Ko Hono Fakalato ʻa e Fiemaʻu Ongoongó

“KO E kau Atenisi kotoa pe, mo e muli naʻe ʻāunofo ai, naʻe ʻikai te nau fai ha meʻa kehe, ka ko e nofo pe ke lau meʻa foʻofoʻou, pe ke fanongo meʻa pehē,” ko e fakamatala ia ʻa e tokotaha hiki fakamatala ko Luké ʻi he meimei taʻu ʻe 2,000 kuohilí. (Ngāue 17:21) ʻI ha senituli ki muʻa ange ai ko e puleʻanga Lomá, ʻi heʻene ʻiloʻi ʻa e holi ʻa e kakaí ke maʻu ongoongó, naʻá ne kamata fakaʻaliʻali ai ʻa e Acta Diurna, ngaahi ongoongo nounou fakaʻahó, ʻi he ngaahi feituʻu ʻiloá.

ʻI he aʻu ki he senituli hono fitú, naʻe faʻu ai ʻe he kau Siainá ʻa e ʻuluaki nusipepa kuo pulusi ʻi he māmaní, naʻe ui ko e Dibao (Pao). ʻI ʻIulope, ʻa ia naʻe kei tokolahi ai ʻa e kakai naʻe teʻeki ai pē ke nau poto he lautohí ʻi he taimi ko iá, naʻe fakamafola holo ai ʻe he kau fakahoko talanoa fefonongaʻakí ʻa e ngaahi talanoa fekauʻaki mo e ngaahi taú, ngaahi fakatamakí, ngaahi faihiá mo e ngaahi meʻa kehe. Ki mui ai, ko e ngaahi lauʻi tohi ongoongo tohinima mo tohi ʻi he papá fekauʻaki mo e ngaahi meʻa peheé naʻe fakatau atu ia ʻi he ngaahi māketi fakapuleʻangá pea ʻi he ngaahi feá.

Naʻe faifai pē, ʻo tānaki atu ʻe he ngaahi kautaha fefakatauʻakí ki heʻenau ngaahi faitohi fakapisinisí ʻa e ngaahi kupuʻi ongoongo mahuʻinga. Naʻe iku ʻo hā ʻa e ngaahi meʻá ni ʻi ha lauʻipepa fakalahi naʻe ui ko e nova (ongoongo), ʻa ia naʻe lava ke tufaki.

Ko e Tupuʻanga ʻo e Nusipepá

ʻI he kamataʻanga ʻo e senituli hono 17, naʻe kamata ai ke pulusi tuʻumaʻu ʻa e ongo nusipepa Siamane ʻe ua. Ko e Relation (fakamatalaʻi ʻo e ongoongó), ʻo Strasbourg, naʻe ʻuluaki pulusi ia ʻi he 1605; ko e Avisa Relation oder Zeitung (līpooti ongoongo) ʻa Wolfenbüttel, naʻe kamata pulusi ia ʻi he 1609. Ko e ʻuluaki nusipepa fakaʻaho ʻi ʻIulopé ko e Einkommende Zeitungen (Ongoongo Maʻu), ʻa ia naʻe hā ʻi Leipzig, Siamane, ʻi he 1650.

Ko e ʻuluaki pepa fakaʻaho ʻi Leipzig naʻe faʻuʻaki ia ha peesi ʻe fā ʻo lava ke faʻo ʻi hoto kató. Ko e ngaahi ongoongo ko ení ne ʻomai ia ʻo ʻikai ʻi ha hokohoko pau. Ko e ngaahi tatau tāutaha ʻo e pepá ni naʻe ʻikai ʻaupito ke mamafa, ka ko ha tukuhau fakataʻu ʻe fakamole ki ai ʻe ha tokotaha ngāue vahe lelei ha vahe ʻi ha māhina kakato. Neongo ia, naʻe tupu fakautuutu ʻa e fiemaʻu ʻo e nusipepá. ʻI he aʻu ki he taʻu 1700, naʻe ʻi Siamane ʻataʻatā pē ai ʻa e nusipepa tuʻumaʻu ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e 50 mo e 60 pea naʻe aʻu ʻa e ngaahi nusipepá ni ki he kau lautohi ʻe laui kilu.

