Ko e Tohi Tapu Fakatuʻí—Ko ha Maka-Maile ʻi he ʻIló

NAʻE mavahe ʻa e vaká mei Sipeini ʻo fou atu ʻi he muitolotolo ʻĪtalí ʻi he konga ki muʻa ʻo e senituli hono 16. Naʻe ʻi he ʻaná ha uta naʻe mahuʻinga lahi—ko e lahi taha ʻo e ngaahi tatau ʻosi pulusi ʻo e Tohi Tapu Polikoloti Komipulutenisiá naʻe pulusi ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e 1514 mo e 1517. Fakafokifā pē, kuo tō ha fuʻu matangi mālohi. Naʻe fāinga ʻa e kau kauvaká ke fakahaofi ʻa e vaká, ka naʻe fakamoʻoniʻi ʻene koto laufanō ʻenau feingá. Naʻe ngoto ʻa e vaká mo ʻene uta naʻe mahuʻinga lahí.

Naʻe taki atu ʻa e fakatamaki ko iá ki ha fiemaʻu ʻo ha pulusinga foʻou ʻo e Tohi Tapu Polikolotí. Naʻe faai atu pē, ko e tokotaha mataotao ʻi he faipulusí ko Christophe Plantin naʻá ne tali ʻa e ngāue faingataʻá. Naʻá ne fiemaʻu ha tokotaha koloaʻia ke ne fakapaʻanga ʻa e ngāue lahi fakaʻulia ko ení, ko ia ai, naʻá ne kole ange ai kia Filipe II, tuʻi ʻo Sipeiní, ke ne hoko ko e pataloni fakapuleʻangá ia. Ki muʻa ke ne fai ʻene filí, naʻe alea ʻa e tuʻí mo e kau mataotao Sipeini kehekehe, naʻe kau ai ʻa e mataotao Tohi Tapu ʻiloa ko ia ko Benito Arias Montano. Naʻá ne tala ange kia Tuʻi Filipe: “Tuku kehe hono fai ai ha ngāue maʻá e ʻOtuá pea maʻu ʻaonga mei ai ʻa e siasi Katolika Lomá, te ne toe ʻomai foki ai ʻa e lāngilangi lahi ki he huafa fakatuʻi ʻo ho ʻAfió mo hono fakahīkihikiʻi ho ongoongo fakafoʻituituí.”

Ko ha pulusinga toe fakaleleiʻi ʻo e Polikoloti Komipulutenisiá ʻe hoko ia ko ha lavameʻa fakafonua ongoongoa, ko ia naʻe fakapapauʻi ai ʻe Filipe ke ne ʻoatu ʻene poupou ʻaufuatoó ki he foʻi ngāue ʻa Plantin. Naʻá ne hilifaki kia Arias Montano ʻa e ngāue lahi ʻaupito ʻa hono ʻetitaʻi ʻa e meʻa naʻe ui ko e Tohi Tapu Fakatuʻí, pe ko e Polikoloti ʻEnitiuepí.a

Naʻe fuʻu mahuʻingaʻia ʻaupito ʻa Filipe ʻi he fakalakalaka ʻo e Tohi Tapu Polikoloti ko ení ʻo ne kole ai ke ne maʻu ha tatau fakatonutonu ʻo e lauʻi pepa taki taha. Ko hono moʻoní, naʻe ʻikai loto ʻa Plantin ke tatali kae ʻoua kuo ʻalu ʻa e lauʻi pepá mei ʻEnitiuepi ki Sipeini, ke ʻosi hono lau pea fakatonutonu ʻe he tuʻí, pea toki fakafoki. Ko hono ikuʻangá, naʻe maʻu pē ʻe Filipe ʻa e ʻuluaki lauʻi pepa kuo ʻosi pulusí pea mo e niʻihi nai ʻo e ngaahi muʻaki pēsí. ʻI he taimi tatau, naʻe laka ai pē ki muʻa hono fai ʻe Montano ʻa e lau-pulufu moʻoní fakataha mo e tokoni mātuʻaki mahuʻinga ʻo ha kau palōfesa ʻe toko tolu ʻo Louvain pea mo e ʻofefine taʻu hongofulu tupu ʻo e tangata faipulusí.

