ʻOku Pau ke Fakaʻauha ʻa e Palanite ko Māmaní?
KO E ngataʻanga ʻo e senituli hono 20 ʻoku vavé ni, pea ʻoku aata mai ʻa e senituli hono 21. ʻI he tuʻungá ni, ko e fuʻu kakai tokolahi ko ē ʻoku nau anga-maheniʻaki ʻa e siʻi, pe ʻikai te nau tokanga ki he ngaahi kikite ʻa ha tokotaha tala fakaʻauhá ʻoku nau fifili pe ʻe ʻi ai nai ha meʻa fakaofo mahuʻinga ki he māmaní ʻe hoko ʻi he kahaʻu ofi maí.
Mahalo pē kuó ke fakatokangaʻi ʻa e ngaahi kupu fekauʻaki mo ʻeni ʻi he nusipepá mo e makasiní—naʻa mo e ngaahi tohi kakato ʻi he tuʻunga-leá. Ko e hā ʻa e ngaahi meʻa ʻe fakahoko ʻi he kamataʻanga ʻo e senituli hono 21, kuo pau ke tau tatali ke sio ki ai. ʻOku tuhu ʻa e kakai ʻe niʻihi ko e aʻu ki he ngataʻanga ʻo e taʻu 2000 ko ha liliu pē ki ha toe taʻu ʻe taha (pe ʻi he miniti ʻe taha, mei he 2000 ki he 2001) pea hangehangē ʻe ʻikai hano fuʻu loko mahuʻingá. Ko e meʻa ʻoku hohaʻa lahi ange ki ai ʻa e tokolahi ko ha kahaʻu fuoloa ki hotau palanité.
Ko ha kikite ʻe taha ʻoku toutou malanga lahi hake ʻi he ngaahi ʻahó ni ko e ʻi ha tuʻunga—tatau ai pē pe ʻe vave pe ʻi he kahaʻu mamaʻó—ko e palanite Māmaní tonu ʻoku pau ia ke fakaʻauha fakaʻaufuli. Vakai angé ki ha ongo fakahā pē ʻe ua fakapoʻupoʻuli pehē ki muʻa.
ʻI heʻene tohi ko e The End of the World—The Science and Ethics of Human Extinction, naʻe ʻuluaki pulusi ʻi he 1996, ʻoku ʻomai ai ʻe he tokotaha faʻu-tohi mo filōsefa ko John Leslie ʻa e ngaahi meʻa ʻe tolu ʻe ala lava ke hoko ko e founga ia ʻe ngata nai ai ʻa e moʻui ʻa e tangatá ʻi he foʻi māmaní. ʻUluakí ʻokú ne ʻeke: “ʻE ʻuhinga ha tau fakaniukilia fakalūkufua ke ngata ai ʻa e matakali ʻo e faʻahinga ʻo e tangatá?” Peá ne tānaki mai: “Ko ha meʻa ʻoku hangehangē ʻe hokó . . . ko e fakaʻauhamālie fakafou ʻi he ngaahi uesia ʻa e hueló: ʻa e ngaahi kanisā, ngaahi vaivai ʻi he fokotuʻutuʻu fakaemaluʻi ʻo e sinó ʻo lava ai ke tupu fakautuutu ʻa e ngaahi mahaki pipihí, pe ngaahi mele lahi ʻi he fanauʻí. ʻE toe ʻi ai foki ʻa e mate ʻa e fanga kiʻi meʻamoʻui valevale ʻoku mahuʻinga ki he moʻui lelei ʻa e ʻātakaí.” Ko ha meʻa hono tolu ʻe ala lava naʻe fokotuʻu mai ʻe Mr. Leslie, ko e lava nai ke taaʻi ʻa e foʻi māmaní ʻe ha foʻi fetuʻu fuka pe ko ha meʻa fakaefetuʻu: “Fekauʻaki mo e ngaahi foʻi fetuʻu fuká mo e ngaahi meʻa fakaefetuʻú ʻa ia ko ʻenau vilo takaí ia mahalo te nau tau ʻi he foʻi Māmaní ʻi ha ʻaho, ʻoku hā ʻoku fakaofiofi ki he ua afé, ʻa ia ko hono fuá ʻoku ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e kilomita ʻe tahá mo e kilomita ʻe hongofulú ʻa hono taiamitá. ʻOku toe ʻi ai foki ha fika mātuʻaki siʻisiʻi ange (ke fakafuofua ʻe hoko ʻo mateʻi ʻataʻatā) ʻo e faʻahinga kei lalahi ange, mo ha fika lahi ʻaupito ʻo e faʻahinga siʻisiʻi angé.”
