Mauyire Akaita Bhaibheri Kwatiri—Chikamu Chokutanga
Zvikamu 2 ne3 zvichabuda muzvinyorwa zvaSeptember 15 naOctober 15 zvakatevedzana.
MUNE imwe shopu duku, mumwe mudhindi nevadzidzi vake vaduku vanoshandisa muchina wokudhinda muduku wakagadzirwa nemapuranga, vachinyatsoisa mapepa asina kunyorwa mumuchina. Sezvavanoabvisa, vanotarisa mashoko akadhindwa. Pashinda dzakasungirirwa pamadziro, vanoyanika mapeji akapetwa kuti aome.
Kamwe kamwe, suo rinogogodzwa zvine simba. Avhundutswa, mudhindi anokiyinura suo, uye boka remasoja ane zvombo rinopinda mukati. Anovamba kutsvaga rudzi runoshurikidzwa zvikurusa rwemabhuku asiri pamutemo—Bhaibheri mumutauro wevanhuwo zvavo!
Vanonoka kuuya. Vanyeverwa nezvengozi yacho, mushanduri nemubatsiri vatomhanyira kushopu, vatora mapeji akawanda, uye zvino vari kuenda nokuRhine River. Vatomboponesa rimwe basa ravo.
Mushanduri muchiitiko chino aiva William Tyndale, achiedza kubudisa “Testamende Itsva” yake yakarambidzwa yechiNgezi muCologne, Germany, muna 1525. Chakaitika chake ndechimwe chezvaiwanzoitika. Mumakore anoda kusvika 1 900 kubvira pakapedzwa kunyorwa Bhaibheri, varume vazhinji nevakadzi vakaisa pangozi zvinhu zvose zvavaiva nazvo kuti vagoshandura ndokuparadzira Shoko raMwari. Isu nhasi tichiri kubatsirwa nebasa ravo. Vakaitei? MaBhaibheri atinawo mumaoko edu akauya sei kwatiri?
Kunyorwa Kwapakuvamba kweBhaibheri Nokushandurwa Kwaro
Vabatiri vechokwadi vaMwari nguva dzose vakakoshesa Shoko rake. New Catholic Encyclopedia inobvuma kuti: “Kufanana nemadzitateguru avo echiJudha, vaKristu vapakuvamba vaikoshesa kurava Mabhuku Anoyera. Vachitevera muenzaniso waJesu (Mat. 4.4; 5.18; Ruka 24.44; Joh. 5.39), Vaapostora vaiziva zvikuru T[estamende] Y[akare] izvo zvinokarakadza kuti vaiverenga zvikuru vachifunda kwenguva yakareba, uye vaikurudzira vadzidzi vavo kuita izvozvo (VaR. 15.4; 2 Tim. 3.15-17).”
Nedonzo iroro, makopi eBhaibheri aifanira kuitwa. Apo chiKristu chakanga chisati chavako, basa zhinji irori raiitwa ne‘vanyori vaiva neunyanzvi’ avo vaitya kuita mhosho. (Ezra 7:6, 11, 12) Vachivavarira zvinhu zvisina mhosho, vakagadza mupimo wakakwirira nokuda kwevanyori veBhaibheri vose vaizotevera.
Zvisinei, mukati mezana ramakore rechina B.C.E., chinetso chakamuka. Alexander Mukuru aida kuti vanhu vose venyika vadzidziswe tsika dzechiGiriki. Kukunda kwake kwakasimbisa chiGiriki chaizivikanwa, kana kuti Koine, semutauro wevanhu vose muMiddle East mose. Somugumisiro, vaJudha vazhinji vakakura vasingagone kurava chiHebheru uye nokudaro vakanga vasingakwanisi kurava Magwaro. Naizvozvo, munenge muna 280 B.C.E., rimwe boka revadzidzi vaifunda chiHebheru rakaungana kuAlexandria, Egypt, kuti vashandurire Bhaibheri rechiHebheru muchiKoine chaizivikanwa navanhu vakawanda. Shanduro yavo yakasvika pakuzivikanwa seSeptuagint, shoko rechiLatin rinoreva kuti “Makumi manomwe,” zvichireva nhamba yevashanduri inofungidzirwa kuti yakabatanidzwa. Yakapedzwa munenge muna 150 B.C.E.
