Ganhuro 2
Kurwira Kuvapo kweBhaibheri
Kune mikoswa mizhinji youfakazi inobvumikisa kuti Bhaibheri zvomenemene iShoko raMwari. Mukoswa mumwe nomumwe wakasimba, asi apo yose inokoserwa pamwe chete, haidimbuki. Muganhuro ino neinotevera, tichakurukura mukoswa mumwe bedzi woufakazi: nhau yeBhaibheri sebhuku. Zvokwadi ndeiyi, inenji kuti iri bhuku rakatanhamara rakavapo kutozosvikira nhasi. Zvirangaririre iwe umene maidi.
1. Ndoupi humwe udzame pamusoro peBhaibheri?
BHAIBHERI rinopfuura zvikuru kungovawo zvaro bhuku. Iro mupakwa mukuru wamabhuku 66, mamwe mapfupi uye mamwe marefu zvikuru, ane mutemo, uporofita, nhau, nhetembwa, zano, nezvimwe zvizhinji. Mazana amakore pamberi pokuberekwa kwaKristu, mabhuku okutanga 39 aiwawa akanyorwa—zvikurukuru mumutauro wechiHebheru—navaJudha vakatendeka, kana kuti vaIsraeri. Urwu rutivi runowanzonzi Testamente Yekare. Mabhuku okupedzisira 27 akanyorwa muchiGiriki namaKristu uye anozivikanwa zvakafara seTestamente Itsva. Mukuwirirana noufakazi hwomukati namagamuchidzanwa ekaresa, aya mabhuku 66 akanyorwa kweinopfuura nhambo yaanenge makore 1 600, inovamba apo Egipita yakanga iri ubati ushe hunodzora uye ichiguma apo Roma yakanga iri mudzori wenyika.
Bhaibheri Bedzi Rakapukunyuka
2. (a) Ndoupi wakanga uri mugariro waIsraeri apo Bhaibheri rakatanga kunyorwa? (b) Ndaapi aiva mamwe mabhuku akanyorwa akabudiswa panhambo imwe cheteyo yenguva?
2 Anopfuura makore 3 000 akapfuura, apo kunyorwa kweBhaibheri kwakatanga, Israeri akanga achingova rudzi rumwe bedzi ruduku pakati pamazhinji muMiddle East. Jehovha akanga ari Mwari wavo, nepo marudzi akavapoteredza akanga ane mhatsa inokatyamadza yavamwari navamwarikadzi. Mukati menhambo iyeyo yenguva, vaIsraeri vakanga vasati vari ivo bedzi vaibudisa mabhuku orudzidziso. Mamwe marudzi akabudisawo mabhuku akanyorwa akaratidzira rudzidziso rwawo nemipimo yawo yorudzi. Somuenzaniso, rungano rwavanhu veAkadhi rwaGilgamesh wokuMesopotamia uye ngano dzavaRas Shamra, dzakanyorwa muchiUgariti (mutauro waitaurwa mune iyo zvino yava Asiria yokuchamhembe), pasina panikiro dzakanga dzakakurumbira zvikuru. Mabhuku mazhinjisa enguva iyeyo aibatanidzawo mabhuku akadai seThe Admonitions of Ipu-wer uye The Prophecy of Nefer-rohu mumutauro wechiEgipita, nziyo dzaiimbirwa vamwari vakasiana-siana muchiSumer, uye mabhuku ouporofita muchiAkadhi.1
3. Chii chinoratidzira Bhaibheri serakasiana namamwe mabhuku orudzidziso akabudiswa muMiddle East mukati menhambo imwe cheteyo?
3 Zvisinei, mabhuku aya ose eMiddle East, akanangana nomugumo mumwe chetewo. Akakanganwika, uye kunyange mitauro yaakanyorwa mairi yakatsakatika. Maingova bedzi mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya apo vezvokuchera matongo nenyanzvi dzemitauro vakadzidza nezvokuvapo kwayo ndokuwana maravirwe ayo. Kune rumwe rutivi, mabhuku okutanga akanyorwa eBhaibheri echiHebheru akapukunyuka kusvikira kunguva yedu chaiyo imene uye achiri kuraviwa zvakafara. Dzimwe nguva vazivi vanotaura kuti mabhuku echiHebheru ari muBhaibheri akawanwa munzira yakati mumabhuku iwawo akare omunyorero wakaisvonaka. Asi idi rokuti akawanda zvikuru amabhuku iwawo akakanganwika apo Bhaibheri rechiHebheru rakapukunyuka rinoratidzira Bhaibheri serakasiana nomutoo unokosha.