Ko ha Fakamatala Maʻalaʻala ʻo e “ʻAho Fakaʻauha”
Pe vakai ange ki ha faisaienisi ʻe taha, ko Paul Davies, ko ha palōfesa ʻi he ʻUnivēsiti ʻo ʻAtelaité, ʻAositelēlia. Naʻe fakamatalaʻi ia ʻe he Washington Times “ko e tokotaha tohi saienisi lelei taha ʻi ha tafaʻaki pē ʻo e ʻAtalanitikí.” ʻI he 1994 naʻá ne faʻu ai ʻa e The Last Three Minutes, ʻa ia naʻe fakalea “ko e faʻē ia ʻa e ngaahi tohi kotoa ʻo e ʻaho fakaʻauhá.” Ko e ʻuluaki vahe ʻo e tohí ni ʻoku ui ia ko e “ʻAho Fakaʻauha,” pea ʻokú ne fakamatalaʻi ha sioloto atu ki hono fakahoko ʻa e meʻa ʻe lava ke hokó kapau ʻe taaʻi ʻe ha foʻi fetuʻu fuka ʻa e palanite ko Māmaní. Lau angé ha konga ʻo ʻene fakamatala fakalele lotó:
“ʻOku ngatupe ʻa e palanité ʻi he mālohi, tatau mo e mofuike ʻe taha afe. ʻOku ngatolo ha fuʻu peau ʻo e ʻea fetongi ʻi he funga ʻo e foʻi kolopé, ʻo ne holofa ki lalo ʻa e langa kotoa pē, ʻo laiki momoiki ʻa e meʻa kotoa pē ʻi hono halá. Ko e kelekele tokalelei takatakai ʻi he feituʻu naʻe tau aí ʻe mahiki hake ia ʻi ha huʻa maka vela fuopotopoto ko e ngaahi kilomita ʻa hono māʻolungá, ʻo ne fakaeʻa ʻa e takele ʻo e foʻi Māmaní ʻi ha ngotoʻumu moʻunga afi ʻoku kilomita ʻe teau mā nimangofulu ki he tafaʻaki ʻe tahá. . . . ʻOku mafola mai ʻi he ʻatimosifiá ha fuʻu fokotuʻunga makamaka efu, ʻo ne tāpuniʻi ʻa e laʻaá ʻi he foʻi palanité kotoa. ʻE fetongi ʻi he taimi ko iá ʻa e maama ʻo e laʻaá ʻe ha ulo tamatemate fakaefakaʻauha ʻo ha fetuʻu tō ʻe piliona, ʻoku nau tutu ʻa e kelekele ʻi laló ʻaki ʻa ʻenau vela ʻosiʻosí, lolotonga ia ʻoku ngangana hifo mei he vavaá ʻa e naunau kuo movete ki he ʻatimosifiá.”
ʻOku hoko atu ʻa Palōfesa Davies ʻo fakafehokotaki ʻa e sioloto atu ki he meʻa ko ʻeni ʻe hokó ki he tomuʻa tala ko ha fetuʻu fuka ko Swift-Tuttle ʻe tau ʻi he foʻi māmaní. ʻOkú ne tānaki mai ʻa e fakamatalá neongo ʻoku hangehangē ʻe ʻikai hoko nai ha meʻa pehē ʻi he kahaʻu ofi maí, ʻi heʻene fakakaukaú “kuo pau pē ʻe tau ʻi he foʻi Māmaní ʻa Swift-Tuttle, pe ko ha meʻa hangē ko iá.” Ko ʻene fakamulitukú ʻoku makatuʻunga ia ʻi he fakafuofua ʻa ia ʻoku fokotuʻu mai ai ko e ngaahi meʻa ʻe 10,000 ko e vaeua ʻo ha kilomita pe lahi ange hono taiamitá ʻoku ngaʻunu holo ʻi he ngaahi halanga vilo takai fehauakiʻanga ʻo Māmaní.