ʻI he ʻuluaki taimí, ko e ngaahi maʻuʻanga ongoongó ko e ngaahi faitohi, ko e ngaahi nusipepa kehe, ko e kau pule pōsiti ʻōfisi ʻa ia naʻa nau maʻu ha ongoongo ʻi he meilí pea hiki tatau ia, pe ko ha ngaahi lau pē naʻe maʻu ʻe he kau faiongoongó ʻi he ngaahi feituʻu kakaí. Kae kehe, ʻi he tupulaki ʻa e feʻauʻauhí, naʻe ngāue ai ʻa e kau pulusi nusipepá ki hono fakaleleiʻi ʻa e lahi mo e tuʻunga ʻo e ongoongó. Naʻa nau haea mai ʻenau ʻuluaki kau ʻētita palōfesinalé. Pea koeʻuhi ko e tokolahi taha ʻo e kau pulusi nusipepá naʻe ʻikai lava ke nau maʻu ha totongi ki ha netiueka fakalahi ʻo e ngaahi maʻuʻanga ongoongó mo e kau fainusipepá, ko e holi ki he ongoongó naʻe taki atu ai ki hono faʻu ʻo e ngaahi kautaha ongoongo ki hono tātānaki mo hono tufaki ʻo e ongoongó ki he kau pulusi nusipepa naʻa nau tukuhau ki aí.

Ngaahi ʻIlo Foʻou ʻAonga mo Mātuʻaki Mahuʻinga

Naʻe ʻikai mei malava ʻa e pisinisi nusipepá ka ne taʻeʻoua ʻa e ngaahi ʻilo foʻou mahuʻingá, tautefito ki he founga pulusi tohi ʻa Johannes Gutenberg ʻaki ʻa e mataʻi taipe fetongitongí. Ko e ngaahi ʻilo foʻou lahi angé naʻá ne ʻai ke faingamālie mo malavangofua ai hono faʻu ʻo e nusipepá. Ko e fakatātaá, ʻi he 1860 tupú, ko e mīsini paaki pepá naʻá ne ʻai ke malava ai ʻo pulusi ʻi ha takainga pepa hokohoko kae ʻikai ʻi he ngaahi lauʻipepa mavahevahe. Taimi nounou mei he hili iá, naʻe ngāueʻaki ai ʻa e mīsini Linotype ke faʻuʻaki ʻa e taipe mētalé ki he ngaahi peesi ke pulusi. Pea ʻi he konga ki mui ʻo e senituli hono 20, naʻe fetongi ai ʻe he taipe komipiutá ʻa e ngāue nima totongi mamafá.

Lolotonga ia, ko e ongoongó tonu naʻe fononga ʻo toe vave ange ia ʻi he kamata ke ngāueʻaki lahi ʻa e mākoní ʻi he 1840 tupú, ngaahi mīsini taipé ʻi he 1870 tupú pea mo e telefoní ʻi he meimei taimi tatau. Ki muí ni ʻaupito mai, ʻi he taimi ʻo e moʻui ʻa e laui miliona ʻoku lolotonga moʻuí, ko e ngāueʻaki ʻo e ngaahi komipiutá, ʻī-meilí mo e mīsini fēkisí kuo hoko ia ʻo anga-maheniʻaki ʻi he pisinisi nusipepá. ʻOku aʻu vave ange ʻa e kau faiongoongó ki he feituʻu ʻoku hiki ai ʻenau talanoá​—ʻi he lēlue, meʻalele mo e vakapuna. Pea ko e ngaahi loli omá ʻoku nau ʻave he taimí ni ʻa e ngaahi nusipepa ʻoku toe lahi ange.

Ko e Hā ʻOku Hiki ʻi he Pepá?

Ko hono maʻu ha ongoongo feʻungá ʻoku ʻikai ko ha palopalema ia ʻi he ngaahi feituʻu lahi ʻi hotau māmani ʻoku faai ke toe vāofi angé. “Ko e faingataʻá ʻoku hoko lahi ia ʻi he filifili mei ha tuʻunga lahi taʻefakangatangata ʻo e ongoongó,” fakatatau ki he kau ʻētita ʻo e Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. ʻOku fakafonu ʻe he ngaahi kautaha ongoongó ʻa e ngaahi nusipepa Siamané ʻaki ʻa e ngaahi ongoongo ʻe 2,000 nai ʻi he ʻaho taki taha. Ko e kau faiongoongó, kau tānaki ongoongó, kau fai fakamafola ongoongó mo e ngaahi maʻuʻanga fakamatala kehé ʻoku nau lōmekina ʻo toe lahi ange ʻa e kau ʻētita nusipepá.

