Ko e ʻApokalipí—Ke Manavahē pe ʻAmanaki ki Ai?
“Ko e ʻapokalipí he ʻahó ni ʻoku ʻikai ko ha fakamatala faka-Tohitapu pē ka kuo hoko ia ko ha meʻa moʻoni ʻe mātuʻaki ala lava.”—Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, sekelitali-seniale ki muʻa ʻa e Ngaahi Puleʻanga Fakatahatahá.
KO E ngāueʻaki ko ia ʻo e foʻi lea “ʻapokalipí” ʻe ha taki tuʻu-ki-muʻa ʻo e māmaní ʻoku tapua mai mei ai ʻa e founga ʻo hono mahinoʻi ia ʻe he tokolahi taha ʻo e kakaí mo sio ki ai ʻi hono ngāueʻaki ʻi he heleʻuhilá mo e ngaahi ʻuluʻikaveinga ʻi he tohí, ngaahi kupu ʻi he makasiní, mo e ngaahi līpooti ʻi he nusipepá. ʻOku ngāueʻaki ai ʻa e ngaahi vīsone ʻo ha fakatamaki fakaeʻuniveesi. Ka ko e hā ʻa e ʻuhinga moʻoni ʻo e foʻi lea “ʻapokalipí”? Ka ʻoku toe mahuʻinga lahi angé, ko e hā ʻa e pōpoaki ʻoku ʻi he tohi Tohitapu ʻoku ui ko e ʻApokalipí, pe Fakahaá?
Ko e foʻi lea “ʻapokalipí” ʻoku haʻu ia mei ha foʻi lea faka-Kalisi ʻa ia ʻoku ʻuhingá ko e “fakaeʻa,” pe “tatala.” Ko e hā naʻe tatala, pe fakahaaʻi, ʻi he tohi faka-Tohitapu ʻa Fakahaá? Ko ha pōpoaki fakalūkufua ia ʻo e mala, ko ha fakamelomelo ia ʻo ha fakaʻauha fakaʻaufuli ʻo ʻikai ha faʻahinga ʻe hao? ʻI hono ʻeke pe ko e hā ʻene fakakaukau ki he ʻApokalipí, naʻe fakahaaʻi ʻe he faihisitōlia ko Jean Delumeau, ko e mēmipa ʻo e Institut de France: “Ko ha tohi ia ʻo e fakafiemālie mo e ʻamanaki. Kuo fakahāhaaʻi ʻe he kakaí ʻa e ngaahi meʻa ʻoku ʻi aí ʻaki ʻa e fakahangataha ki hono ngaahi tuʻunga fakatuʻutāmakí.”
Muʻaki Siasí pea mo e ʻApokalipí
Naʻe anga-fēfē ʻa e vakai ʻa e muʻaki “kau Kalisitiané” ki he ʻApokalipí pea mo e ʻamanaki ʻokú ne ʻomai fekauʻaki mo e Pule Taʻu ʻe Taha Afe (Mileniume) ʻa Kalaisi ki he māmaní? Naʻe pehē ʻe he faihisitōlia tatau: “Ko e kau Kalisitiane ʻo e ngaahi senituli siʻi ʻuluakí ʻoku hā kiate au, ʻi hono fakalūkufuá, naʻa nau ohi mai ʻa e tui ki he mileniumé. . . . ʻI he lotolotonga ʻo e kau Kalisitiane ʻo e muʻaki ngaahi senitulí ʻa ia naʻa nau tui ki he Mileniumé ko e faʻahinga ʻiloa ko Papaiasi, ʻa e pīsope ʻo Hailapoli ʻi ʻĒsia Mainá, . . . ko Sangato Sasitini, naʻe fāʻeleʻi ʻi Pālesitaine, ʻa ia naʻá ne fuesia ʻa e mate fakamāʻata ʻi Loma ʻi he taʻu 165 nai, ko Sangato ʻIleniasi, ʻa e pīsope ʻo Lyons, ʻa ia naʻe mate ʻi he taʻu 202, ko Tetuliani, ʻa ia naʻe mate ʻi he taʻu 222, pea . . . mo e tokotaha-tohi lahi ko Lakitenitiasi.”