ʻOkú ke tui ʻoku moʻoni ʻa e ʻamanaki fakalilifu peheé? Ko ha tokolahi fakaofo ʻo e kakaí ʻoku nau pehē. Ka ʻoku nau tekeʻi ki tafaʻaki ha hohaʻa pē ʻi he fakapapauʻi kiate kinautolu tonu ʻe ʻikai ke hoko ia ʻi honau taimí. Kae kehe, ko e hā ʻoku totonu ʻaupito ai ke fakaʻauha ʻa e palanite ko Māmaní—hala pē ʻi heʻene vave pe ko e laui afeʻi taʻu mei he taimi ní? Ko e moʻoni, ʻoku ʻikai ko e foʻi māmaní tonu ʻa e tupuʻanga tefito ʻo e faingataʻa ki hono kau nofoʻí, ʻa e tangatá pe ko e monumanú. Kae, ʻikai ko e tangatá tonu ʻoku fakafatongiaʻaki ki he lahi taha ʻo e ngaahi palopalema ʻo e senituli hono 20 ní, ʻo kau ai ʻa e ala lava ke “fakaʻauha ʻa e fonua” fakaʻaufuli?—Fakahā 11:18.
Fakafoki ʻa Hono Ngaohikoviʻi ʻe he Tangatá
Fēfē ʻa e ngalingali ala lava lahi ange ke fakaʻauha fakakātoa nai ʻe he tangatá tonu pe maumauʻi ʻa e foʻi māmaní ʻaki ʻa ʻene ngaohikoviʻí mo e mānumanú? ʻOku hā mahino ko e fakaʻauha lahi ʻo e ngaahi konga ʻo e foʻi māmaní kuo ʻosi fai ia fakafou ʻi he fakaʻauha lahi ʻo e vaotaá, ʻuliʻi taʻemapuleʻi ʻo e ʻatimosifiá, mo hono maumauʻi ʻa e ngaahi maʻuʻanga vaí. Naʻe fakanounou lelei ʻa e meʻá ni ʻi he taʻu nai ʻe 25 kuohilí ʻe he ongo faʻu-tohi ko Barbara Ward mo René Dubos ʻi heʻena tohi ko e Only One Earth: “Ko e ngaahi tafaʻaki lalahi ʻe tolu ʻo e ʻuliʻí ʻa ia kuo pau ke tau sivisiviʻí—ko e ʻeá, vaí, mo e kelekelé—ko e moʻoni, ʻoku faʻuʻaki ia ʻa e ngaahi ʻelemēniti tefito ʻe tolu ʻo ʻetau moʻui fakaepalanité.” Pea kuo ʻikai liliu tefito ki he lelei ange ʻa e tuʻungá talu mei ai, kuo pehē?
ʻI he fakakaukau atu ki he malava ʻa e tangatá ke maumauʻi pe fakaʻauha ʻa e foʻi māmaní ʻi hono foʻui pē ʻoʻoná, ʻoku lava ke tau loto-toʻa ʻi he vakai atu ki he mālohi fakaakeake mo fakatupu foʻou fakaofo ʻa e palanite ko Māmaní. ʻI hono fakamatalaʻi ʻa e malava fakaofo ko ʻeni ke toe fakaaké, ʻoku fai ʻe René Dubos ʻa e ngaahi fakamatala fakalototoʻa ko ʻení ʻi ha tohi ʻe taha, ko e The Resilience of Ecosystems:
“ʻOku manavahē ʻa e tokolahi ʻo pehē ko hono ʻiloʻi ko ia ʻo e tōlalo fakaeʻātakaí kuo tupu mātuʻaki tōmui hake ia koeʻuhi he ko e lahi ʻo e maumau kuo ʻosi fai ki he fevilotakaiʻaki ʻi natulá ʻoku ʻikai lava ke toe fakafoki ia. ʻI heʻeku fakakaukaú, ko e tui taʻepau ko ʻení ʻoku ʻikai totonu koeʻuhi ko e fevilotakaiʻaki ʻi natulá ʻoku ʻi ai hono fuʻu ivi fakaakeake lahi mei he ngaahi maumau kuo hokosiá.