Munguva yaJesu, chiHebheru chakanga chichiri kushandiswa muPalestine. Bva chiKoine ndicho chakanyanyotonga imomo uye mumaruwa ari kure enyika yeRoma. Vanyori veBhaibheri vechiKristu, naizvozvo, vakashandisa ichi chiGiriki chaizivikanwa kuitira kuti vasvike vanhu vakawanda vemarudzi sevanobvira. Uyewo, vakanokora mashoko zvakasununguka Septuagint ndokushandisa mashoko ayo akawanda.
Sezvo vaKristu vapakuvamba vaiva vafundisi vaishingaira, vakakurumidza kujaira kushandisa Septuagint kubvumikisa kuti Jesu ndiye aiva Mesiya akanga amirirwa kwenguva yakareba. Izvozvi zvakatsamwisa vaJudha ndokuvaita kuti vabudise dzimwe shanduro itsva dzechiGiriki, dzakagadzirirwa kukunda kutaura kwevaKristu kupfurikidza nokuvandudza magwaro avaifarira zvikuru. Somuenzaniso, pana Isaya 7:14 Septuagint yakashandisa shoko rechiGiriki rinoreva “mhandara,” kureva nenzira youporofita mai vaMesiya. Shanduro itsva dzakashandisa shoko rechiGiriki rakasiyana, iro rinoreva kuti “mukadzi muduku.” Kushandiswa kunopfuurira kweSeptuagint nevaKristu pakupedzisira kwakasunda vaJudha kurega maitire avo zvachose uye kutsigira kudzokera kuchiHebheru. Pakupedzisira, chiito ichi chakava chikomborero chekushandurwa kwakatevera kweBhaibheri nemhaka yokuti chakabatsira kuchengeta mutauro wechiHebheru.
Vabudisi Vemabhuku Vokutanga vechiKristu
VaKristu vapakuvamba vaishingaira vakatanga kubudisa makopi akawanda eBhaibheri avaikwanisa, ose akanyorwa nemaoko. Vakatangawo kushandisa kodhekisi, iyo yaiva nemapeji anenge emabhuku amazuva ano, panzvimbo pokuramba vachishandisa manyoro. Kunze kwokuti inowana magwaro nokukurumidza, kodhekisi yaigona kuva nezvakawanda muvhoriyamu imwe chete kupfuura zvaigona kunyorwa mumupumburu mumwe chete—somuenzaniso, Magwaro ose echiGiriki kana kutoti Bhaibheri rose.
Mabhuku eMagwaro echiGiriki echiKristu akapedzwa munenge muna 98 C.E. nemabhuku omuapostora wokupedzisira aive achiri mupenyu, Johane. Kune chidimbu chekopi yeEvhangeri yaJohane, chinonzi Rylands Papyrus 457 (P52), chegore risingapfuuri 125 C.E. Kare sa150 kusvikira kuna 170 C.E., Tatian, mumwe mudzidzi waJustin Martyr, akabudisa Diatessaron, nhoroondo youpenyu hwaJesu yakaunganidzwa kubva muEvhangeri ina dzimwe chetedzo dzinowanwa mumaBhaibheri edu anhasi.a Izvozvi zvakaratidza kuti akarangarira Evhangeri idzodzo kuva dzechokwadi uye kuti dzakanga dzichitoshandiswa. Munenge muna 170 C.E., ndaza yakatanga kuzivikanwa yemabhuku e“Testamende Itsva,” yainzi Muratorian Fragment, yakabudiswa. Inoronga mabhuku mazhinjisa eMagwaro echiGiriki echiKristu.
Kupararira kwezvitendero zvechiKristu kwakakurumidza kuita kuti kushandurwa kweMagwaro echiGiriki echiKristu pamwe chete neMagwaro echiHebheru kudiwe. Shanduro dzakawanda mumitauro yakadai sechiArmenian, chiCoptic, chiGeorgian, uye chiSyriac dzakaitwa pakupedzisira. Kazhinji kazhinji maarufabheti aifanira kugadzirwa nokuda kwedonzo iroro chete. Somuenzaniso, Ulfilas, mumwe bhishopu wemuzana ramakore rokutanga weChechi yeRoma, anonzi akagadzira arufabheti yechiGothic kuti ashandure Bhaibheri. Asi akasiya mabhuku aMadzimambo nemhaka yokuti aifunga kuti aizokurudzira zvishuvo zvokuda kurwa zvevaGoth. Chiito ichochi, zvisinei, hachina kudzivisa vaGoth “vechiKristu” kuparadza Rome muna 410 C.E.!