Fekauʻaki mo Papaiasí, ʻa ia ʻoku līpooti naʻá ne fuesia ʻa e mate fakamāʻata ʻi Peakamosi ʻi he taʻu 161 pe 165 T.S., ʻoku pehē ʻe he The Catholic Encyclopedia: “Ko Pīsope Papaiasi ʻo Hailapolí, ko ha ākonga ʻa Sā. Sioné, naʻe hā ko ha tokotaha poupou ia ʻo e tui fakamileniumé. Naʻá ne taukaveʻi kuó ne maʻu ʻene tokāteliné mei he ngaahi toʻumeʻa ʻo e kau ʻApositoló, pea ʻoku tala ʻe ʻIleniasi ko e ‘Kau Pīsope’ kehe, ʻa ia naʻa nau mamata mo fanongoa ʻa e ākonga ko Sioné, naʻa nau ako meiate ia ʻa e tui ki he mileniumé ko ha konga ʻo e tokāteline ʻa e ʻEikí. Fakatatau kia ʻIusepiasi . . . Naʻe fakahaaʻi mālohi ʻe Papaiasi ʻi heʻene tohí ko e toetuʻu ʻa e maté ʻe hoko atu ai ʻa e taʻu ʻe taha afe ʻo ha puleʻanga hāmai, lāngilangiʻia fakaemāmani ʻo Kalaisí.”
Ko e hā ʻoku tala ʻe he meʻá ni kiate kitautolu fekauʻaki mo e kaunga ʻo e tohi ʻApokalipí, pe Fakahaá, ki he muʻaki kau tuí? Naʻá ne langaʻi ʻa e manavahē pe ʻamanaki? ʻOku mahuʻingá, he ʻoku ui ʻe he kau faihisitōliá ʻa e muʻaki kau Kalisitiané ko e kau siliati, mei he ongo foʻi lea faka-Kalisi ko e khiʹli·a eʹte (taʻu ʻe taha afe). ʻIo, ko e tokolahi ʻo kinautolú naʻe ʻiloa ʻenau hoko ko e kau tui ki he Pule Taʻu ʻe Taha Afe ʻa Kalaisí, ʻa ia te ne ʻomai ʻa e ngaahi tuʻunga palataisi ki he māmaní. Ko e feituʻu pē ʻi he Tohitapú ʻa ia ʻoku lave fakahangatonu ai ki he ʻamanaki ʻo e mileniumé ko e ʻApokalipí, pe Fakahaá. (20:1-7) Ko ia, ʻi he ʻikai te ne fakailifiaʻi ʻa e kau tuí, ʻoku ʻoange ʻe he ʻApokalipí kiate kinautolu ha ʻamanaki fakaofo. ʻI heʻene tohi ko e The Early Church and the World, ko e Palōfesa Oxford ʻo e hisitōlia ʻo e siasí ko Cecil Cadoux ʻokú ne tohi: “Ko e ngaahi fakakaukau fakasiliatí, neongo naʻe faifai pē pea liʻaki, naʻe failahia ia ʻi he Siasí ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi lahi, ʻo akoʻi ʻe he niʻihi ʻo e kau faʻutohi fakaʻapaʻapaʻi māʻolunga lahi tahá.”
ʻUhinga Naʻe Liʻaki Ai ʻa e ʻAmanaki ki he Faka-ʻApokalipí
Koeʻuhi ko ha foʻi moʻoni fakahisitōlia ʻikai ala fakakikihiʻi ia, ko e tokolahi, kapau ʻoku ʻikai ko e tokolahi taha, ʻo e muʻaki kau Kalisitiané naʻa nau ʻamanaki ki he Pule Mileniume ʻa Kalaisi ki ha māmani palataisí, naʻe anga-fēfē ʻene hoko ʻo “faifai pea liʻaki” ʻa e “ngaahi fakakaukau fakasiliatí”? Naʻe hoko ha fakaanga ala fakatonuhiaʻi koeʻuhi hangē ko ia naʻe fakahaaʻi ʻe he mataotao ko Robert Mounce, “ko hono pangó, naʻe fakaʻatā ʻe he kau siliati tokolahi ʻenau ngaahi fakakaukaú ke fuʻu hulu pea fakaʻuhingaʻi ʻa e vahaʻa taimi taʻu ʻe taha afé ʻi he founga fakamatelie kehekehe mo e ngaahi ongo fuʻu tōtuʻa.” Ka ko e ngaahi fakakaukau tōtuʻa ko ení naʻe mei lava ke fakatonutonu ʻo ʻikai liʻaki ai ʻa e ʻamanaki moʻoni fekauʻaki mo e Mileniumé.
