Ko e Fakaʻuhinga Fepakipaki ʻa Tetuliané
‘KO FĒ ha tuʻunga tatau ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e tokotaha Kalisitiané mo e tokotaha filōsefá? ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e taha ʻokú ne fakameleʻi ʻa e moʻoní, mo e taha ʻokú ne fakafoki mai mo akoʻi iá? Ko e hā ʻa e felotoi ʻoku ʻi ai ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e Akó mo e Siasí?’ Ko e ngaahi fehuʻi fefeka peheé naʻe ʻohake ia ʻe Tetuliane, ko ha tokotaha-tohi ʻi he senituli hono ua mo hono tolu T.S. Naʻá ne hoko ʻo ʻiloa ko e “taha ia ʻo e ngaahi tupuʻanga lahi taha ʻo e hisitōlia ʻo e Siasí pea mo e ngaahi tokāteline ʻa ia ne akoʻi ʻi hono taimí.” ʻOku ʻikai meimei hao ha tafaʻaki ʻo e moʻui fakalotú mei heʻene tokangá.
Mahalo naʻe ʻiloa taha ʻa Tetuliané ʻi heʻene fakaʻuhinga fepakipakí, pe ngaahi fakamatala hā ngali fehangahangai hangē ko ení: “ʻOku tautefito leva ʻa e lahi ʻa e ʻOtuá, ʻi Heʻene siʻí.” “[Ko e pekia ʻa e ʻAlo ʻo e ʻOtuá] ʻoku fiemaʻu ke tui ki ai, koeʻuhi ʻoku taʻeʻuhinga.” “Naʻe tanu ʻa [Sīsū], peá ne toetuʻu hake; ko e foʻi moʻoní ʻoku papau, koeʻuhi ʻoku taʻemalava ia.”
ʻOku lahi ange ʻa e fakaʻuhinga fepakipaki ʻa Tetuliané ʻi heʻene ngaahi fakamatalá. Neongo naʻá ne fakataumuʻa ke taukapoʻi ʻe heʻene ngaahi tohí ʻa e moʻoní pea pouaki ʻa e anga-tonu ʻa e siasí mo ʻene ngaahi tokāteliné, naʻá ne fakameleʻi moʻoni ʻa e ngaahi akonaki moʻoní. Ko ʻene tākiekina tefito ki he Puleʻanga-Haʻa-Kalisitiané naʻe hoko ia ko ha fakamahalo ʻa ia naʻe langa hake mei ai ʻe he kau hiki-tohi ki muí ʻa e tokāteline ʻo e Tolu-Tahaʻi-ʻOtuá. Ke maʻu ʻa e vavanga ki he anga ʻo e hoko ʻa e meʻá ni, tau ʻuluaki vakai angé kia Tetuliane tonu.
“ʻIkai ʻAupito Taʻefakamānako”
ʻOku siʻi ʻaupito ʻa e meʻa ʻoku ʻiloʻi fekauʻaki mo e moʻui ʻa Tetuliané. ʻOku felotoi ʻa e tokolahi taha ʻo e kau mataotaó naʻe fāʻeleʻi ia ʻi he 160 T.S. nai ʻi Carthage, ʻAfilika Tokelau. ʻOku hā mahino, naʻá ne ako lelei pea maheni ʻaupito mo e kau ako filōsofia ʻi hono ʻahó. ʻOku ngalingali ko e meʻa naʻá ne tohoakiʻi ia ki he lotu faka-Kalisitiané ko e loto-lelei ʻa e kau Kalisitiane lau peé ke nau mate maʻa ʻenau tuí. ʻI he fekauʻaki mo e mate fakamāʻata ʻa e Kalisitiané, naʻá ne ʻeke: “He ko hai ʻoku fakakaukauloto ki aí, ʻikai ʻoku fakaʻaiʻai ia ke ne ʻeke pe ko e hā ʻa e fakaueʻiloto ki he meʻa ko iá? ko hai ia, hili hono fakaʻekeʻeké, ʻoku ʻikai te ne maʻu ʻetau ngaahi tokāteliné?”
Hili ʻene tafoki ki he lotu faka-Kalisitiane lau peé, naʻe hoko ai ʻa Tetuliane ko ha tokotaha-tohi faʻu meʻa foʻou, fakataha mo ha pōtoʻi ʻi he ngaahi fakamatala nounou mo fakapotó. “[Naʻá ne] maʻu ha malava hāhāmolofia ʻi he lotolotonga ʻo e kau teolosiá,” ko e fakamatala ia ʻa e tohi The Fathers of the Church. “ʻOku ʻikai ʻaupito taʻefakamānako ia.” Naʻe pehē ʻe he mataotao ʻe taha: “Naʻe [maʻu] ʻe Tetuliane ha talēniti ki he ngaahi foʻi leá kae ʻikai ko e ngaahi foʻi sētesí pea ʻoku faingofua lahi ange ke mahinoʻi ʻa ʻene ngaahi fakamatala fakapotó ʻi he mahinoʻi ʻa ʻene ngaahi fakaʻuhingá. Mahalo ko e ʻuhinga ia ʻoku faʻa hiki ai ʻene leá ʻo ʻikai hiki ʻa e ngaahi konga lōloa angé.”