“Ko e ngaahi fevilotakaiʻaki ʻi natulá ʻoku nau maʻu ʻa e ngaahi founga ʻe niʻihi ki hono fakaleleiʻi pē ʻo iá. . . . ʻOku nau ʻai ke malava ʻe he fevilotakaiʻaki ʻi natulá ʻo ikunaʻi ʻa e uesia ʻe he ngaahi fakahohaʻa ʻaki pē hono toe fokotuʻu fakalakalaka ʻa e muʻaki tuʻunga ʻo e palanisi ʻa e fevilotakaiʻaki ʻi natulá.”
ʻE Lava Pē ke Fai Ia
Ko ha fakatātā tuʻu-ki-muʻa ʻo e meʻá ni ʻi he ngaahi taʻu ki mui ní ko e fakamaʻa māmālie ʻo e vaitafe Thames ongoongoa ʻo Lonitoní. Ko e tohi ko e The Thames Transformed, ʻa Jeffery Harrison mo Peter Grant, ʻoku hiki ai ʻa e lavameʻa mahuʻingá ni ʻa ia ʻokú ne fakahāhaaʻi ʻa e meʻa ʻe lava ke fai ʻi he taimi ʻoku ngāue fakataha ai ʻa e tangatá maʻá e lelei fakalūkufuá. Naʻe tohi ʻe he Tiuke ʻo ʻEtinipua Pilitāniá ʻi heʻene talateu ki he tohí: “Kuo faifai ʻeni pea ʻi ai ha talanoa lavameʻa ʻi ha tuʻunga lahi pehē ʻa ia ʻoku taau ke pulusi, neongo ai pē ʻa e moʻoniʻi meʻa ko ia ʻo ʻene fakaʻaiʻai nai ʻa e kakai ʻe niʻihi ke nau pehē ko e ngaahi palopalema fekauʻaki mo e fakatolongá ʻoku ʻikai moʻoni ke kovi ia ʻo hangē ko e meʻa naʻe taki ke nau tui ki aí. . . . ʻOku lava ke nau tuipau mei he meʻa kuo lavaʻi ʻi he Thames. Ko e ongoongo leleí ko e lava ko ia ke faí pea ko ʻenau ngaahi faʻufaʻú foki ʻoku lava ke lavameʻa.”
ʻI he vahe “Ko e Fuʻu Fakamaʻá,” ʻoku tohi loto-māfana ai ʻa Harrison mo Grant fekauʻaki mo e meʻa kuo lavaʻi ʻi he ngaahi taʻu ʻe 50 kuohilí: “Ko e ʻuluaki taimi ʻeni ʻi he māmaní, kuo toe fakafoki mai ai ha vaitafe kuo ʻuliʻi lahi mo ngāueʻi ki ha tuʻunga lahi pehē, ʻa ia kuo toe fakafoki mai ki ai ʻa e ngaahi manupuna ʻo e tahí mo e iká ʻo hulu. Ko ha liliu pehē ʻoku hoko ʻo fuʻu vave, ʻi ha tuʻunga ʻa ia ʻi he ʻuluaki taimí naʻe hā mātuʻaki taʻehaʻamanaki, ʻoku ʻomai ai ʻa e fakalototoʻa ʻo aʻu ki he tokotaha faifakatolonga anga-fakaʻaloʻalongaua lahi taha ʻo e ngaahi meʻamoʻui kaivaó.”