Vachengeti veShoko
4. Zvinetsoi zvakakomba zvavaIsraeri zvingave zvakaratidzika kupanikirisa kupukunyuka kweBhaibheri?
4 Usaita mhosho, mumurangariro womunhu kupukunyuka kweBhaibheri kwakanga kusati kuri chinhu chaigona kudeya kusimbisirwa. Nzanga dzakaribudisa dzakatambura muedzo wakaoma zvikuru nedzvinyiriro yakakomba zvokuti kupukunyuka kwaro kusvikira kuzuva redu kunoshamisa zvirokwazvo. Mumakore apamberi paKristu, vaJudha vakabudisa Magwaro echiHebheru (“Testamente Yekare”) vaiva rudzi ruduku zvikuru. Vaigara nomutoo une ngozi pakati penyika dzine simba dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzakanga dzichirwisana nokuda kwouchangamire. Israeri aitofanira kurwira upenyu hwake mukurwisana nenhevedzano yamarudzi, akadai savaFiristia, vaMoabhi, vaAmori, navaEdhomi. Mukati menguva umo vaHebheru vakakamuranisirwa mukuva umambo huviri, Umambo hune utsinye hweAsiria hwakadokuparadza chose umambo hwokuchamhembe, apo vaBhabhironi vakaparadza umambo hwokumaodzanyemba, vachiendesa vanhu muutapwa umo vakasarira bedzi vakadzoka makore 70 gare gare.
5, 6. Kuedzai kwakaitwa kwakaisa pangozi kuvapo kumene kwavaHebheru savanhu vakatsaukana?
5 Kunotova nemishumo yokuparadzwa chose kworudzi kwakaedzwa mukurwisana navaIsraeri. Shure mumazuva aMosesi, Farao akaraira kuuraiwa kwavanakomana vavo vose vachangobva kuberekwa. Kudai murairo wake wakanga wachengetwa, vanhu vechiHebheru vangadai vakaparadzwa. (Eskodho 1:15-22) Gare gare zvikuru, apo vaJudha vakava muubati ushe hwePersia, vavengi vavo vakaita bangano rokuita kuti mutemo ubudiswe waiitirwa kuvaparadza. (Estere 3:1-15) Kukundikana kweiri zano kuchiri kuchengetwa muMutambo wechiJudha wePurim.
6 Gare gare zvisinei, apo vaJudha vaiva vadzorwi veSiria, Mambo Antiochus IV akaedza zvakasimba kwazvo kuita rudzirwo ruve rwechiHereni, achirugombedzera kutevera tsika dzechiGiriki uye kunamata vamwari vechiGiriki. Iye akakundikanawo. Panzvimbo pokuva vanoparadzwa kana kuti kubviswa, vaJudha vakapukunyuka apo, rimwe pashure perimwe, mazhinjisa amapoka amarudzi akavapoteredza akanyangarika panyika. Uye Magwaro echiHebheru eBhaibheri akapukunyuka navo.
7, 8. Ko kupukunyuka kweBhaibheri kwakatyisidzirwa sei namatambudziko amaKristu?
7 MaKristu, akabudisa rutivi rwechipiri rweBhaibheri (“Testamente Itsva”), aivawo boka rakadzvinyirirwa. Mutungamiriri wao, Jesu, akauraiwa setsotsiwo zvaro. Mumazuva apakuvamba pashure porufu rwake, zviremera zvechiJudha zvaiva muParestina zvakaedza kuadzvinyirira. Apo chiKristu chakapararira kune dzimwe nyika, vaJudha vakavavhima, vachiedza kupinganidza basa ravo roufundisi.—Mabasa 5:27, 28; 7:58-60; 11:19-21; 13:45; 14:19; 18:5, 6.
