pashure pokunge Johani anyora bhuku iri pakutanga chaipo.

Nei zvichishamisa kuti zvikamu zveBhaibheri zvakanyorwa kare zvakapona kusvika iye zvino? Uye maBhaibheri atinawo mazuva ano anoratidza zvakadii zvakarurama mashoko akanyorwa nevanyori vepakutanga?

Chii Chakaitika Kune Zvimwe Zvakanyorwa Kare?

Kupona kweBhaibheri kunoshamisa chaizvo patinofunga nezvezvakaitika kune zvakanyorwa nemamwe marudzi epanguva yakararama vaIsraeri. Somuenzaniso, makore ane chiuru okutanga Jesu asati auya, vanhu vokuFenikiya vakanga vakavakidzana nevaIsraeri. Vatengesi ava vaifamba nemugungwa vakaparadzira arufabheti yemanyorero avo muMediterranean yose. Vakawanawo mari yakawanda nokutengeserana chaizvo mapepa enhokwe neIjipiti nenyika yose yeGirisi. Kunyange zvakadaro, magazini inonzi National Geographic inoti nezvevanhu vokuFenikiya: “Zvavainyora, kunyanya pamapepa enhokwe anokurumidza kuparara, zvakatsakatika—zvokuti iye zvino tinonyanya kuziva zvine chokuita nevanhu vokuFenikiya kubva pane zvakataurwa nevavengi vavo izvo zvisina kururama. Kunyange zvazvo zvichinzi vanhu vokuFenikiya vaiva nemabhuku akawanda aikosha, akarasika zvachose kare kare.”

Zvakadini nezvakanyorwa nevaIjipiti vekare? Kunyora kwavaiita vachishandisa mifananidzo yaitemerwa kana kuti kupendwa pamadziro etemberi nedzimwe nzvimbo kunozivikanwa chaizvo. VaIjipiti vanozivikanwawo chaizvo kuti vaigadzira mapepa okunyorera vachishandisa nhokwe. Asi, nezvezvinhu zveIjipiti zvakanyorwa pamapepa enhokwe, imwe nyanzvi inodzidza nezveIjipiti inonzi K. A. Kitchen inoti: “Vanhu vanofungidzira kuti inenge 99 muzana yemapepa enhokwe akanyorwa kubvira munenge muna 3000 kusvikira pakatanga nguva yeGirisi neyeRoma akatsakatika zvachose.”

Zvakadini nezvezvakanyorwa nevaRoma pamapepa enhokwe? Funga nezvemuenzaniso uyu. Maererano nebhuku rinonzi Roman Military Records on Papyrus, kunenge kuti masoja eRoma aibhadharwa katatu pagore, uye mubhadharo wavo wainyorwa pamapepa enhokwe. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti mumakore anokwana 300 kubvira panguva yaAgasto (27 B.C.E.–14 C.E.) kusvika kunguva yaDiocletian (284-305 C.E), paiva nemapepa akanyorwa mubhadharo aisvika 225 000- 000. Mangani achiripo? Panongova nemaviri chete akawanikwa anoverengeka.

Nei paine zvinhu zvishomanana zvekare zvakanyorwa pamapepa enhokwe? Zvinhu zvinokurumidza kuparara, zvakadai semapepa enhokwe uye chimwe chaiwanzonyorerwa, dehwe, zvinokurumidza kuora kana mamiriro okunze aine unyoro. The Anchor Bible Dictionary rinoti: “Pamusana pemamiriro okunze, mapepa enhokwe akanyorwa panguva iyi [makore ane chiuru okutanga Jesu asati auya] angangove akachengetedzeka chete kana aive mugwenga rakaoma uye mubako kana kuti mumba.”

Zvakadini Nezvakanyorwa zveBhaibheri?

Zviri pachena kuti mabhuku okutangatanga chaiwo eBhaibheri akanyorwa pazvinhu zvisina kusimba sezvaishandiswa nevanhu vokuFenikiya, vokuIjipiti, uye vokuRoma. Saka nei zviri muBhaibheri zvakapona kusvika zvava bhuku rinobudiswa kupfuura mamwe ose munyika? Muzvinadzidzo anonzi James L. Kugel anopa chikonzero chimwe chete. Anoti zvakanyorwa pakutangatanga zvakakopwa “kakawanda kunyange munguva chaiyo yainyorwa Bhaibheri.”

Shanduro dzemazuva ano dzeBhaibheri dzakaita sei kana dzichienzaniswa nezvakanyorwa kare? Muzvinadzidzo anonzi Julio Trebolle Barrera, mumwe weboka renyanzvi dzaiva nebasa rokudzidza uye kubudisa zvakanyorwa zvekare zvinozivikanwa seMipumburu yeGungwa Rakafa, anoti: “Kupfuudzwa kwemashoko eBhaibheri rechiHebheru kwakarurama zvinoshamisa, uye hapana rimwe bhuku rakafanana naro pamabhuku ekare echiGiriki neechiLatin.” Imwe nyanzvi yeBhaibheri inoremekedzwa inonzi F. F. Bruce inoti: “Uchapupu hwezvakanyorwa muTestamende Itsva yedu hwakakura chaizvo kupfuura uchapupu hwezvakanyorwa zvakawanda nevanyori vekare, asi hapana asingabvumi kuti zvakanyorwa nevanyori ivavo ndezvechokwadi.” Anoenderera mberi achiti: “Kudai Testamende Itsva yaiva mabhuku akanyorwa enyika, nyanzvi dzakawanda dzaizongoibvuma dzisina kana mubvunzo.” Chokwadi, Bhaibheri ibhuku rinoshamisa. Unowana nguva here yokuriverenga zuva nezuva?—1 Petro 1:24, 25.