Ki he Taukapoʻi ʻo e Lotu Faka-Kalisitiané
Ko e tohi ʻiloa taha ʻa Tetuliané ko e Apology, ʻoku vakai ki ai ko e taha ia ʻo e tohi taukapoʻi mālohi taha ʻo e lotu faka-Kalisitiane lau peé. Naʻe tohi ia lolotonga ʻa e taimi naʻe faʻa maʻukovia ai ʻa e kau Kalisitiané ʻe he fuʻu kakai tui taʻeʻuhingá. Naʻe hoko mai ʻa Tetuliane ʻo taukapoʻi ʻa e kau Kalisitiane ko ení mo fakafepaki ki he tōʻongafai taʻeʻuhinga kia kinautolú. Naʻá ne pehē: “ʻOku fakakaukau ʻa e [kau fakafepakí] ko e kau Kalisitiané ʻa e tupuʻanga ʻo e mala fakapuleʻanga kotoa pē mo e faingatāmaki kotoa pē ʻa e kakaí. . . . Kapau ʻoku ʻikai ke tafe mai ʻa e Nailá ki he ngaahi ngoueʻangá, kapau ʻe ʻikai ke liliu ʻa e ʻeá, kapau ʻoku ʻi ai ha mofuike, ko ha honge, ko ha mahaki fakaʻauha—ʻe fanongoa leva ʻa e kalanga he taimi pē ko iá: ‘Lī ʻa e kau Kalisitiané ki he fanga laioné!’”
Neongo naʻe faʻa tukuakiʻi ʻa e kau Kalisitiané ki he taʻemateaki ki he Puleʻangá, naʻe feinga ʻa Tetuliane ke fakahaaʻi ko e kau tangataʻifonua falalaʻanga moʻoni taha kinautolu ʻi he feituʻú. Hili e fakahaaʻi ʻa e tokangá ki he ngaahi feinga ʻe niʻihi naʻe fai ke liua ʻa e puleʻangá, naʻá ne fakamanatu ki hono kau fakafepakí ko e kau faʻufaʻufono ko iá ko e kau pangani moʻoni kinautolu, ʻo ʻikai ko e kau Kalisitiane. Naʻe fakahaaʻi ʻe Tetuliane ʻi he taimi naʻe tāmateʻi fakalao ai ʻa e kau Kalisitiané, ko e mole moʻoní naʻe fuesia ia ʻe he Puleʻangá.
Ko e ngaahi tohi kehe ʻa Tetuliané naʻe lave ai ki he moʻui faka-Kalisitiané. Ko e fakatātaá, ʻi heʻene fakamatala ʻi he On the Shows, naʻe akonaki ai ʻa Tetuliane fekauʻaki mo e ʻi he ngaahi feituʻu ʻe niʻihi ʻo e fakafiefiá, ngaahi vaʻingá mo e ngaahi faiva fakapanganí. ʻOku hangehangē naʻe ʻi ai ʻa e kau tafoki foʻou ʻa ia naʻa nau sio ʻoku ʻikai ha taʻehuʻufataha ʻi he fakataha ki he fakahinohino faka-Tohitapú pea ʻi he hili iá pea maʻu ʻa e ngaahi vaʻinga fakapanganí. ʻI he feinga ke ueʻi ʻenau malava fakaefakakaukaú, naʻe tohi ʻa Tetuliane: “He fakalilifu moʻoni ē ke ʻalu mei he fale lotu ʻo e ʻOtuá ki he fale lotu ʻo e tēvoló—mei he langí ki he ʻā puaká.” Naʻá ne pehē: “Ko e meʻa ʻokú ke fakataleʻi ʻi he ngāué, ʻoku ʻikai totonu ke ke talitali lelei ia ʻi he leá.”
Fakameleʻi ʻa e Moʻoní Lolotonga Hono Taukapoʻi Iá
Naʻe kamata ʻe Tetuliane ʻa ʻene ʻēsei naʻe fakakaveinga ko e Against Praxeas ʻo pehē: “Kuo fakafeʻauhi ʻi he ngaahi founga kehekehe ʻa e tēvoló peá ne talitekeʻi ʻa e moʻoní. ʻI he taimi ʻe niʻihi ko ʻene taumuʻá ke fakaʻauha ʻa e moʻoní ʻaki hono taukapoʻi ia.” Ko e tangata ko hono hingoá ko Praxeas ʻi he ʻēsei ko ení ʻoku ʻikai ke ʻiloʻi pau pe ko hai ia, ka naʻe fehuʻia ʻe Tetuliane ʻa ʻene ngaahi akonaki fekauʻaki mo e ʻOtuá pea mo Kalaisí. Naʻá ne vakai kia Praxeas ko ha poupou ia ʻo Sētane naʻá ne feinga fakafufū ke fakameleʻi ʻa e lotu faka-Kalisitiané.