Ko ha Tokotaha ʻOfa ʻi he Folofola ʻa e ʻOtuá

Naʻe ʻai ʻe Arias Montano ke ne ongoʻi tauʻatāina ʻi he lotolotonga ʻo e kau mataotao ʻEnitiuepí. Ko ʻene fakaofiofi ngaofengofuá naʻe saiʻia ai ʻa Plantin ʻiate ia, pea ko ʻena kaungāmeʻá mo e fāitahá naʻe tolonga ia ki he toenga ʻo ʻena moʻuí. Naʻe ʻikai ke tuʻu-ki-muʻa pē ʻa Montano ʻi heʻene ʻiló ka ki heʻene ʻofa lahi foki ʻi he Folofola ʻa e ʻOtuá.b ʻI he tuʻunga ko ha kiʻi talavoú, naʻá ne vēkeveke ke fakakakato ʻa ʻene ngaahi ako fakaʻatamaí kae lava ke ne līʻoa kakato ia ki he ako ʻo e Tohi Tapú.

Naʻe tui ʻa Arias Montano ko ha liliu lea ʻo e Tohi Tapú ʻoku totonu ke ʻi he tonu taha fakafoʻilea ka ala lavá. Naʻá ne feinga ke liliu lea ʻa e meʻa tofu pē ko ia naʻe tohi ʻi he muʻaki potutohí, ʻo fakaʻatā ai ha faingamālie ki he tokotaha lautohí ke ne lau ʻa e Folofola moʻoni ʻa e ʻOtuá. Naʻe muimui ʻa Montano ʻi he moto ʻa Erasmus, ʻa ia naʻá ne fakaʻaiʻai ʻa e kau mataotaó “ke malanga ʻo fekauʻaki mo Kalaisi mei he potutohi naʻe tohi ʻi he muʻaki ngaahi leá.” Ko e ʻuhinga ʻo e muʻaki ngaahi lea ʻo e Tohi Tapú kuo fufū ia mei he kakaí ʻi ha ngaahi senituli koeʻuhí ko e faingataʻa ʻo hono mahinoʻi ʻa e ngaahi liliu lea faka-Latiná.

Fokotuʻutuʻu ʻo e Foʻi Ngāué

Ko e kotoa ʻo e ngaahi maniusikilipi naʻe faʻu mo toe fakaleleiʻi ʻe Alfonso de Zamora ki hono pulusi ʻo e Polikoloti Komipulutenisiá naʻe maʻu ia ʻe Arias Montano, ʻa ia naʻá ne ngāueʻaki kinautolu ʻi he Tohi Tapu Fakatuʻí.c

Ko e Tohi Tapu Fakatuʻí naʻe muʻaki fakataumuʻa ia ko ha pulusinga hono ua ʻo e Polikoloti Komipulutenisiá, ka naʻe mahulu hake ia mei he tuʻunga ko ha toe fakaleleiʻi fakahangatonú. Ko e potutohi faka-Hepelū mo e potutohi faka-Kalisi ʻo e Septuagint naʻe toʻo ia mei he Tohi Tapu Komipulutenisiá; pea naʻe tānaki atu leva ʻa e ngaahi potutohi foʻou fakataha mo ha ʻapenitiki lahi ʻaupito. Ko e Polikoloti foʻoú naʻe faai atu pē ʻo ne maʻu ʻa e voliume ʻe valu. Naʻe feʻunga mo e taʻu ʻe nima ʻa hono pulusí, mei he 1568 ki he 1572—ko ha vahaʻa taimi nounou ʻi he vakai atu ki he natula fihi ʻo e foʻi ngāué. Ne fakaʻosiʻaki hono pulusi ʻa e ngaahi tatau ʻe 1,213.