8 Munguva yaNero, chimiro chendangariro chokutanga chokuregerera chezviremera zveRoma chakachinja. Tacitus akazvitutumadza nezvo“kutambudza kuzhinji” kwakaitirwa maKristu namambo iyeyo ane utsinye, uye kubvira munguva yake zvichienda mberi, kuva muKristu kwakanga kuri mhaka yokuurairwa.2 Muna 303 N.V., Mambo Diocletian akaita nomutoo wakananga mukurwisana neBhaibheri.a Munhamburiko yokuparadza chiKristu, iye akaraira kuti maBhaibheri ose echiKristu anofanira kupiswa.3
9. Chii chaizodai chakaitika kudai nhimbe dzokuparadzanya pavaJudha namaKristu dzakanga dzabudirira?
9 Idzi nhimbe dzedzvinyiriro nokuparadza chose rudzi zvakanga zviri tyisidziro chaiyoiyo kukupukunyuka kweBhaibheri. Kudai vaJudha vakanga vatevera nzira yavaFiristia navaMoabhi kana kuti kudai nhamburiko dzokutanga dzechiJudha uye tevere dzezviremera zveRoma dzokuparadza chiKristu dzakanga dzabudirira, ndianiko aizodai akanyora ndokuchengeta Bhaibheri? Nomutoo unofadza, vachengeti veBhaibheri—kutanga vaJudha uye tevere maKristu—havana kubviswa chose, nokudaro Bhaibheri rakapukunyuka. Zvisinei, kwakanga kune imwe tyisidziro yakakomba, kana isati iri yokupukunyuka kweBhaibheri zvimwe iperero yeBhaibheri.
Makopi Aigona Kuva Nemhosho
10. Ko Bhaibheri rakachengetwa sei pakuvamba?
10 Mazhinji amabhuku ekare adudzwa pamusoro apa ayo akakanganwika mukutevedzana akanga akanyorwa pabwe kana kuti akatsikirirwa pamahwendefa akasimba omunyakwe. Ikoku hakuna kudaro neBhaibheri. Iro pakuvamba vamba rakanyorwa pamipumburu yenhokwe kana kuti ganda rakaomarara—zvinhu zvinoparadzika zvikuru. Nokudaro, manyoro akabudiswa navanyori vapakuvamba akatsakatika kare kare. Ko zvino, Bhaibheri rakachengetwa sei? Zviuru zvisingaverengeki zvamakopi zvakanyorwa nomutoo wokubishaira namaoko. Iwowu wakanga uri mutoo wenguva dzose wokubudisa nawo bhuku pamberi pokutangwa kwokutsikirira.
11. Chii chinoitika nomutoo usingadzivisiki apo manyoro anokopwa noruoko?
11 Zvisinei, pane ngozi yokunyora namaoko. Sir Frederic Kenyon, wezvokucherwa kwamatongo akakurumbira nomutarisiri wemipakwa yamabhuku eMuseum yeBritain, akatsanangura, kuti: “Ruoko rwomunhu nouropi izvo zvinogona kunyora bhuku rose refu pasitongorina chose chose mhosho zvichigere kusikwa. . . . Mhosho dzaiva nechokwadi chokupindamo.”4 Apo mhosho yaipinda mumanyoro, yaidzokororwa apo manyoro iwawo aiva hwaro nokuda kwamakopi omunguva yemberi. Apo makopi mazhinji aiitwa kwenhambo refu yenguva, mhosho zhinjisa dzohunhu dzaipindamo.
12, 13. Ndiani akatora mutoro nokuda kwokuchengeta rugwaro rwaMagwaro echiHebheru?
12 Nemhaka yezviuru zvizhinji zvamakopi zveBhaibheri zvakaitwa, tinoziva sei kuti uyu muitiro wokunyorazve hauna kurichinja zvokusagona kuzivikanwa chose? Eya, rangarira somuenzaniso Bhaibheri rechiHebheru, “Testamente Yekare.” Muhafu yechipiri yezana ramakore rechitanhatu P.N.V., apo vaJudha vakadzokera vachibva muutapwa hwavo hweBhabhironi, boka renyanzvi dzechiHebheru raizivikanwa savaSopherim, “vanyori,” rakava vachengeti vorugwaro rwechiHebheru rweBhaibheri, uye wakanga uri mutoro wavo kunyora Magwaro iwawo nokuda kwokushandiswa mukunamata kwapamhene nokwapachivande. Ivo vaiva vanhu vanokuchidzirwa zvikuru, vane unyanzvi, uye basa ravo rakanga riri rorudzi rwakakwirira zvikurusa.