ʻOku fakaʻohovale moʻoni ʻa e ngaahi ʻuhinga naʻe ngāueʻaki ke tuku hifo ʻaki ʻa e tui fakamileniumé ʻe hono ngaahi filí. ʻOku pehē ʻe he Dictionnaire de Théologie Catholique ʻo fekauʻaki mo ha faifekau Loma ko Kaiasi (ʻi he ngataʻanga ʻo e senituli hono uá, kamataʻanga ʻo e senituli hono tolú) “koeʻuhi ke ikunaʻi ʻa e tui fakamileniumé, naʻá ne fakaʻikaiʻi taʻetoeveiveiua ʻa e moʻoni alafalalaʻanga ʻa e ʻApokalipí [Fakahā] pea mo e Kōsipeli ʻa Sā. Sioné.” ʻOku toe pehē ʻe he Dictionnaire ko ení ko Taionisio, ʻa e pīsope ʻo ʻAlekisanitulia ʻi he senituli hono tolú, naʻá ne tohi ha fakakikihiʻi ʻo e tui fakamileniumé ʻo pehē “koeʻuhi ke taʻofi ʻa e faʻahinga ko ia ʻoku nau pipiki ki he fakakaukaú ni mei hono fakatefito ʻenau tuí ʻi he ʻApokalipi ʻa Sangato Sioné, naʻe ʻikai toumoua ia ke fakaʻikaiʻi ʻa ʻene moʻoni alafalalaʻangá.” Ko e fakafepaki kakaha pehē ki he ʻamanaki ki he ngaahi tāpuaki ʻa e mileniumé ki he foʻi māmaní ʻokú ne fakahaaʻi ha tākiekina olo poto naʻe ngāue ʻi he haʻohaʻonga ʻo e kau teolosia ʻi he taimi ko iá.
ʻI heʻene tohi ko e The Pursuit of the Millennium, ʻoku tohi ai ʻe Palōfesa Norman Cohn: “Naʻe sio ʻa e senituli hono tolú ki he ʻuluaki feinga ke fakataʻeʻaongaʻi ʻa e tui fakamileniumé, ʻi he taimi naʻe ʻomai ai ʻe ʻOliseni, mahalo ko e tokotaha tākiekina lahi taha ia ʻi he kotoa ʻo e kau teolosia ʻo e muʻaki Siasí, ha fakamatala ko e Puleʻangá ko ha meʻa ia ʻa ia ʻe ʻikai hoko moʻoni, ka ʻi he ngaahi soulu pē ʻo e kau tuí.” ʻI he falala ki he filōsofia faka-Kalisí kae ʻikai ki he Tohitapú, naʻe fakavaivaiʻi ai ʻe ʻOliseni ʻa e ʻamanaki fakaofo ʻo e ngaahi tāpuaki fakaemāmani ʻi he malumalu ʻo e Puleʻanga faka-Mīsaiá ki he meʻa taʻemahino “ko e meʻa . . . ʻi he ngaahi soulu ʻo e kau tuí.” Ko e faʻutohi Katolika ko Léon Gry naʻá ne tohi: “Ko e tākiekina tuʻu-ki-muʻa ʻo e filōsofia faka-Kalisí . . . naʻe faifai pē ʻo ne tuku hifo ʻa e ngaahi fakakaukau Fakasiliatí.”