Ko e vahe tolu ʻe ua ʻo e ongoongó ʻoku faʻuʻaki ia ʻa e ngaahi fanongonongo​—ko e ngaahi fakamatala mo e līpooti fakaʻofisiale fekauʻaki mo e ngaahi meʻa kuo fakataimitēpileʻi, hangē ko e ngaahi koniseti, ngaahi sipoti mo e ngaahi fakataha-lahi. Kuo pau ke ʻiloʻi ʻe he kau ʻētitá ʻenau māketí ke feau ʻa e fiemaʻu fakamatala ʻi he ngaahi kaveinga mahuʻinga fakalotofonuá, ʻa ia ʻe kau nai ai ʻa e ngaahi ola ʻo e utu-taʻú, ngaahi ʻaho fakamanatu mo e ngaahi kātoanga.

Ko e ngaahi kupu sipotí, ngaahi kupu kōmikí, ngaahi katuni fakapolitikalé mo e ngaahi kupu ʻa e ʻētitá ko e ngaahi konga manakoa ia ʻo e ngaahi nusipepá. Ko e ngaahi talanoa ʻiloa, ngaahi līpooti mei he ngaahi fonua mulí, mo e ngaahi fakaʻekeʻeke ʻo e faʻahinga ʻiloa mo e kau mataotao ʻi he ngaahi kaveinga tefitó ʻe lava ke ʻi he tuʻunga fakamaama ia mo fakafiefia fakatouʻosi.

Fehangahangai ʻa e Nusipepá mo ha Palopalema

“ʻOku fehangahangai ʻa e ngāueʻanga nusipepa Siamané mo e palopalema fakapaʻanga faingataʻa taha ʻi hono hisitōliá,” ko e līpooti ia ʻa e nusipepa Die Zeit ʻi he 2002. Pea ʻi he 2004 naʻe līpooti ai ʻe he Kautaha Ongoongo Suisalaní ʻa e tufaki māʻulalo taha fakakātoa ʻi he taʻu ʻe hongofulu. Ko e hā kuo hoko ki hono fiemaʻu ʻo e ngaahi nusipepá?

Ko e meʻa ʻe taha, ko e ʻekonōmika ʻi māmani lahí kuo hōloa ia, ʻo ne tuʻutuʻu ai ʻa e tuʻuakí, ʻa ia naʻá ne ʻomai ʻa e vahe tolu ʻe ua ʻo e paʻanga hū mai ʻa e ngaahi pepa lahi. ʻI he vahaʻa ʻo e 2000 mo e 2004, naʻe mole ai mei he Wall Street Journal U.S. ʻa e peseti ʻe 43 ʻo ʻene paʻanga hū mai ʻi he tuʻuakí. ʻE toe foki mai ʻa e ngaahi tuʻuakí tupu mei ha tupulaki fakaʻekonōmika? Ko e ngaahi tuʻuaki lahi kehekehe ʻo e kelekelé, ngaahi ngāué, mo e ngaahi kaá kuo mole ia ki he ʻInitanetí. ʻI he ʻahó ni ʻoku feʻauhi ai ʻa e nusipepá mo e mītia fakaʻilekitulōniká​—ʻa e letioó, televīsoné mo e ʻInitanetí.

ʻI he tafaʻaki ʻe tahá, ko e fiemaʻu ongoongó ʻoku moʻui pea ʻoku kei ʻi ai ia. Ko e Palōfesa ʻo e ʻekonōmika ʻi he mītiá ko Axel Zerdick naʻá ne fakamatala ki ha nusipepa Frankfurt, ʻi Siamane: “Ko e palopalemá ʻoku ʻikai ke kovi ʻaupito ʻo hangē ko e tui ʻa e tokolahi taha ʻo e kau fainusipepá.” Ko e ʻētita pule ʻi he kupu fakalotofonua ʻo ha nusipepa fakaʻaho ʻi Siamane naʻá ne fakaongo mai ʻa e fakakaukau ko iá, ʻo pehē: “Ko e [nusipepa] fakafeituʻú ʻoku kei lele mālohi pē ia.”

Neongo kapau ʻoku fakahaaʻi ʻoku ʻikai ha meʻa te ne lakasi ʻa e nusipepá ʻi heʻene līpooti fakaʻāuliliki ʻo e ongoongó mo hono mālohi ke langaʻi ʻa e lāulea fakapuleʻangá, ʻoku kei tuʻu pē ʻa e ongo fehuʻí: ʻE lava ke ke falala ki heʻenau faʻahinga fakakaukau ʻi he ongoongó? ʻE lava fēfē ke ke maʻu ʻaonga lahi mei he ngaahi nusipepa ʻokú ke laú?