13 Kubvira muzana ramakore rechinomwe kusvikira kuzana ramakore regumi reNguva yedu Yavose, vadyi nhaka vavaSopherim vaiva vaMasorete. Zita ravo rinobva mushoko rechiHebheru rinoreva kuti “gamuchidzanwa,” uye zvikurukuru ivo vaivawo vanyori vakapiwa mutoro webasa rokuchengeta rugwaro rwegamuchidzanwa rwechiHebheru. VaMasorete vaingwarira zvikuru muudzame. Somuenzaniso, munyori aitofanira kushandisa rugwaro rwechokwadi rwakafanira sorugwaro rwake rwokushandisa rwehwaro, uye akanga asingabvumirwi kunyora chinhu chipi nechipi chinobva muyeuko. Aitofanira kunzvera bhii rimwe nerimwe asati arinyora.5 Purofesa Norman K. Gottwald anoshuma, kuti: “Chimwe chinhu chokungwarira icho ivo vaiita nacho mabasa avo chinoratidzirwa mune chinodikanwa chomudzidzisi kuti manyoro ose matsva aifanira kuraviwa mukunzvera uye makopi api naapi ane mhosho airaswa pakarepo.”6
14. Kuwanai kwakakuita kuti kubvirire kusimbisa kupfuudzwa kworugwaro rweBhaibheri navaSopherim navaMasorete?
14 Ko kupfuudzwa kworugwaro rwakanyorwa naVaSopherim naVaMasorete kwakanga kwakarurama zvakadini? Kutozosvikira muna 1947 kwakanga kwakaoma kupindura mubvunzo iwowo, sezvo manyoro apakuvamba zvikurusa akakwana echiHebheru aiwanika aibvira muzana ramakore regumi reNguva yedu yaVose. Zvisinei, muna 1947, zvimwe zvimedu zvekare zvikuru zvamanyoro zvakawanwa mumapako nomunzvimbo iri pedyo neGungwa Rakafa, kubatanidza namativi amabhuku eBhaibheri rechiHebheru. Chiverengero chakati kuti chezvimedu zvaiva nomusi wapamberi penguva yaKristu. Nyanzvi dzakaenzanisira izvozvi namanyoro aivapo echiHebheru kusimbisa ururami hwokupfuudzwa kworugwaro. Chii chakava muuyo weiyi enzanisiro?
15. (a) Chii chakava muuyo wokuenzanisa manyoro omupumburu apaGungwa Rakafa aIsaya norugwaro rwavaMasorete? (b) Chii chatinofanira kugumisa kubva muidi rokuti mamwe manyoro akawanwa paGungwa Rakafa anoratidzira chitsama chakati chomusiano worugwaro? (Ona mashoko omuzasi.)
15 Rimwe ramabhuku ekaresa rakawanwa rakanga riri bhuku rakakwana raIsaya, uye kuva pedyo kworugwaro rwaro nerworwo rweBhaibheri ravaMasorete ratinaro nhasi kunoshamisa. Purofesa Millar Burrows anonyora, kuti: “Misiano mizhinji [yakawanwa zvino uno] iri pakati pomupumburu wamanyoro waIsaya weSt. Mark norugwaro rwavaMasorete inogona kutsanangurwa semhosho mukukopa. Kunze kwaiyoyi, pane bvumirano inoshamisa, parose zvaro, norugwaro runowanwa mumanyoro omunguva yapakati. Bvumirano yakadaro mumanyoro ekare zvikurusa inopa chipupuriro chinovimbisa kururama kwose kworugwaro rwegamuchidzanwa.”7 Burrows anowedzera, kuti: “Inhau inoshamisa kwazvo kuti kupfuura nomune chimwe chinhu chakadai samakore ane chiuru rugwaro rwakawana chinjo duku zvikuru.”b
16, 17. (a) Neiko tingagona kuva nechokwadi chokuti rugwaro rwaMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki rwakanaka? (b) Ko Sir Frederic Kenyon akapupurirei pamusoro porugwaro rwaMagwaro echiGiriki?