MaBhaibheri echiLatin nechiSlavonic
Munguvayi, chiLatin chakava chinokosha zvikuru, uye shanduro dzinoverengeka dzechiLatin chakare dzakaoneka. Asi dzakanga dzakasiyana mumanyorerwe nokururama. Naizvozvo muna 382 C.E., Pope Damasus akatuma munyori wake, Jerome, kundonyora Bhaibheri rechiLatin.
Jerome akatanga nokuvandudza shanduro dzechiLatin dzeMagwaro echiGiriki echiKristu. Nokuda kweMagwaro echiHebheru, zvisinei, akasimbirira pakushandura kubva muchiHebheru chapakuvamba. Nokudaro, muna 386 C.E., akatamira kuBethlehem kuti andofunda chiHebheru uye kundotsvaga rubatsiro rwarabhi. Nokuda kwokuita izvi, akakonzera gakava rakati muchechi. Vamwe, kubatanidza Augustine uyo akararama panguva imwe chete naJerome, vaidavira kuti Septuagint yakanga yakafuridzirwa, uye vakapomera Jerome ku“enda kuvaJudha.” Achifambira mberi, Jerome akapedza bhuku rake munenge muna 400 C.E. Kupfurikidza nokuswedera pedyo nendimi dzapakuvamba namanyoro uye kupfurikidza nokuashandura kuva mutauro wezuva iroro, Jerome akagadza muenzaniso wemitoo yanhasi yokushandura kare ikako. Bhuku rake rakasvika pakuzivikanwa seVulgate, kana kuti Shanduro Yavose, uye rakabatsira vanhu kwemazana emakore.
MuchiKristudhomu chokumabvazuva vanhu vakawanda vaigona kurava Septuagint neMagwaro echiGiriki echiKristu. Gare gare, zvisinei, mitauro yemhuri yechiSlavonic, kana kuti chiSlavic, yakatanga kushandiswa mumativi ekumabvazuva kweEurope. Muna 863 C.E., mukoma nomunun’una vaitaura chiGiriki, Cyril naMethodius, vakaenda kuMoravia, kunozivikanwa zvino seCzech Republic. Vakavamba kushandura Bhaibheri muchiSlavonic Chekare. Kuti vaite kudaro, vakagadzira arufabheti yechiGlagolitic, iyo yakasvika yakatsiviwa gare gare nearufabheti yeCyrillic, ichitumidzwa zita raCyril. Aya ndiwo aiva manyuko echiRussian chanhasi, chiUkrainian, chiSerbian, uye manyoro echiBulgarian. Bhaibheri rechiSlavonic rakashandiswa nevanhu venzvimbo iyoyo kwemazana amakore. Pashure penguva yakati, kunyange zvakadaro, sezvo mitauro yakachinja, rakava risinganzwisiswi nemunhuwo zvake.
Bhaibheri rechiHebheru Rinopukunyuka
Mukati menhambo iyoyi, kubvira munenge muzana ramakore rechitanhatu kusvikira kune rechigumi C.E., boka revaJudha raizivikanwa savaMasorete rakatanga mitoo yokunyora nayo kuti vachengete Rugwaro rwechiHebheru. Vakatoverenga mitsara yose uye kunyange vara rimwe nerimwe, vachiona musiyano waiva pakati pemanyoro, zvose iri nhamburiko yokuchengetedza rugwaro rwechokwadi. Nhamburiko dzavo dzakashanda. Kunokora muenzaniso mumwe chete, kuenzanisa magwaro anhasi evaMasorete neMipumburu yeGungwa Rakafa, yakanyorwa pakati pa250 B.C.E. na50 C.E., kunoratidza kuti hapana chinjo yedzidziso yakaitwa mumakore anopfuura 1 000.b
MuEurope Middle Ages yakanga yakafanana zvikuru neDark Ages. Kurava nokudzidza zvakanga zvakaderera pakati pavanhu. Pakupedzisira, kunyange vafundisi, zvikurukuru, vakava vasingakwanisi kurava chiLatin chechechi uye kazhinji kazhinji vaisatombogona kurava mutauro wavo chaiwo. Ndiyowo yaiva nguva muEurope apo vaJudha vakatamira kunzvimbo dzaigara varombo. Nemhaka yeuku kuparadzaniswa, kuziva chiHebheru cheBhaibheri kwakachengetedzwa. Zvisinei, nemhaka yekusarura rudzi uye kusavimbana, zivo yevaJudha yaisawanzowanika kunze kwenzvimbo dzavaigara. Kumadokera kweEurope, zivo yechiGiriki yakanga ichidererawo. Mumiriro wacho wezvinhu wakanyanyoipiswa nokuremekedza kweChechi Yokumadokero Vulgate yaJerome yechiLatin. Yaiwanzorangarirwa seshanduro bedzi inobvumirwa, kunyange zvazvo pakapera nhambo yeMasorete, chiLatin chakanga chisisina kukurumbira. Nokudaro, chishuvo chokuziva Bhaibheri chakavamba kuvapo zvishoma nezvishoma, zvokuti izvozvo zvakakonzera kupikisana kukuru.
