Mauyire Akaita Bhaibheri Kwatiri—Chikamu Chechitatu

BURMA, 1824—Machinda amambo achangobva kunzvera musha wavafundisi Adoniram naAnn Judson, achitora zvinhu zvose zvaaifunga kuti zvaikosha. Asi haana kuwana pfuma inokosha zvikurusa—runyoro rwakashandurwa rweBhaibheri urwo Ann akanga avanza pasi pemba. Adoniram, mushanduri wacho, anorara akasungwa mujeri rakazara noumhutu, achipomerwa kusora. Zvino mvura ingangoparadza runyoro rwacho. Runogona sei kuponeswa? Ann anorusonera mupiro ndokurwuendesa kumurume wake ari mutorongo. Piro yacho inochengetwa, uye zvirimo zvinova chikamu cheBhaibheri rokutanga rokuBurma.

Bhaibheri rakapinda mungozi dzakawanda dzakadaro kwemakore akawanda. Muzvinyorwa zvakapfuura, takarangarira kushandurwa nokuparadzirwa kweBhaibheri kubvira pakupedzwa kwaro kusvikira pakuvamba kwema1600. Bhaibheri rakatsungirira sei kubvira panguva iyoyo kusvikira nhasi? Richazombowanika kuvanhu vose here? Watch Tower Society yakaita basai?

Vafundisi Nemasangano eBhaibheri

Munyika dzakawanda, ma1600 nema1700 airatidzirwa nekuwedzera kukuru kwekurava Bhaibheri. England zvikurukuru yakachinjwa zvikuru neBhaibheri mukati menhambo iyi. Kutaura idi, nhau dzeBhaibheri nedzidziso zvaizadza ndangariro dzomunhu anenge wose munyika, kubvira kuna mambo kusvikira kumurimi. Asi pesvedzero yeBhaibheri yaiva yakakura. England panguva iyoyo yaiva nyika yaishandisa gungwa mune zvokutengeserana nezvematongerwe enyika, uye mamwe maNgezi aifamba neBhaibheri panzendo dzawo. Izvozvi zvakavamba nhimbe yakawedzerwa yekuparadzira Bhaibheri.

Nechokumugumo kwema1700, Bhaibheri rakaita kuti vamwe vaiva muEngland vafunge nezvezvinodikanwa zvomudzimu zvevanhu vomunzvimbomo vaiva munyika dziri kure kweUmambo hweBritain. Uku kuitira hanya kwaisava mupasi rose, zvisinei. Vaendi kuchechi vakawanda vaidavira kufanotemerwa mugumo, uye naizvozvo vairangarira kuti kwaiva kuda kwaMwari kuti vamwe vanhu vasaponeswe. Apo aizova mufundisi William Carey akapa hurukuro nokushingaira kuti vanhu vatsigire musha wavafundisi muIndia, mumwe munhu akadanidzira nokutuka achiti: “Gara pasi, jaya; kana Mwari achida kutendeutsa vahedheni, Achaita kudaro asingabatsirwi newe!” Kunyange zvakadaro, Carey akaenda kuIndia muna 1793. Nenzira inoshamisa, pakupedzisira akashandura Bhaibheri rose kana kuti mativi aro mumitauro 35 yeIndia.

Vafundisi vakaziva kuti mudziyo wavo mukuru waiva Bhaibheri mumutauro wavanhu vemo. Bva, ndiani aizogovera maBhaibheri? Nenzira inofadza, sangano raizoparadzira maBhaibheri kupota nyika rakakurudzirwa risingazivi nemumwe musikana wekuWales aiva namakore 16, Mary Jones. Muna 1800, Mary akafamba netsoka makiromita 40 kuti anotenga Bhaibheri rechiWelsh kune mumwe mufundisi. Akanga achengeta mari yake kwemakore matanhatu, uye apo Mary akaziva kuti maBhaibheri akanga atengeswa ose, akachema aodzwa mwoyo. Aororwa zvikuru, mufundisi wacho akapa Mary rimwe remaBhaibheri ake.