16 Muchinoitika chorutivi rweBhaibheri rwakanyorwa muchiGiriki namaKristu, runonzi Testamente Itsva, vanyori vakanga vakafanana zvikuru nenyanzvi dzinamano kupinda zvakaita vaSopherim vakadzidzira basa vakarovedzwa zvikuru. Asi vachishanda sezvavaiita mukutyisidzirwa nechirango nezviremera, ivo vakakoshesa basa ravo zvikuru. Uye zvinhu zviviri zvinotisimbisira kuti isu nhasi tine rugwaro rwakafanana zvikuru nerworwo rwakanyorwa navanyori vapakuvamba. Kutanga, tine manyoro ane musi uri pedyo zvikuru nenguva yokunyora kupinda zviri rutivi rwechiHebheru rweBhaibheri. Zvamazvirokwazvo, chimedu chimwe cheEvhangeri yaJohane chinovambira muhafu yokutanga yezana ramakore rechipiri, makore asati achisvika 50 kubvira pamusi apo Johane sezvingabvira akanyora Evhangeri yake. Chechipiri, chiverengero chikuru chamanyoro akapukunyuka chinogovera muenzanisiro unoshamisa worunako rworugwaro.
17 Papfundo rino, Sir Frederic Kenyon akapupurira, kuti: “Hakungagoni kunyanyobvumwa zvakasimba kuti zviri mukati zvorugwaro rweBhaibheri zvakatsarukana. Zvikurukuru ikoku kunodaro neTestamente Itsva. Chiverengero chamanyoro cheTestamente Itsva, cheshanduro dzapakuvamba dzakabva mairi, nechekunokorwa mashoko kunobva mairi muvanyori vekaresa veChechi, chikuru zvikuru zvokuti ndokwechokwadi chaizvoizvo kuti kurava kwechokwadi kwechikamu chamashoko chiri chose chinopanikirika kunochengetwa munzira dzakasiana-siana dzaaya mabhuku ekare. Ikoku hakungagoni kutaurwa pamusoro perimwe bhuku rakare riri munyika.”10
Vanhu Nemitauro Yavo
18, 19. Kwakadaro sei kuti Bhaibheri rakanga risina kuganhurirwa kumitauro yarakanyorwa mairi pakuvamba?
18 Mitauro yapakuvamba iyo Bhaibheri rakanyorwa mairi yaivawo, pakupedzisira, mhinganidzo yokupukunyuka kwaro. Mabhuku 39 okutanga akanyorwa zvikurukuru muchiHebheru, rurimi rwavaIsraeri. Asi chiHebheru hachina kutongova chinozivikanwa zvakafara. Kudai Bhaibheri rakanga raramba riri mumutauro iwowo, raizodai risina kutongova nepesvedzero ipi neipi kunze kworudzi rwechiJudha navokumwe vashomanene vaigona kurirava. Zvisinei, muzana ramakore rechitatu P.N.V., nokuda kwokubetserwa kwavaHebheru vaigara muAlexandria, Egipita, kushandurirwa muchiGiriki kworutivi rwechiHebheru rweBhaibheri kwakavamba. ChiGiriki panguva iyoyo chakanga chiri mutauro wamarudzi ose. Nokudaro, Bhaibheri rechiHebheru rakava rinowanika nyore nyore kune vasati vari vaJudha.
19 Apo nguva yakasvika yokuti rutivi rwechipiri rweBhaibheri rwuve runonyorwa, chiGiriki chakanga chichiri mutauro unotaurwa zvakafara zvikuru, naizvozvo mabhuku okupedzisira 27 eBhaibheri akanyorwa mururimi irworwo. Asika haasati ari munhu ari wose aigona kunzwisisa chiGiriki. Nokudaro, shanduro dzaose ari maviri rutivi rwechiHebheru norwechiGiriki rweBhaibheri nokukurumidza dzakavamba kuoneka mumitauro yezuva riri rose yomumazana iwayo amakore apakuvamba, yakadai sechiSiria, chiCopt, chiArmenia, chiGeorgia, chiGothi, uye chiEtiopia. Mutauro unobvumirwa woUmambo hweRoma wakanga uri chiLatin, uye shanduro dzechiLatin dzakanga dzichiitwa muzviverengero zvakawanda zvokuti “shanduro yakabvumirwa” yaitofanira kuitwa. Iyoyi yakapedzwa munenge muna 405 N.V. ndokusvika pakuzivikanwa seVulgate (kureva kuti “unozivikanwa” kana kuti “wakarovedzeka”).