Kushandurwa kweBhaibheri Kunoshorwa
Muna 1079, Pope Gregory VII akapa mirayiro yeMiddle Ages yairambidza kubudiswa uye pane dzimwe nguva kunyange kuva neshanduro dzemimwe mitauro. Akachinja mvumo yokuti Misa ichengeterwe muchiSlavonic nemhaka yokuti zvaida kuti zvikamu zveMagwaro Matsvene zvishandurwe. Zvichipesana zvikuru nezvaive zvakaita vaKristu vapakuvamba, akanyora kuti: “Zvakafadza Mwari Wamasimba Ose kuti magwaro matsvene ave akavanzwa mune dzimwe nzvimbo.” Sezvo ichi chaiva chimiro chechechi chepamutemo, vaitsigira kurava Bhaibheri vainzi vakaipa zvikuru.
Pasinei zvapo nemamiriro ezvinhu aive akaipa, kunyora nokushandurira Bhaibheri mumitauro yaizivikanwa neveruzhinji kwakapfuurira. Shanduro dzaiva mumitauro yakawanda dzakapararira zvisingazivikanwi muEurope. Dzose idzodzo dzakanyorwa nemaoko, sezvo michina yokudhinda yaisimudzika yaisazogadzirwa muEurope kutozosvikira pakati pema1400. Asi sezvo makopi aidhura uye akanga ari mashoma, munhuwo zvake aigona kuzvirangarira kuva anofara kuva nechikamu bedzi chebhuku rimwe reBhaibheri kana kuti mapeji mashomanene. Vamwe vakadzidza zvikamu zvikuru nomusoro, kunyange Magwaro echiGiriki echiKristu ose!
Pashure penguva yakati, zvisinei, kwakava nemasangano akapararira nokuda kwokuvandudzwa kwechechi. Iwaya akakonzerwa nokuziva kwakawedzera kwokukosha kweShoko raMwari muupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Masangano iwaya nekuvandudzwa kwemitoo yokudhinda zvaizotapura sei Bhaibhieri? Uye chii chakaitika kuna William Tyndale neshanduro yake, zvambodudzwa pakuvamba? Tichanzwa iyi nyaya inoshamisa muzvinyorwa zvinotevera.
[Mashoko Omuzasi]
a Bhuku rinonzi Munhu Mukurusa Ati Amborarama, rakabudiswa neWatchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc., muenzaniso wazvino uno wokuwirirana kweEvhangeri ina.
b Ona Insight on the Scriptures, Vhoriyamu 2, peji 315, rakabudiswa neWatchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc.
[Chati iri papeji 8, 9]
Makore Anokosha Mukufambiswa kweBhaibheri
(Kana uchida mashoko azere, ona bhuku racho)
NGUVA YAVOSE ISATI YASVIKA (B.C.E.)
Magwaro echiHebheru akapedzwa c. 443 B.C.E.
400 B.C.E.
Alexander Mukuru (d. 323 B.C.E.)
300 B.C.E.
Septuagint yakavamba c. 280 B.C.E.
200 B.C.E.
100 B.C.E. Manyoro eMugungwa Rakafa Mazhinjisa c. 100 B.C.E. to 68 C.E.
NGUVA YAVOSE (C.E.)
Jerusarema rakaparadzwa 70 C.E.
Magwaro echiGiriki akapedzwa 98 C.E.
100 C.E.
Rylands Papyrus yaJohane (b. 125 C.E.)
200 C.E.
300 C.E.
400 C.E. Vulgate yaJerome yechiLatin c. 400 C.E.
500 C.E.
600 C.E.
Rugwaro rwavaMasorete Rwakaitwa
700 C.E.
800 C.E.
Cyril muMoravia 863 C.E.
900 C.E.
1000 C.E.
Mutemo wairambidza Bhaibheri mumutauro weveruzhinji 1079 C.E.
1100 C.E.
1200 C.E.
1300 C.E.
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 9]
VaKristu vapakuvamba vakatanga kushandiswa kwekodhekisi
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 10]
Jerome akaenda kuBethlehem kundofunda chiHebheru