“ʻOua ʻe Fakangaloʻi Ho Fakamalú!”

MEI HE TOKOTAHA-TOHI ʻĀ HAKE! ʻI PILITĀNIA

ʻI HA ʻaho anga-maheni ʻi Pilitānia, ʻoku toʻo ai ʻe he kakai tokolahi ha fakamalu. ʻOku ʻikai ʻaupito te ke fakapapauʻi ʻe ʻikai ʻuha. “ʻOua ʻe fakangaloʻi ho fakamalú!” ko ʻemau feuiʻaki holo ia ʻi heʻemau mavahe mei ʻapí—pea mau liʻaki taʻetokanga leva nai ia ʻi he pasí pe lēlué pe ʻi ha falekoloa. ʻIo, ʻoku mau hehema ke fakamaʻamaʻaʻi homau fakaū toʻotoʻo holó, koeʻuhí ʻe lava ke mau fakatau mai maʻu pē ha toe fakamalu ʻe taha. Ka ko e fakamalú naʻe ʻikai ke vakai maʻu pē ki ai ʻoku siʻi hono mahuʻingá.

Ko ha Hisitōlia Makehe

Ko e ngaahi ʻuluaki fakamalú ʻoku hā mahino naʻe ʻikai haʻanau kaunga ʻe taha ki he ʻuhá. Ko e ngaahi fakaʻilonga ia ʻo e tuʻunga mo e lāngilangi, naʻe tuku tauhi ki he kakai mahuʻingá. Ko e ngaahi tā tongitongi mo e ngaahi tā valivali motuʻa ʻaupito mei ʻAsīlia, ʻIsipite, Pēsia, mo ʻInitiá ʻoku fakahaaʻi ai ʻa e kau sevāniti ʻoku nau pukepuke ʻa e fanga kiʻi fakamalumalu ʻi ʻolunga he kau pulé ke maluʻi kinautolu mei he laʻaá. ʻI ʻAsīlia, ko e tuʻí pē taha naʻe fakangofua ke ne maʻu ha fakamalú.

ʻI he kotoa ʻo e hisitōliá naʻe hokohoko atu ai hono fakafofongaʻi ʻe he fakamalú ʻa e mafai, tautefito ʻi ʻĒsia. Ko e tuʻunga ʻo ha pule naʻe fakalahi ia ʻo fakatatau ki he lahi ʻo e fakamalu naʻá ne maʻú, hangē ko ia naʻe fakahaaʻi ʻe ha tuʻi Pema ʻa ia naʻe ui ko e ʻEiki ʻo e Fakamalu ʻe Uofulumāfaá. ʻI he taimi ʻe niʻihi ko e lahi ʻo e ngaahi ʻotú naʻe mahuʻinga. Ko e fakamalu ʻo e ʻemipola ʻo Siainá naʻe ʻotu ia ʻe fā, pea ko e tuʻi ʻo Saiamí (Taileni) naʻá ne maʻu ha fakamalu ʻotu fitu pe hiva. Naʻa mo e ʻahó ni ko e fakamalú ʻoku kei hoko pē ia ko ha fakaʻilonga ʻo e mafai ʻi he ngaahi fonua ʻi he Hahaké pea mo ʻAfilika.

Ngaahi Fakamalu Fakalotu

ʻI hono muʻaki hisitōliá, naʻe hoko ai ʻa e fakamalú ʻo fekauʻaki mo e lotú. Ko e kau ʻIsipite motuʻá naʻa nau fakakaukau ko e ʻotua fefine ko Nutu naʻá ne fakamalumaluʻi ʻa e foʻi māmaní kotoa ʻaki ʻa hono sinó, ʻo hangē tofu pē ha fakamalú. Ko ia naʻe ʻalu holo ʻa e kakaí ʻi he malumalu ʻo honau “ngaahi fakamalumalu” ala ʻave holó ke maʻu ʻa ʻene maluʻí. ʻI ʻInitia mo Siaina, naʻe tui ʻa e kakaí ko ha fakamalu ʻoku teke ʻokú ne fakatātaaʻi ʻa e ʻaleso ʻo hēvaní. Naʻe ngāueʻaki ia ʻe he muʻaki kau lotu Putá ko ha fakaʻilonga kia Puta, pea ko e ngaahi ʻato fuopotopoto ʻo honau ngaahi langa fakamanatú ne faʻa fokotuʻu ʻi ʻolunga ai ʻa e ngaahi fakamalu. Ko e ngaahi fakamalú ko ha konga foki ia ʻo e tui faka-Hinituú.