“Kuo Mole mei he Siasí ʻa ʻEne Pōpoaki ʻo e ʻAmanakí”
ʻOku ʻikai ha veiveiua ko ʻAokositaine ʻa e Tamai ʻa e Siasí ʻa ia naʻá ne fai ʻa e meʻa lahi taha ke fio ʻa e filōsofia faka-Kalisí mo e meʻa ʻi hono taimí ko ha fakahaaʻi pē ia ʻi tuʻa ʻo e lotu faka-Kalisitiané. Ko ha tokotaha poupou faivelenga ia ki muʻa ʻo e tui fakamileniumé, ka naʻe faai atu pē ʻo ne liʻaki ha fakakaukau pē ʻo kau ki ha Pule Mileniume ʻa Kalaisi ki he māmaní ʻi he kahaʻú. Naʻá ne mioʻi ʻo fūfuuʻi ʻa e ʻuhinga moʻoni ʻo e Fakahā vahe 20.
ʻOku pehē ʻe he The Catholic Encyclopedia: “Naʻe faifai pē ʻo piki ʻa ʻAokositaine ki he tui ʻe ʻikai ʻi ai ha mileniumé. . . . Ko e ʻuluaki toetuʻú, ʻa ia ʻoku lāulea ki ai ʻa e vahe ko ení, ʻokú ne tala mai kiate kitautolu, ʻoku ʻuhinga ia ki he toe fanauʻi fakalaumālie ʻi he papitaisó; ko e sāpate ʻo e taʻu ʻe taha afe hili ʻa e taʻu ʻe ono afe ʻo e hisitōliá, ko e kotoa ia ʻo e moʻui taʻengatá.” ʻOku pehē ʻe he The New Encyclopædia Britannica: “Ko e tui fakamileniume ʻa ʻAokositaine kuo fufū ʻa hono ʻuhingá naʻe hoko ia ko e tokāteline fakaʻofisiale ʻa e siasí . . . Ko e kau Liliu Palotisani ʻo e ngaahi talatukufakaholo ʻa e siasi Lūteló, Kalaviní, mo e ʻIngilaní . . . naʻa nau kei pikimaʻu pē ki he ngaahi fakakaukau ʻa ʻAokositainé.” Ko ia ai, ko e kau mēmipa ʻo e ngaahi siasi ʻo Puleʻanga-Haʻa-Kalisitiané naʻe toʻo meiate kinautolu ʻa e ʻamanaki ki he mileniumé.
ʻIkai ko ia pē, fakatatau ki he teolosia Suisalani ko Frédéric de Rougemont, “ʻi heʻene tukuange ʻene ʻuluaki tui ki he pule taʻu ʻe taha afé, naʻe fakatupunga ai [ʻe ʻAokositaine] ha maumau lahi ʻaupito ki he Siasí. ʻAki ʻa e mafai tākiekina lahi ʻo hono hingoá, naʻá ne fakamafaiʻi ai ha fehālaaki ʻa ia naʻá ne toʻo [mei he Siasí] ʻa hono tuʻunga lelei ʻi he māmaní.” Ko e teolosia Siamane ko Adolf Harnack naʻá ne tui ko hono liʻaki ʻo e tui ki he Mileniumé naʻe toʻo ai mei he kakai lāuvalé “ʻa e lotu naʻe mahino kiate kinautolú,” ʻo fetongi “ʻa e tui motuʻá mo e ngaahi ʻamanaki motuʻá” ʻaki “ha tui ʻoku ʻikai lava ke mahino kiate kinautolu.” Ko e ngaahi falelotu hala ha kakai ʻi he ngaahi fonua lahi he ʻaho ní ko e fakamoʻoni mataʻāʻā ia ʻoku fiemaʻu ʻe he kakaí ha tui mo ha ʻamanaki ʻoku lava ke mahino kiate kinautolú.