ʻOkú na fakamatala leva ki he liliú: “Ko e tuʻunga ʻo e vaitafé naʻe tōlalo tuʻumaʻu ia ʻi he faai mai ʻa e ngaahi taʻú, ʻi he meʻa mahalo, ko e meʻa pango fakaʻosí naʻe hoko ia he lolotonga ʻo e Tau Ua ʻa Māmaní ʻi hono maumauʻi pe fakaʻauha ʻa e ngaahi ngāue lalahi fakatafenga falemālōloó mo e ngaahi fakatafenga vai ʻulí. Lolotonga ʻa e 1940 tupú mo e 1950 tupú ko e moʻui lelei ʻa e Thames naʻe ʻi he tuʻunga māʻulalo tahá. Naʻe fakahoatatau ʻa e vaitafé ki ha fakatafenga vai ʻuli ʻoku ava; ko e vaí naʻe lanu ʻuliʻuli, ʻo ʻikai ʻi ai ha ʻosikena, pea ʻi he lolotonga ʻo e ngaahi māhina ʻi he faʻahitaʻu māfaná ko e namukū mei he Thames naʻe aʻu atu ia ki ha fuʻu ʻēlia lahi. . . . Kuo toʻo atu ʻa e fakapotanga ai ʻa e iká, tuku kehe ʻa e fanga kiʻi toke siʻi pē ʻa ia naʻe malava ke nau hao moʻui koeʻuhi ko ʻenau malava ke mānavaʻaki ʻa e ʻea fakahangatonu mei he fukahi vaí. Ko e moʻui ʻa e manupuna ʻi loto ʻi he ngaahi langa lalahi ʻi he ʻatāloa he vahaʻa ʻo Lonitoni mo Woolwich kuo holo hifo ia ki ha falukunga pē ʻo e fanga pato kaivao mo e fanga suani, pea naʻe fakafalala ʻenau moʻuí ki he ngaahi meʻa naʻe ngangana mei he ngaahi uafu uité kae ʻikai ko ha tokonaki meʻakai fakaenatula. . . . Ko hai leva naʻe tui ʻi he taimi ko iá ki he fakafoki fakaofo naʻe teu ke hokó? ʻI he taʻu pē ʻe hongofulu ko e ʻatāloa tatau pē ko ia ʻo e vaitafé naʻe pau ke liliu ia mei he meimei ʻikai ʻi ai ha manupuná ki ha hūfangaʻanga ki he kalasi kehekehe lahi ʻo e fanga manupuna ʻo e tahí, ʻo kau ai ʻa e tokolahi ko e fanga kuusi aʻu ki he 10,000 ʻi he faʻahitaʻu momokó mo e fanga manupuna ʻo e matātahí ʻe 12,000.”
Ko e moʻoni, ʻoku fakamatalaʻi ʻe he meʻa ko iá ʻa e foʻi liliu pē ʻe taha ʻi he tuliki siʻisiʻi pē ʻe taha ʻo e kolopé. Ka neongo ia, ʻoku lava ke tau toʻo ha ngaahi lēsoni mei he fakatātā ko ʻení. ʻOku fakahaaʻi ai ʻoku ʻikai fiemaʻu ke fakakaukau atu ʻe ʻauha ʻa e palanite ko Māmaní koeʻuhi ko hono ngaohikoviʻí, mānumanú, mo e taʻefakakaukau ʻa e tangatá. Ko ha ako totonu mo e feinga fāʻūtaha maʻá e lelei fakalūkufua ʻa e faʻahinga ʻo e tangatá ʻe lava ke ne tokoniʻi ke fakafoki ʻa e foʻi māmaní naʻa mo e maumau lahí ki heʻene fevilotakaiʻaki ʻi natulá, ʻātakaí, mo e funga fonuá. Kae fēfē ʻa e fakaʻauha ʻe malava ke hoko mei he ngaahi mālohi ʻi tuʻá, hangē ko ha fetuʻu fuka ʻoku fāifononga holo pe ko ha foʻi meʻa fakaefetuʻu?
Ko e kupu hono hokó ʻoku ʻi ai ʻa e kī ki ha tali fakafiemālie ki ha fehuʻi fakatupu fifili pehē.
[Fakamatala ʻi he peesi 5]
Ko e akó mo e feinga fāʻūtahá ʻe lava ke tokoni ia ke fakafoki ʻa e māmaní naʻa mo ha maumau lahi kiate ia tonu