Naʻe mafola ʻa e ngaahi fakamalú ki Kalisi ʻi he aʻu ki he 500 K.M., ʻa ia naʻe toʻo holo ai ʻi ʻolunga he ngaahi ʻīmisi ʻo e ngaahi ʻotuá mo e ngaahi ʻotua fefiné ʻi he ngaahi kātoanga fakalotú. Ko e kakai fefine ʻAtenisí naʻe ʻi ai ʻenau kau sevāniti naʻa nau toʻo ha fakamalumalu mei he laʻaá ʻi ʻolunga ʻia kinautolu, ka ko e kakai tangata tokosiʻi pē ne nau ngāueʻaki iá. Naʻe mafola ʻa e tōʻongá mei Kalisi ki Loma.

Ko e Siasi Katolika Lomá naʻá ne fakakau ʻa e fakamalú ʻi heʻene teunga fakaekātoangá. Naʻe kamata ke hā ʻa e tuʻitapú ʻi he malumalu ʻo ha fakamalu silika kulokula mo e engeenga matohitohi, lolotonga ia ko e kau katinalé mo e kau pīsopé naʻa nau maʻu ʻa e ngaahi fakamalu vāleti pe lanu mata. ʻOku maʻu ʻe he ngaahi pasiliká ʻo aʻu mai ki he ʻahó ni ha sea ki he tuʻitapú fakataha mo ha ombrellone, pe fakamalu, ʻi ʻolunga ai ʻi he ongo lanu fakatuʻitapú. Ko e katinalé ʻa ia ʻoku ngāue ko e ʻulu ʻo e siasí ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e mate ʻa e tuʻitapu ʻe tahá mo hono fili ʻa e tuʻitapu hokó, ʻokú ne toe maʻu ha ombrellone ko hono fakaʻilonga fakafoʻituitui ia lolotonga ʻa e taimi ko iá.

Mei he Fakamalumalu mei he Laʻaá ki he Fakaū mei he ʻUhá

ʻI he ʻahó ni ʻoku tau fakafaikehekeheʻi ʻa e fakamalu ʻa ia ʻokú ne fakaū kitautolu mei he ʻuhá, pea mo e fakamalumalu, ʻa ia ʻokú ne fakaū kitautolu mei he laʻaá, ka ʻoku ʻikai ha foʻi lea ai ne muʻaki ʻi ai haʻane fehokotaki mo e ʻuhá. Ko e foʻi lea faka-Pilitānia ko e “umbrella” ʻoku haʻu ia mei he foʻi lea faka-Latina ko e umbra, ko hono ʻuhingá ko e “malumalu” pe “ʻata,” pea ko e foʻi lea “parasol” ʻoku haʻu ia mei he ongo foʻi lea ko hono ʻuhingá ko e “fakaū” mo e “laʻā.” Ko e kau Siainá pe ko e kakai fefine nai ʻo Loma motuʻá naʻa nau kamata ke fakalolo pea fakafefekaʻi ʻenau ngaahi meʻa fakamalumalu pepá ko ha maluʻi mei he ʻuhá. Kae kehe, ko e foʻi fakakaukau ʻo ha meʻa fakamalumalu mei he laʻaá pe ko ha fakaū mei he ʻuhá ne mole ia mei ʻIulope ʻo toki aʻu mai ki he senituli hono 16 ʻa ia naʻe toe kamata ke ngāueʻaki ai ia ʻe he kau ʻĪtalí, pea ki mui ai ko e kau Falaniseé.

ʻI he aʻu mai ki he senituli hono 18, naʻe kamata ai ke toʻo fakamalu ʻa e kakai fefine ʻi Pilitāniá, neongo ia naʻe kei fakafisi pē ʻa e kakai tangatá ke ngāueʻaki ʻa e meʻa naʻa nau vakai ki ai ko e teuteu fakafefiné. Tuku kehe pē ʻa e faʻahinga ne ʻi ai honau fale kofí, ʻa ia naʻa nau ʻiloʻi ʻa e ʻaonga ʻo hono maʻu ha fakamalu ʻo mateuteu ke fakaūʻaki ʻa e kau kasitomaá ʻi he taimi kovi ʻa e ʻeá ʻi heʻenau hū ki tuʻa ki heʻenau ngaahi salioté. Ko e kau faifekaú foki naʻa nau ʻiloʻi naʻe mātuʻaki ʻaonga ia ʻi he ngaahi loto ʻapi fakasiasí ʻi he taimi naʻa nau fai ai ha ngaahi malanga putu ʻi heʻene ʻuha lahí.