Pashure pezvo, mufundisi akarangarira vamwe vakawanda vaida maBhaibheri, uye akakurukura chinetso chacho neshamwari muLondon. Mugumisiro wacho waiva kutangwa kweBritish and Foreign Bible Society, muna 1804. Chivimbiso chayo chaiva chakanaka: Kugovera vanhu maBhaibheri akachipa mumutauro wavo, akadhindwa “asina kunyorwa mamwe mashoko kana kuti tsinhiro.” Kupfurikidza nokubvisa tsinhiro dzomumamajini, vavambi veSangano racho vaikarira kudzivisa kukakavadzana pamusoro pedzidziso. Kanoverengeka, kunyange zvakadaro, Bible Society yaikamurwa pamusoro peApocrypha, kubhabhatidzwa kupfurikidza nokunyudzwa, uye dzidziso yoUtatu.

Mbavarira yapakuvamba yakapararira nokukurumidza, uye pakasvika 1813 mamwe masangano akanga avambwa muGermany, Netherlands, Denmark, uye Russia. Pashure penguva yakati, masangano eBhaibheri mune dzimwe nyika akawedzerwa. Apo masangano apakuvamba eBhaibheri akaronga vavariro dzawo, aifunga kuti nyika yose yaishandisa mitauro mikuru mishomanene. Vaisambofunga kuti kwaiva nezviuru! Vashanduri vashomanene zvikuru vaiziva chiHebheru nechiGiriki kuti vashandure zvakananga mumutauro womunzvimbomo. Naizvozvo, apo British and Foreign Bible Society yakatsigira shanduro, vashanduri vaiwanzoshandisa King James Version yemutauro wechiNgezi.

Kuedza Kwomumwe Mushanduri

Chikamu chikuru cheBhaibheri chine nhoroondo nemienzaniso yakavakirwa pazviitiko zvezuva nezuva. Izvi zvinoita kuti rive nyore zvikuru kushandura kupfuura kudai rakanga rakanyorwa nemashoko asinganzwisisiki eruzivo. Sezvingakarirwa, zvisinei, nhamburiko dzapakuvamba dzavafundisi pane dzimwe nguva dzaibudisa shanduro dzinokanganisa kana kuti dzinosetsa. Imwe shanduro, somuenzaniso, yakapa vanhu mune chimwe chikamu cheIndia pfungwa yokuti Mwari munhu ane ruvara rwebhuruu. Shoko rakashandiswa nokuda kwa“vokudenga” mumashoko okuti “Baba vokudenga” raireva “kuva neruvara rwedenga”—matenga chaiwoiwo!

Pamusoro pemhinganidzo dzomushanduri, Adoniram Judson akanyora muna 1819 kuti: ‘Patinodzidza mutauro unotaurwa navanhu vari kune rimwe divi rapasi, vane mataurire atisingazivi, uye mavara namashoko asina kufanana nomutauro upi noupi watati tamboona; patinenge tisina duramazwi kana kuti muturikiri uye tichifanira kunzwisisa mutauro wacho tisati tagona kuwana mudzidzisi wemutauro wacho—zvinoreva basa!’ Uye basa ravashanduri vakadai saJudson rakawedzera zvikuru kuwanikwa kweBhaibheri.—Ona chati riri papeji 12.

Ann Judson akabatsira murume wake nebasa rakaoma rokushandura. Asi vanaJudson vakasangana nemiedzo inopfuura yokungoshandura chete. Apo machinda amambo akapfigira Adoniram mujeri, Ann akanga aine pamuviri. Nenzira youshingi, kwemwedzi 21 akakumbira vakuru vakuru vane utsinye kuti vasunungure murume wake. Nhamo iyoyo pamwe chete nokurwara zvakamukuvadza. Isiri nguva refu pashure pokunge Adoniram asunungurwa, Ann wake akashinga nemwanasikana wavo muduku vakafa nokurwara. Adoniram akaodzwa mwoyo. Zvisinei, akatarira kuna Mwari nokuda kwesimba uye akapfuurira kushandura, achipedza Bhaibheri reBurma muna 1835. Munguvayi, zvimwe zvinetso pamusoro peBhaibheri zvakanga zvichitanga.