Ko ha ʻīsiu mahuʻinga ʻi he lotolotonga ʻo e kau Kalisitiane lau pē ʻo e taimi ko iá ko e vā ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e ʻOtuá mo Kalaisí. Ko e niʻihi ʻi honau lotolotongá, tautefito ki he faʻahinga ʻi he puipuituʻa faka-Kalisí, naʻa nau ʻiloʻi ʻa e faingataʻa ke tali ʻa e tui ki he ʻOtua pē tahá fakataha mo e ngafa ʻo Sīsū ʻi he tuʻunga ko e Fakamoʻuí pea mo e Tokotaha-Huhuʻí. Naʻe feinga ʻa Praxeas ke solova ʻena palopalemá ʻaki hono akoʻi ko Sīsuú ko ha fakaeʻa kehe pē ia ʻo e Tamaí pea naʻe ʻikai ha faikehekehe ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e Tamaí pea mo e ʻAló. Ko e fakamahalo ko ení naʻe ʻiloa ia ko e tui ki he fakaeʻá, ʻoku pehē ai naʻe fakaeʻa tonu ia ʻe he ʻOtuá “ʻi he tuʻunga ko e Tamai ʻi he Fakatupú pea ʻi hono ʻomai ʻa e Laó, ʻi he tuʻunga ko e ʻAlo ʻia Sīsū Kalaisi, pea ʻi he tuʻunga ko e Laumālie Māʻoniʻoní hili ʻa e hāʻele hake ʻa Kalaisí.”
Naʻe fakahaaʻi ʻe Tetuliane naʻe fai ʻe he ngaahi Konga Tohitapú ha fakamavahevahe māʻalaʻala ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e Tamaí pea mo e ʻAló. Hili ʻa e lave ki he 1 Kolinito 15:27, 28, naʻá ne fakaʻuhinga: “Ko Ia naʻá ne tuku ki lalo (ʻa e meʻa kotoa pē), pea mo Ia ʻa ia naʻe fai kiate ia ʻa e tuku ki laló—kuo pau moʻoni ko e ongo Meʻamoʻui kehekehe ʻe ua.” Naʻe fakahanga ʻe Tetuliane ʻa e tokangá ki he ngaahi lea tonu ʻa Sīsuú: “ʻOku lahi ʻa e Tamai ʻiate au.” (Sione 14:28) ʻI hono ngāueʻaki ʻa e ngaahi konga ʻo e Ngaahi Konga Tohitapu Faka-Hepeluú, hangē ko e Sāme 8:5 (PM), naʻá ne fakahaaʻi ai ʻa hono fakamatalaʻi ʻe he Tohitapú ʻa e “maulalo” ʻa e ʻAló. “Ko ia ai, ʻoku makehe ʻa e Tamaí mei he ʻAló, ʻi heʻene hoko ʻo lahi ange ʻi he ʻAló,” ko e fakamulituku ia ʻa Tetuliané. “ʻI he tuʻunga ko Ia ʻokú ne fai ʻa e fakatupú ko e taha ia, pea ko Ia naʻe fakatupu maí ko e tokotaha ia ʻe taha; ko Ia foki ʻokú ne fai ʻa e fekauʻí ko e taha ia, pea ko Ia ʻoku fekauʻi ke ʻalú ko e tokotaha ia ʻe taha; pea ko Ia foki ʻokú ne fai ʻa e ngaohí ko e taha ia, pea ko Ia ʻoku fakafou mai ai hono ngaohi ʻa e meʻá ko e tokotaha ia ʻe taha.”
Naʻe vakai ʻa Tetuliane ki he ʻAló ʻoku ʻi ha tuʻunga māʻulalo ia ʻi he Tamaí. Kae kehe, ʻi heʻene feinga ke fakafepakiʻi ʻa e tui ki he fakaeʻá, naʻá ne “hulu atu ʻi he meʻa kuo tohi.” (1 Kolinito 4:6) ʻI he feinga ʻi ha founga hala ʻa Tetuliane ke fakamoʻoniʻi ʻa e tuʻunga fakaʻotua ʻo Sīsuú fakafou ʻi ha fakamahalo ʻe taha, naʻá ne faʻu ai ʻa e fakamatala ko e “meʻa tefito ʻe taha ʻi he toko tolu.” ʻI hono ngāueʻaki ʻa e fakakaukau ko ení, naʻá ne feinga ke fakahaaʻi ai ko e ʻOtuá, ko hono ʻAló, mo e laumālie māʻoniʻoní ko e toko tolu māvahevahe ʻoku nau ʻi ai ʻi he tuʻunga tefito fakaʻotua ʻe taha. Naʻe hoko ai ʻa Tetuliane ko e ʻuluaki tokotaha ia ke ne ngāueʻaki ʻa e faʻunga faka-Latina ʻo e foʻi lea “tolu-tahaʻi-ʻotuá” ki he Tamaí, ko e ʻAló, mo e laumālie māʻoniʻoní.