Ko e tokotaha fefonongaʻaki mo ngāue ki he lelei ʻa e tangatá ko Jonas Hanway naʻá ne liliu ʻa hono ngāueʻaki ʻo e fakamalú ʻi ʻIngilaní. ʻOku pehē tokua ko e ʻuluaki tangata ia naʻá ne maʻu ʻa e loto-toʻa ke toʻo fakahāhā ha fakamalu ʻi Lonitoní. ʻI heʻene mamata ki hono ngāueʻaki ia ʻe he kakai tangatá ʻi heʻene ngaahi fononga ki mulí, naʻá ne fakapapauʻi ai ke ne fakahāhā loto-toʻa ia ki he kau tangata fakaʻuli saliote fakaʻaluma ʻiteʻitá ʻa ia ne nau pī ʻosi fakakaukauʻi ia ʻaki ʻa e pelepela mei he fakatalí ʻi heʻenau fakaʻuli maí. Ne vakai maʻu pē kia Hanway mo hono fakamalú ʻo feʻunga mo e taʻu ʻe 30, pea ʻi he aʻu mai ki he taimi ʻo ʻene maté ʻi he 1786, naʻe toʻo fakamalu fiefia holo ai ʻa e kakai tangatá pea pehē ki he kakai fefiné.

Ko hono ngāueʻaki ha fakamalu ʻuha ʻi he ngaahi ʻaho ko iá ko ha pole moʻoni ia. Ko e ngaahi fuʻu fakamalu ko iá naʻe lalahi ʻaupito, ʻo mamafa pea ʻikai fakafiemālie. Ko honau ʻufiʻufi silika fakalolo pe ngaahi lauʻi laá mo honau ngaahi kahokí mo e ngaahi kau vaʻakau pe huiʻi tofuaʻaá naʻe ʻai ai ke faingataʻa hono teke kinautolu ʻi heʻenau vivikú, pea naʻa nau tutulu. Ka neongo ia, naʻe fakautuutu ʻenau manakoá, tautefito he naʻe maʻamaʻa ke fakatau mai ha fakamalu ʻi hano haea ha saliote ʻi he taimi naʻe ʻuha aí. Naʻe tupulaki ʻa e kau ngaohi fakamalú mo e ngaahi falekoloa ki aí, pea naʻe fakahanga ʻe he kau faʻu foʻoú ʻenau tokangá ki hono fakaleleiʻi ʻa e tisainí. ʻI he vaeuaʻanga ʻo e senituli hono 19, naʻe kamata ai ʻe Samuel Fox ʻa e sīpinga Paragon, ʻa ia naʻe ʻi ai hono faʻunga maʻamaʻa ka ko e sitila mālohi. Ko e ngaahi tupenu maʻamaʻa ange hangē ko e siliká, tupenú, mo e līneni ʻufiʻufi uakisí ne nau fetongi ʻa e ngaahi ʻufiʻufi mamafa motuʻá. Naʻe hoko mai ai ʻa e fakamalu fakaeonopōní.

Ākenga Fakaeteuteu

Ko e meʻa fakamalumalu he taimi ní naʻe hoko ʻo manakoa ʻaupito ia ko ha ākenga fakaeteuteu matamatalelei ia ki he fefine fakasitaila ʻi ʻIngilaní. ʻI heʻene tapua atu ʻa e ngaahi ākenga feliliuakí, ko ʻene meʻa fakamalumalu fakaʻofoʻofá naʻe tupu ia ʻo toe lahi ange pea naʻe ʻufiʻufi ʻaki ia ʻa e kalasi kehekehe ʻo e ngaahi silika mo e sātini lanu mataʻāʻā. Naʻe faʻa hoa ia mo hono teungá pea naʻe teuteuʻi ia ʻaki ʻa e ngaahi teuteu leisi, ngaahi pao, ngaahi līpine, ngaahi loufau, pea naʻa mo e ngaahi fulufuluʻi manupuna. ʻI heʻene hoko lahi mai ki he senituli hono 20, ne ʻikai ha fefine taau ʻokú ne fakaʻamu ke fakatolonga ʻa e hā lelei ʻa hono kilí ʻe vakai ki ai ʻoku ʻikai haʻane meʻa fakamalumalu.