Makakatanwa Pamusoro peBhaibheri

Ma1800 akava nemakakatanwa makuru enzanga neezvematongerwe enyika, pane dzimwe nguva Bhaibheri richiva ndiro raikurukurwa. Somuenzaniso, kunyange zvazvo Russian Bible Society yakavamba nokutsigirwa namambo neRussian Orthodox Church, pashure penguva yakati vakaparadza ndokurambidza Sangano racho. (Zviuru zvemaBhaibheri zvakanga zvatopiswa rinenge gore izvozvo zvisati zvaitika nevashori veSangano racho.) Vafundisi veOrthodox pari zvino vakatsvaka kugumisa zvakanga zvavambwa nembavarira nevaKristu vapakuvamba—kuparadzira Bhaibheri munyika yose. Vatungamiriri veOrthodox muzana ramakore rechi19 vakati Bhaibheri raityisidzira chiremera chezvose zviri zviviri Chechi neHurumende. Nenzira inoshamisa, sangano rakanga riri kuvamba rezvematongerwe enyika rakasvika pakurangarira Bhaibheri, kwete setyisidziro yezviremera, asi, panzvimbo pezvo, sechombo cheChechi neHurumende chokuita kuti vanhu varambe vachizviisa pasi. Bhaibheri rairwiswa kumativi ose!

Makore akatevera Bhaibheri rakarwiswawo zvine “unyanzvi.” Muna 1831, Charles Darwin akaenda nechikepe parwendo rwakatungamirira kuvambwa kwerondedzero yemhindumupindu. Muna 1848, Marx naEngels vakabudisa Communist Manifesto, ichiratidzira chiKristu sechombo chokudzvinyirira. Uyewo mukati menguva iyi, vanonzvera kunyorwa kweBhaibheri vakapokana pamusoro pokuvimbika kwaMagwaro uye vakati vanhu vanotaurwa muBhaibheri havasi vanhu chaivo vakararama—kunyange Jesu pachake! Asi vamwe vanhu vanofunga vakaziva unyengeri hwefungidziro dzairamba Mwari neBhaibheri, uye vakatsvaka nzira dzounyanzvi dzokusimbisa nadzo kuvimbika kweBhaibheri. Mumwe waivava aiva Konstantin von Tischendorf, imwe nyanzvi yemitauro yeGermany.

Zviwanwa Zvinobatsira Kubvumikisa Bhaibheri

Tischendorf akafamba muMiddle East yose achitsvaka manyoro akare eBhaibheri, achikarira kusimbisa magwaro apakuvamba eBhaibheri zvapachokwadi. Muna 1859, gore rimwe chete iro Darwin akabudisa The Origin of Species, Tischendorf akawana kopi yakakwana yakaresa zvikuru yaizivikanwa yeMagwaro echiGiriki echiKristu mune mumwe musha wamamongi mujinga meGomo reSinai. Inozivikanwa seCodex Sinaiticus, uye sezvinobvira yakabudiswa anenge makore 50 Jerome asati apedza Vulgate yechiLatin. Kunyange zvazvo kururama kwokubvisa kwake rugwaro rwacho mumusha unogara mamongi kuchiri kupokanwa, Tischendorf akarwubudisa, nokudaro achiita kuti ruwanike kunyanzvi.a

Nemhaka yokuti Sinaiticus yaiva pakati pemanyoro omutauro wapakuvamba ekaresa, haina bedzi kungoratidzira kuti Magwaro echiGiriki akanga aramba asina kuchinjwa asiwo yakabatsira nyanzvi kuratidza mhosho dzakanga dzapinda mumanyoro akatevera. Somuenzaniso, panotaurwa nezvaJesu pana 1 Timotio 3:16 muSinaiticus panoti: “Akaratidzwa panyama.” Panzvimbo ya“aka,” manyoro akawanda aizivikanwa panguva iyoyo airatidza zita rokudimburira ra“Mwari,” rakaitwa kupfurikidza nokuchinjwa kuduku kweshoko reGiriki nokuda kwa“aka.” Zvisinei, Sinaiticus yakaitwa makore akawanda kusati kwambova nerunyoro rwupi norwupi rwechiGiriki rwunorava kuti “Mwari.” Nokudaro, yakazivisa kuti rugwaro rwakanga rwashatiswa, sezviri pachena rwakapinzwa kuti rutsigire dzidziso yoUtatu.