Lolotonga hono fakamoʻoniʻi ʻa e Polikoloti Komipulutenisia ʻo e 1517 ko ha “fakamoʻoni ia ki he pōtoʻi fakaetaipé,” ko e Polikoloti ʻEnitiuepi foʻoú naʻá ne lakasi ʻe ia ʻa e Tohi Tapu naʻá ne fetongí ʻi he mahuʻinga fakatekinikalé pea ʻi hono ngaahi meʻa ʻi lotó. Ko ha toe maka-maile ia ʻe taha ʻi he hisitōlia ʻo e faipulusí pea ko e meʻa mahuʻinga angé, ko hono faʻu ʻo e ngaahi potutohi tefito ʻosi fakalelei ʻo e Tohi Tapú.

Ngaahi ʻOhofi mei he Ngaahi Fili ʻo e Folofola ʻa e ʻOtuá

ʻI he ʻikai fakaʻohovalé, naʻe vave pē ke fakaeʻa ʻe he ngaahi fili ʻo e liliu totonu ʻo e Tohi Tapú ʻa kinautolu tonu. Neongo naʻe tali lelei ʻe he tuʻi tapú ʻa e Polikoloti ʻEnitiuepí pea maʻu ʻe Arias Montano ha ongoongo naʻe taau feʻunga mo ia ko ha mataotao ke tokaʻi, naʻe talatalaakiʻi ia ʻo aʻu ki hono Fakaʻekeʻeke Anga-Fakamamahi fakaefakamaau. Naʻe pehē ʻe he kau fakafepakí naʻe fakahaaʻi ʻe heʻene ngāué ʻa e potutohi liliu foʻou faka-Latina ʻa Santes Pagninus ke hoko ko ha liliu totonu ange ia ʻo e ngaahi muʻaki potutohi lea faka-Hepeluú mo e faka-Kalisí kae ʻikai ko e Vulgate, ʻa ia naʻe liliu ʻi he ngaahi senituli ki muʻa angé. Naʻa nau toe tukuakiʻi ʻa Montano ki heʻene fakafehoanaki ki he ngaahi muʻaki leá ʻi heʻene holi ke faʻu ha liliu totonu ʻo e Tohi Tapú—ko ha founga ia naʻa nau vakai ki ai ko ha tui tokāteline kehe.

Naʻe toe taukaveʻi foki ʻi he Fakaʻekeʻeke Anga-Fakamamahí “kuo teʻeki ke maʻu ʻe he Tuʻí ha fakalāngilangi lahi ʻaki ʻene fakapaʻanga ʻa e foʻi ngāué.” Naʻa nau fakahaaʻi ʻenau fakameʻapangoʻia ʻi he ʻikai ke ʻoange ʻe Montano ʻa e mafai feʻunga ki he Vulgate fakapuleʻangá. Neongo ʻa e ngaahi tukuakiʻi ko ení, naʻe ʻikai te nau maʻu ha fakamoʻoni feʻunga ke fakahalaiaʻiʻaki ʻa Montano pe ko ʻene Tohi Tapu Polikolotí. ʻI he ngataʻangá, naʻe hoko ʻo manakoa ʻaupito ʻa e Tohi Tapu Fakatuʻí, pea naʻe hoko ia ko ha ngāue lavameʻa ne tali lelei ʻi he ngaahi ʻunivēsiti kehekehe.