ʻI he 1920 tupú, naʻe hoko ai ʻa e kili melomeló ko e ākenga manakoá ia, pea naʻe mole lahi atu ai ʻa e meʻa fakamalumalú. Naʻe hoko leva he taimi ko ení ʻa e tangataʻeiki ʻo e koló mo hono teunga ʻo e tatā fuopotopotó mo e fakamalu pelu ʻuliʻulí, ʻa ia naʻe ngāueʻaki ia ko ha tokotoko sitaila.

Hili ʻa e tau hono ua ʻa māmaní, naʻe ʻomai ai ʻe he tekinolosia foʻoú ʻa e ngaahi tisaini fakamalu lelei ange ki he māketí, hangē ko e sīpinga pelu ke siʻisiʻí, pea pehē ki he ngaahi ʻufiʻufi nailoni, poliesitā mo e pelesitiki malu mei he vaí. ʻOku kei ʻi ai pē ʻa e fanga kiʻi falekoloa ʻoku ngaohi ai ʻa e ngaahi fakamalu fakaʻofoʻofa fakaʻosi ʻaki ʻa e nimá pea totongi mamafa. Ka ʻi he ngaahi ʻahó ni, ʻoku ngaohi ʻa e ngaahi fakamalu maʻamaʻa lahi ʻi he ngaahi falengāué ʻi he lanu mo e lalahi kehekehe, mei he ngaahi fuʻu fakamalu ki he malaʻe tā pulú pea ki he tēpile ʻi tuʻá ʻo faai hifo ai ki he sīpinga pelupelu senitimita ʻe 15 ʻoku hao lelei ʻi ha pēsí.

Neongo ne vakai ki ai ʻi ha taimi ko ha fakaʻilonga ʻo e tuʻumālie mo ha tuʻunga, ko e fakamalú ʻoku ala maʻu maʻamaʻa ia he taimí ni, pea ʻoku faʻa hoko ia ʻo ʻi he lisi ʻo e ngaahi meʻa ʻoku molé. Ko ha meʻa teuteu mātuʻaki ʻaonga ia ki he maluʻi mei he ʻeá ʻi ha feituʻu pē ʻi he māmaní, pea ko hono muʻaki ngāueʻaki ko ha meʻa fakamalumalu mei he laʻaá ʻoku toe foki ia ʻo hoko ko ha ākenga ʻi he ngaahi fonua ʻe niʻihi, ʻi he fakautuutu ʻa e fakatokanga fekauʻaki mo e ngaahi fakatuʻutāmaki ʻo e ʻasi ki he laʻaá. Ko ia ai, mahalo ʻi he taimi ʻokú ke mavahe ai mei ʻapi he ʻaho ní, te ke fanongo ai mo koe foki ki he fakamanatu: “ʻOua ʻe fakangaloʻi ho fakamalú!”

[Puha/Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 20]

Fakatau Mai pea Tokangaʻi Lelei ho Fakamalú

Fai hoʻo filí ʻi he fakafiemālié pea mo e mālohí. Ko e ākenga pelu maʻamaʻa ange ʻa ia ʻoku faingofua ke faʻo ʻi ha kato lahi ʻo ha kote, ʻoku ngalingali siʻi ange ʻa hono kahokí ka ʻoku siʻi ʻene mālohi ʻi he havili mālohí. ʻI he tafaʻaki ʻe tahá, ko e fakamalu ʻakau anga-mahení ʻoku mamafa ange nai ʻa hono totongí, ka ʻokú ne faʻa matuʻuaki ange ʻa e ʻeá pea tolonga ange. Ko e moʻoni, ko ha fakamalu lelei ʻe lava ke tolonga ia ʻi he ngaahi taʻu lahi. Ko fē pē ʻa e kalasi ʻokú ke filí, maluʻi ia mei he tuhituhí mo e ngaahi toiʻi lanu ʻumeʻumeá ʻaki hono teke ia ke mōmoa fakaʻaufuli ki muʻa ke toe tuku hifo iá. Ko hono tuku ia ʻi hono meʻa faʻoʻangá ʻe tauhi ai ia ke maʻa mo ʻatā mei he efú.

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 27]

Ko ha sevāniti ʻokú ne fakamalumaluʻi ha tuʻi ʻAsīlia

Ko ha fefine ʻi Kalisi motuʻa ʻokú ne toʻo ha fakamalu

[Maʻuʻanga]

Ongo tā valivali: The Complete Encyclopedia of Illustration/J. G. Heck

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 28]

Ko ha meʻa fakamalumalu, ʻi he 1900 nai

[Maʻuʻanga]

Culver Pictures