Kubvira panguva yaTischendorf, manyoro akawanda akawanika. Nhasi, hwerengedzo yamanyoro anozivikanwa aMagwaro echiHebheru inenge 6 000, uye yeMagwaro echiGiriki, inopfuura 13 000. Kufundwa kwaiwawa achienzaniswa kwakaguma nerugwaro rwomutauro wapakuvamba runogona kuvimbwa nechivimbo. Sokunyora kunoita nyanzvi F. F. Bruce: “Kurava . . . zvakasiyana-siyana hakuchinji mashoko eidi renhau kana kuti kutenda kwechiKristu nemaitiro.” Nepo kushandurirwa kweBhaibheri mune mitauro yakawanda kwakapfuurira, iyi zivo yakawedzerwa yaizotapura sei vanhu?

Watch Tower Society neBhaibheri

Muna 1881 rimwe boka duku asi rapachokwadi revadzidzisi veBhaibheri navadzidzi rakaumba yakazosvika pakuzivikanwa seWatch Tower Bible and Tract Society. Pakutanga, vaiparadzira maBhaibheri akabudiswa nemamwe masangano eBhaibheri, kubatanidza Magwaro echiGiriki aTischendorf. Pakasvika 1890, zvisinei, vakanga vapinda zvakananga mukubudisa Bhaibheri, vachitsigira pakutanga shanduro dzeBhaibheri dzakati. Muna 1926 Sosaiti yakavamba kudhinda Bhaibheri nemichina yayo yokudhinda. Asi kudikanwa kweshanduro yakavandudzwa yeBhaibheri kwakanga kuchiva pachena zvikuru. Zivo yakawanwa kupfurikidza nezviwanwa zvitsva neunyanzvi zvomuzana ramakore rakapfuura zvaigona kushandiswa kubudisa Bhaibheri rinonzwisisika, risingadhuri here? Neiyi vavariro, Sosaiti yakatanga muna 1946 kubudisa shanduro itsva yaMagwaro.

Shanduro Imwe Chete, Mitauro Yakawanda

Dare rokushandura revaKristu vakazodzwa vane ruzivo rwokuzviwanira rakarongwa kuti ribudise New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures muchiNgezi. Rakaitwa mumavhoriyamu matanhatu, rikabudiswa muna 1950 kusvikira muna 1960, kuvamba neMagwaro echiGiriki echiKristu. Kubvira muna 1963 rakashandurirwa mune mimwe mitauro 27 yokuwedzera, nekufambira mberi kukuru. Vavariro dzemimwe mitauro dzave dzakafanana nedzechiNgezi. Yokutanga, shanduro yacho inofanira kuva yakarurama, iri pedyo nemifungo yapakuvamba sezvinobvira. Revo yacho haifaniri kuchinjwa kuti iwirirane nedzidziso yakati. Yechipiri, kuwirirana kunofanira kuchengetwa, shanduro yacho ichiwirirana nekushandura kumwe nokuda kweshoko rimwe chete sezvinobvumira mashoko akapoteredza. Mutoo wakadaro unobatsira varavi kuona nzira iyo vanyori veBhaibheri vaishandisa nayo mashoko akati. Chechitatu, shanduro inofanira kuva chaiyoiyo sezvinobvira pasina kukanganisa revo. Kuva chaiyoiyo kunopa muravi zvairehwa chaizvo nemitauro yapakuvamba nemifungo inobatanidzwa. Uye chechina, inofanira kuva iri nyore kuvanhuwo zvavo kuti varave nokunzwisisa.