ʻI heʻene tohi ko e Highlights of the Book of Revelation, naʻe tohi ai ʻe he mataotao Tohitapu ko George Beasley-Murray: “ʻI he tuʻunga lahi tupu mei he tākiekina lahi ʻa ʻAokositainé ʻi he tafaʻaki ʻe tahá pea mo hono ohi mai ʻa e tui fakamileniumé ʻe he ngaahi lotu mavahé ʻi he tafaʻaki ʻe tahá, kuo fāʻūtaha ai ʻa e kau Katoliká mo e Palotisaní ʻi hono liʻaki iá. ʻI hono ʻeke pe ko e hā ʻa e ʻamanaki kehe ʻoku nau maʻu ki he tangatá ʻi he māmani ko ení, ko e tali fakaʻofisialé eni: ʻOku halaʻatā. ʻE fakaʻauha ʻa e māmaní ʻi he hāʻele mai ʻa Kalaisí ke fakaʻatā ai ki ha hēvani mo ha heli taʻengata ʻa ia ʻe ngalo ai ʻa e hisitōliá. . . . Kuo mole mei he siasí ʻa ʻene pōpoaki ʻo e ʻamanakí.”
Ko e ʻAmanaki ʻApokalipi Fakaofó ʻOku Kei Moʻui Pē!
ʻI heʻenau tafaʻakí, ʻoku tuipau ʻa e Kau Fakamoʻoni ʻa Sihová ko e ngaahi tāpuaki fakaofo fekauʻaki mo e Mileniumé ʻe fakahoko. ʻI hono fakaʻekeʻeke ʻi ha polokalama televīsone Falanisē ʻi he kaveinga “Taʻu 2000: Manavahē ki he ʻApokalipí,” naʻe pehē ai ʻe he faihisitōlia Falanisē ko Jean Delumeau: “ʻOku muimui tonu ʻa e Kau Fakamoʻoni ʻa Sihová ʻi he fakakaukau ʻo e tui ki he mileniumé, he ʻoku nau pehē kuo vavé ni . . . ke tau hū atu—ʻo fakahaaʻi moʻoni, fakafou ʻi ha ngaahi fakatamaki—ki ha vahaʻa taimi ko e taʻu ʻe 1,000 ʻo e fiefia.”
Ko e meʻa tofu pē ia naʻe mamata ki ai ʻa e ʻapositolo ko Sioné ʻi ha vīsone peá ne fakamatalaʻi ʻi heʻene tohi ʻApokalipí, pe Fakahaá. Naʻá ne tohi: “Pea u vakai ha langi foʻou mo ha fonua foʻou: . . . Pea ongo mai ha fuʻu leʻo mei he taloni, ʻoku ne pehē, Ko eni, ko e tapanekale ʻo e ʻOtua, ʻoku tuʻu mo e kakai. Pea ʻe nofo hono Sikaina mo kinautolu, pea te nau nofo ko hono kakai; pea ʻe nofo ʻe he ʻEne ʻAfio, ko e ʻOtua ʻoku kau maʻanautolu, ʻio, ko honau ʻOtua. Pea te ne holoholo ʻa e loʻimata kotoa pē mei honau mata; pea ʻe ʻikai toe ai ha mate, pea ʻe ʻikai toe ai ha mamahi, pe ha tangi, pe ha ongosia; kuo mole ʻa e ngaahi meʻa muʻa.”—Fakahā 21:1, 3, 4.
ʻOku fai ʻe he Kau Fakamoʻoni ʻa Sihová ha ngāue fakaeako Tohitapu ʻi māmani lahi ke ʻai ke malava ai ʻa e kakai tokolahi ʻe ala lavá ke nau maʻu ʻa e ʻamanaki ko ení. Te nau fiefia ke tokoniʻi koe ke ako lahi ange fekauʻaki mo ia.
[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 6]
Naʻe taukaveʻi ʻe Papaiasi naʻá ne maʻu hangatonu ʻa e tokāteline Mileniumé mei he ngaahi toʻumeʻa ʻo e kau ʻapositoló
[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 7]
Naʻe tui ʻa Tetuliani ki he Pule Taʻu ʻe Taha Afe ʻa Kalaisí
[Maʻuʻanga ʻo e Tā]
© Cliché Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris
[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 7]
“ʻI heʻene tukuange ʻene ʻuluaki tui ki he pule taʻu ʻe taha afé, naʻe fakatupunga ai [ʻe ʻAokositaine] ha maumau lahi ʻaupito ki he Siasí”
[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 8]
Ko e māmani Palataisi naʻe talaʻofa ʻi he ʻApokalipí ko ha meʻa ia ke vēkeveke ʻamanaki ki ai