20, 21. Zvii zvaiva mhinganidzo dzokupukunyuka kweBhaibheri, uye neiko idzodzi dzakakurirwa?
20 Nokudaro, kwakaitika pasinei hapo nemhinganidzo zhinji kuti Bhaibheri rakapukunyuka kuburukira kumazana okutanga amakore eNguva yedu Yavose. Avo vakaribudisa vaiva mapoka maduku aizvidzwa uye vaitambudzwa vairarama mukuvapo kunotambudza munyika ine utsinye. Raigona nyore nyore kuve rakamonyaniswa zvakashata mukunyora, asi harina kudaro. Zvakare, rakapukunyuka ngozi yokuva rinowanika bedzi kuvanhu vaitaura mitauro yakati.
21 Neiko kwakanga kwakaomera zvikuru kuti Bhaibheri ripukunyuke? Bhaibheri iro rimene rinoti: “Nyika yose iri musimba rowakaipa.” (1 Johane 5:19) Nemhaka yaikoku, taizokarira nyika kuva ine utsinye kuzvokwadi yakabudiswa, uye ikoku kwakabvumikisa kuva chinoitika chacho. Neiko, ipapoka, Bhaibheri rakapukunyuka chaizvo apo mamwe mabhuku mazhinji zvikuru asina kunangana nezvinetso zvimwe chetezvo akakanganwika? Bhaibheri rinopindura ikokuwo. Rinoti: “Kutaura kwaJehovha kunogara nokusingaperi.” (1 Petro 1:25) Kana Bhaibheri riri zvomenemene Shoko raMwari, hakuna simba romunhu ringagona kuriparadza. Uye mukati chaimo mezana rino ramakore rechi 20, ikoku kwave kuri kwechokwadi.
22. Ichinjoi yakaitika pakuvamba muzana ramakore rechina reNguva yedu yaVose?
22 Zvisinei, muzana ramakore rechina reNguva yedu Yavose, chimwe chinhu chakaitika icho pakupedzisira chakaguma nedenho itsva paBhaibheri ndokutapura chaizvoizvo nzira yenhau yeEurope. Makore gumi bedzi pashure pokunge Diocletian aedza kuparadza makopi ose eBhaibheri, muitiro wehurumende wakachinja uye “chiKristu” chakanyoreswa pamutemo. Makore gumi namaviri gare gare, muna 325 N.V., mambo weRoma akatungamirira paDare re“chiKristu” reNicaea. Neiko chinoitika chakadaro chairatidzika kuva chakanaka chaizobvumikisa kuva chine ngozi nokuda kweBhaibheri? Tichaona mhinduro muganhuro rinotevera.
[Mashoko Omuzasi]
a Muchinyorwa chino, panzvimbo pokushandisa dimburiro yokuti “A.D.” uye “P.K.” yegamuchidzanwa, munoshandiswa yakarurama zvikuru yokuti “N.V.” (Nguva yaVose) uye “P.N.V.” (pamberi peNguva yaVose).