Tokanga Telia ʻa e Filōsofia Fakamāmaní
Naʻe anga-fēfē ʻa e malava ʻa Tetuliane ke maʻu ʻa e fakakaukau fakamahalo fekauʻaki mo e “meʻa tefito ʻe taha ʻi he toko tolú”? ʻOku maʻu ʻa e talí ʻi ha toe fakaʻuhinga fepakipaki ʻe taha fekauʻaki mo e tangatá—ko ʻene vakai ki he filōsofiá. Naʻe ui ʻe Tetuliane ʻa e filōsofiá “‘ko e ngaahi tokāteline’ ʻa e tangatá pea mo e ‘kau tēmenioó.’” Naʻá ne fakaangaʻi fakahāhā ʻa e tōʻonga ko hono ngāueʻaki ʻa e filōsofiá ke poupouʻiʻaki ʻa e ngaahi moʻoni faka-Kalisitiané. “Fakaʻehiʻehi mei he feinga kotoa ke faʻu ha lotu faka-Kalisitiane fakameleʻi ʻa Sitoiko, tui faka-Palató mo e faʻunga fakaʻuhingá,” ko ʻene fakamatalá ia. Neongo ia, naʻe ngāue lahi ʻaki ʻe Tetuliane tonu ʻa e filōsofia fakamāmaní ʻi he taimi ʻoku fehoanaki ai mo ʻene ngaahi fakakaukau tonu ʻaʻaná.—Kolose 2:8.
ʻOku pehē ʻe ha tohi maʻuʻanga fakamatala ʻe taha: “Ko e teolosia fakaetolutahaʻiʻotuá naʻe fiemaʻu ai ʻa e tokoni ʻa e ngaahi fakakaukau mo e ngaahi founga tui ki he Anga Fakafonua faka-Kalisí ki hono fakahokó mo hono fakamatalaʻí.” Pea ko e tohi The Theology of Tertullian ʻoku pehē ai: “[Ko ha] tuifio ʻilongataʻa ʻo e tuʻunga fakalao mo e ngaahi fakakaukau fakafilōsofia mo e ngaahi kupuʻi lea, ʻa ia naʻá ne ʻai ʻa Tetuliane ke ne ʻomai ʻa e tokāteline fakaetolutahaʻiʻotuá ʻi ha founga ʻa ia neongo ʻa hono ngaahi fakangatangatá mo e ngaahi taʻehaohaoá, naʻe tokonaki mai ai ʻa e faʻunga ki hono ʻomai ki mui ʻa e tokāteliné ʻi he Fakataha ʻi Niseá.” Ko ia ai, ko e founga ʻa Tetuliané—ʻa e toko tolu ʻi he meʻa tefito fakaʻotua ʻe tahá—naʻá ne fakahoko ha ngafa lahi ʻi hono fakamafola ʻa e hala fakalotu ʻi he kotoa ʻo e Puleʻanga-Haʻa-Kalisitiané.
Naʻe tukuakiʻi ʻe Tetuliane ʻa e niʻihi kehé ki hono fakaʻauha ʻa e moʻoní lolotonga ʻenau feinga ke taukapoʻi iá. Kae kehe, ko e meʻa fakaolí, he ʻi hono fio ʻa e moʻoni faka-Tohitapu fakamānavaʻi fakaʻotuá mo e filōsofia fakaetangatá, naʻá ne tō ai ki he tauhele tatau. Ko ia ai, tau fai ki he fakatokanga Fakatohitapu ke “tokaga ki he gaahi laumalie fakahala, moe gaahi akonaki oe kau tevolo.”—1 Timote 4:1, PM.
[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 29, 30]
Naʻe fakaangaʻi ʻe Tetuliane ʻa e filōsofiá ka naʻá ne ngāueʻaki ia ke ʻai ke laka ki muʻa ʻa ʻene ngaahi fakakaukaú tonu
[Maʻuʻanga]
Peesi 29 mo e 30: © Cliché Bibliothèque nationale de France, Pālesi
[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 31]
ʻOku fakaʻehiʻehi ʻa e kau Kalisitiane moʻoní mei hono fio ʻa e moʻoni faka-Tohitapú mo e filōsofia fakaetangatá