Mashandurirwe chaiwoiwo eNew World Translation yechiNgezi anoita kuti rikwanise kushandiswa kushandurira mune mimwe mitauro. Nokuda kweichi chikonzero mapoka eshanduro eSosaiti pari zvino anoshandisa makombiyuta emberi kuti vakurumidzise basa ravo ndokuriita kuti rive rakarurama zvikuru. Uyu mutoo unobatsira vashanduri kuunganidza mashoko anowirirana emutauro wavo nokuda kweshoko guru riri rose. Unovagonesawo kufunda shanduro dzechiNgezi nokuda kweshoko rimwe nerimwe rechiHebheru nechiGiriki muBhaibheri.

Kushandura kubva muchiNgezi, panzvimbo pokushandura zvakananga kubva muchiHebheru nechiGiriki, kune betsero dzinokosha. Kunze kwokupfupikisa nguva yokushandura, kunoita kuti mitauro ibatane. Nei? Nemhaka yokuti zviri nyore zvikuru kushandura zvakarurama kubva mune mutauro wanhasi kuenda kune mumwe pane kushandura kubva mumutauro wakare kuenda kune wamazuva ano. Pashure pezvose, vashanduri vanogona kubvunza varidzi vomutauro wamazuva ano asi kwete vemitauro yaitaurwa zviuru zvamakore zvakapfuura.

Mashoko Akanaka Nokuda Kwamarudzi Ose

Zvakawanda zvaigona kunyorwa pamusoro pavarume navakadzi vakatsunga avo vakabatsira kuita kuti Bhaibheri rive bhuku rinowanika zvikuru pasi pano. Mumazana amakore akawanda, maBhaibheri anenge mabhiriyoni mana nezvikamu zveBhaibheri zvakadhindwa mumitauro inopfuura zviuru zviviri, inotaurwa nevanhu vanopfuura zvikuru 90 muzana yavagari vapasi!

Bhaibheri rakafanotaura kuziviswa kwomunyika yose kweUmambo hwaMwari muzuva redu. Neiri donzo, Jehovha Mwari pachake akatungamirira vanhu nenzira yakajeka kuita kuti Bhaibheri riwanike zvino munenge munyika yose. (Mateo 13:47, 48; 24:14) Vashanduri veBhaibheri vasingatyi nevabudisi vemunguva yakare vakaisa pangozi zvinhu zvose kuti vatipe Shoko raMwari—kunobva bedzi chiedza munyika ine rima mutsika. Muenzaniso wavo ngaukusunde kurava Shoko iroro, kurarama maererano naro, uye kugoverana nekutsunga kumwe chete kwavakaratidza. Hongu, zuva riri rose, shandisa zvakazara Bhaibheri rakavimbika raunaro!—Isaya 40:6-8.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Chati iri papeji 12]

Kukura Kwokushandurwa kweBhaibheri

(Kana uchida mashoko azere, ona bhuku racho)

Nhamba

Yemitauro

1 VaJudha vakavamba kushandurira Magwaro echiHebheru muchiGiriki

c. 280 B.C.E.

12 Jerome anopedza Vulgate yechiLatin c. 400 C.E.

35 Gutenberg anopedza Bhaibheri rokutanga rakadhindwa c. 1455

81 British and Foreign Bible Society yakavambwa muna 1804

Nhamba Inofungidzirwa Yemitauro Maererano Negore

522

1900

600

700

800

900

1,049

1950

1,100

1,200

1,300

1,471

1970

2,123

1996

2,200

2,300

2,400

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Kwazvakabva: Christianity Today, United Bible Society

[Vakatipa Mufananidzo uri papeji 9]

Mountain High Maps® Copyright © 1995 Digital Wisdom, Inc.

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 8]

Judson akasungwa ndokudhonzwa

[Kwazvakatorwa]

From the book Judson the Hero of Burma, by Jesse Page

[Mifananidzo iri papeji 10]

Tischendorf akaponesa manyoro anokosha pane uno musha wamamongi mujinga meGomo reSinai

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Pictorial Archive (Near Eastern History) Est.