b Haasati ari manyoro ose akawanwa paGungwa Rakafa anobvumirana zvikuru chaizvoizvo norugwaro rwakapukunyuka rweBhaibheri. Mamwe airatidzira misiano mizhinji zvikuru yorugwaro. Zvisinei, iyi misiano haisati ichireva kuti revo inokosha yorugwaro yakamonyaniswa. Mukuwirirana naPatrick W. Skehan wapaUniversity of America yeKaturike, zvizhinjisa zvinoratidzira “kunyorwazve [kworugwaro rweBhaibheri] pahwaro hwokuva nomufungo kwaro rimene, zvokuti chimiro chinofutunurwa asi zviri mukati zvinoramba zviri zvimwe chetezvo . . . Chimiro chinokosha ndechiya choruremekedzo rwechokwadi nokuda kworugwaro rwunorangarirwa sorunoyera, chimiro chokutsanangura Bhaibheri (sokutaura kwatingaita) kunoitwa neBhaibheri mukupfuudzwa kumene kworugwaro irwo rwumene.”8
Mumwe mutsinhiri anowedzera, kuti: “Pasinei zvapo nokusatsarukana kwose, idi guru rinoramba riri rokuti rugwaro sezvatinarwo zvino, zvikurukuru, runomirira nomutoo wakanaka mashoko chaiwoiwo avanyori avo vakararama, vamwe vavo, anodokusvika makore ane zviuru zvitatu akapfuura, uye hatidikanirwi kuva nepanikiro yakakomba pamusoro pechikonzero choushati hworugwaro pamusoro pokushanda kweshoko iro Testamente Yekare inotipa.”9
[Bhokisi riri papeji 19]
Rugwaro Rwakasanosimbiswa rweBhaibheri
Kunzwisisa kusanosimbiswa kwakaitwa rugwaro rweBhaibheri, tinotofanira bedzi kurienzanisa nomumwe mubatanidzwa wamabhuku wakasvika kwatiri kubva munguva yakare: manyoro ekare kare eGirisi neRoma. Kutaura idi, mazhinjisa aaya mabhuku akanyorwa pashure pokunge Magwaro echiHebheru apedzwa. Hapana nhamburiko dzakanyorwa dzokuparadzwa kworudzi mukurwisana navaGiriki kana kuti vaRoma, uye mabhuku avo haana kuchengetwa mukunangana nechitambudzo. Asi, cherechedza tsinhiro dzaPurofesa, F. F. Bruce:
“Nokuda kwaGallic War raKesari (rakarongwa pakati pa 58 na 50 P.K.) pane maMSS anoverengeka achiripo, asi mapfumbamwe bedzi kana kuti gumi akanaka, uye akaresa ndaamakore 900 pashure pezuva raKesari.
“Pamabhuku ane 142 enhau yeRoma yaLivy (59 P.K.-A.D. 17), ane 35 bedzi achiripo; iwaya anozivikanwa kwatiri kubva muasati achipfuura maMSS makumi maviri oukoshi hupi nohupi, rimwe rawo bedzi iro, uye rine zvimedu III-VI, Zvamabhuku rakavapo muzana rechina ramakore.
“Pamabhuku ane gumi namana eHistories dzaTacitus (c. A.D. 100) mana bedzi nehafu achiripo; pamabhuku ane gumi namatanhatu eAnnals dzake, gumi achiripo ose uye maviri murutivi. Rugwaro rweizvi zvikamu zvichiripo zvamabhuku ake maviri makuru enhau zvinotsamira chose chose pamaMSS maviri, rimwe romuzana ramakore rechipfumbamwe nerimwe romuzana ramakore regumi nerimwe. . . .
“Nhau yaThucydides (c. 460-400 P.K.) inozivikanwa kwatiri kubva mumaMSS masere, ekaresa omu c. A.D. 900, uye zvimedu zvishomanene zvamapepa enhokwe, zvomunenge mukuvamba mezera rechiKristu.
“Ndozvakaitawo Nhau yaHerodotus (c. 488-428 P.K.). Bva hakuna nyanzvi yokunyora yaizoteerera kakavadzano yokuti uchokwadi hwaHerodotus kana Thucydides hunopanikirwa nokuti maMSS epakuvamba zvikurusa amabhuku ayo ari ebetsero ipi neipi kwatiri ndeemakore anopfuura 1 300 pashure kupinda peapakuvamba.”—The Books and the Parchments, peji 180.
Enzanisa ikoku neidi rokuti kune zviuru zvamanyoro amativi akasiana-siana eBhaibheri. Uye manyoro aMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki anovambira mukati mezana ramakore renguva yokunyorwa kwamabhuku apakuvamba.
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 13]
VaHebheru vaiva rudzi ruduku rwaityisidzirwa nguva dzose namarudzi ane simba zvikuru. Uyu mufananidzo wakavezwa wakare unofananidzira vamwe vaHebheru vachitorwa senhapwa navaAsiria
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 14]
Pamberi pokutangwa kwokutsikirira, Magwaro aikopwa noruoko
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 16]
Nero akaita kuti kuva muKristu kuve mhaka yokuurairwa
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 21]
Kufundwa kwomupumburu wapaGungwa Rakafa waIsaya kwakabvumikisa kuti iri bhuku rakanga raramba risina kuchinjwa chose chose kwenhambo inopfuura makore 1 000
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 23]
Mambo Diocletian akakundikana munhamburiko dzake dzokuparadza Bhaibheri