[Puha/Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 6]

FAʻU ONGOONGÓ—KO HA NGĀUE ʻOKU FIEMAʻU KI AI ʻA E TOKANGA

ʻE lava ke meheka nai ha taha ki he kau fainusipepá. “Ko e ʻasi ʻa hoto hingoá ʻi he ongoongó ʻoku lava ke ne ʻoange ki ha tokotaha fainusipepa ha ongoʻi ʻo e lāngilangiʻia fakafoʻituitui,” ko e fakamatala ia ʻa ha fainusipepa Falanisē taimi lōloa. Neongo ia, ʻoku lava ke toe ʻomai ha ngaahi ongoʻi feifeitamaki ʻi he faʻu ongoongó​—ʻi hono ʻuluaki līpooti ha talanoa ʻe ha tokotaha fainusipepa feʻauʻauhi, fakafisingaʻi ha kole ki ha fakaʻekeʻeke, ngaahi houa taʻefaʻalaua ʻoku fakamoleki ʻi he tatali ki ha meʻa ʻoku ʻikai ʻaupito ke hoko.

Ko ha tokotaha-tohi nusipepa ʻi Pōlani naʻá ne lave ki ha toe pole ʻe taha. “ʻOku ʻikai te mau ʻiloʻi pe ko ʻafē te mau maʻu ai ha taimi ʻatā pe ko fē ʻa e taimi te mau ngāue aí,” ko ʻene laú ia. “ʻOku uesia he taimi ʻe niʻihi ʻa homau tuʻunga fakafoʻituituí pea ko e tuʻunga fakavavevave ʻo e ngāué ʻe lava ke ne fakahohaʻasi ʻemau moʻui fakafāmilí.” Pea ko ha fainusipepa ki muʻa ʻi he feituʻu ʻa ia ko e Sovieti ʻIunioní ia he taimi ko iá naʻá ne fakahaaʻi ʻa e tuʻunga ʻoku mahalo ko e tuʻunga feifeitamaki lahi tahá ia, “Naʻá ku ngāue mālohi ʻaupito, kae ʻosi angé naʻe ʻikai pē ke pulusi ia.”

Ko ha tokotaha-tohi sipoti ki he nusipepa lahi taha ʻi Netalení naʻá ne fakahaaʻi: “ʻOku faʻa tala mai maʻu pē ʻo pehē ʻoku ʻikai teu ʻiloʻi ha meʻa. ʻOku hoko ʻa e kau lautohi ʻe niʻihi ʻo ʻita pe ongoʻi feifeitamaki, pea ʻi he tōtuʻa ʻi he taimi ʻe niʻihi ʻa e ngaahi ongoʻí ʻi he ngaahi sipotí, kuo aʻu ai ʻo fakamanamana ʻa e kakaí ke nau tāmateʻi au.” Ko ia ko e hā ʻokú ne ueʻi ʻa e kau fainusipepá ke nau hokohoko atú?

Ko e moʻoni, ki he niʻihi ʻoku lava ke pehē ko e vāhengá​—ka ʻoku ʻikai pehē ia ki he tokotaha kotoa. Ko ha fainusipepa ʻoku ngāue ki ha pepa Falanisē naʻá ne lau ʻo fekauʻaki mo ʻene manako ʻi he hiki tohí. Naʻe pehē ʻe ha fainusipepa Mekisikou, “Kehe pē ʻokú ke ʻi ha tuʻunga, te ke lava ai ʻo tokonaki ha meʻa ʻoku mahuʻinga ke ʻiloʻi.” Pea ʻi Siapani ko ha ʻētita māʻolunga ʻo e pepa fakaʻaho fika ua ʻi he lahi tahá he māmaní naʻá ne pehē, “ʻOku ou maʻu ʻa e fiefia ʻi heʻeku ongoʻi kuó u tokoniʻi ʻa e kakaí pea ʻi he taimi ʻoku fakahoko ai ʻa e fakamaau totonú.”

Ko e moʻoni, ko e ngaahi nusipepá ʻoku ʻikai ko e ngāue ia ʻa e kau fainusipepá pē. Fakatuʻunga ʻi he lahi mo e faʻunga ʻo e fale pulusí, ʻoku ʻi ai nai ʻa e kau ʻētita, kau pulufu-tohi, kau sivi fakapapauʻi ʻo e moʻoní, kau tauhi lēkooti, mo e niʻihi kehe tokolahi ʻa ia ʻoku nau ngāue mālohi ʻaupito, ka ʻoku ʻikai ʻasi honau hingoá, koeʻuhi ke ke lava ʻo maʻu ai ʻa hoʻo pepá.

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 4]

Ko ha nusipepa Siamane motuʻa mo ha fakatauʻanga nusipepa ʻi onopooni

[Maʻuʻanga]

Nusipepa Siamane motuʻa: Bibliothek für Kunst - und Antiquitäten-Sammler, Vol. 21, Flugblatt und Zeitung, 1922