Ko ha Meʻangāue Mahuʻinga ki he Liliu ʻo e Tohi Tapú

Neongo ko e Polikoloti ʻEnitiuepí naʻe ʻikai ko ha foʻi ngāue ia naʻe fakataumuʻa ki he kakaí fakalūkufua, ka naʻe vave ʻene hoko ia ko ha meʻangāue mahuʻinga ki he kau liliu Tohi Tapú. Hangē pē ko e Tohi Tapu naʻá ne fetongí, ʻa e Polikoloti Komipulutenisiá, naʻe tokoni ʻa e Polikoloti ʻEnitiuepí ki hono fakaleleiʻi ʻa e ngaahi potutohi naʻe ala maʻu ʻo e Tohi Tapú. Naʻá ne toe tokoni foki ki he kau liliu leá ke fakaleleiʻi ʻenau mahinoʻi ʻa e ngaahi muʻaki leá. Kuo maʻu ʻaonga ʻa e ngaahi liliu ʻo e Tohi Tapú ki he ngaahi lea faka-ʻIulope tefito kehekehe mei he foʻi ngāue lavameʻa ko ení. Ko e fakatātaá, ʻoku līpooti ʻe he Cambridge History of the Bible ko e kau liliu lea ʻo e King James Version, pe Authorized Version, ʻo e 1611 naʻa nau ngāueʻaki ʻa e Polikoloti ʻEnitiuepí ko ha tokoni ʻaonga ia ki hono liliu ʻo e ngaahi lea motuʻá. Naʻe toe fakahoko foki ʻe he Tohi Tapu Fakatuʻí ha tākiekina lahi ʻi he ongo Tohi Tapu Polikoloti mahuʻinga naʻe pulusi ʻi he senituli hono 17.—Sio ki he puha “Ko e Ngaahi Tohi Tapu Polikolotí.”

Ko e taha ʻo e ngaahi lelei lahi ʻo e Polikoloti ʻEnitiuepí ko e foʻi moʻoni ko ia naʻá ne ʻai ʻo ala maʻu ʻe he kau mataotao ʻIulopé ʻa e liliu faka-Sīlia ʻo e Ngaahi Konga Tohi Tapu Faka-Kalisí ʻi he fuofua taimí. Ko e potutohi faka-Sīlia ko iá naʻe fokotuʻu fakataha ia mo ha liliu faka-Latina totonu. Ko ha tānaki mātuʻaki mahuʻinga eni, koeʻuhi ko e faka-Sīliá ko e taha ia ʻo e ngaahi liliu lea motuʻa taha ʻo e Ngaahi Konga Tohi Tapu Faka-Kalisi Kalisitiané. ʻI hono fakaʻaho mei he senituli hono nima T.S., ko e liliu faka-Sīliá naʻe makatuʻunga ia ʻi he ngaahi maniusikilipi naʻe fakaʻaho ia ki he senituli hono ua T.S. Fakatatau ki he International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, “ko e mahuʻinga ʻo e Peshitta [faka-Sīliá] ki he ʻanalaiso fakapotutohí ʻoku faʻa fakamoʻoniʻi ia. Ko e taha ia ʻo e ngaahi fakamoʻoni motuʻa taha mo mahuʻinga taha ki he ngaahi talatukufakaholo motuʻá.”

Naʻe ʻikai ke taʻofi ʻe he ʻalotāmaki ʻi tahí pe ko e ngaahi ʻohofi mei he kau Fakaʻekeʻeke Anga-Fakamamahi ʻi Sipeiní, ha liliu fakaleleiʻi mo fakalahi ʻo e Polikoloti Komipulutenisiá mei haʻane toe eʻa hake ʻi he 1572 ʻi he Tohi Tapu Fakatuʻí. Ko e hisitōlia ʻo e Tohi Tapu Polikoloti ʻo ʻEnitiuepí ko ha toe fakatātā ia ʻo e ngaahi feinga kuo fakahoko ʻe he kau tangata loto-moʻoní ke taukapoʻiʻaki ʻa e Folofola ʻa e ʻOtuá.

Pe naʻa nau ʻiloʻi ia pe ʻikai, fakafou ʻi heʻenau ngāue taʻesiokitá, ko e kau tangata līʻoa ko ení naʻa nau tapua atu ʻa e moʻoni ʻo e ngaahi folofola fakaekikite ʻa ʻAiseá. ʻI he meimei taʻu ʻe tolu afe kuo maliu atú, naʻá ne tohi: “ʻOku mae ʻa e mohuku, ʻoku maheikau ʻa e fisi: ka ko e folofola ʻa hotau ʻOtua ʻe tuʻu ʻo taʻengata.”—Aisea 40:8.

[Fakamatala ʻi lalo]

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“Ka ko e folofola ʻa hotau ʻOtua ʻe tuʻu ʻo taʻengata”

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KO E NGAAHI TOHI TAPU POLIKOLOTÍ

“Ko ha Tohi Tapu Polikoloti ko e tohi ia ʻoku kau ai ʻa e potutohi ʻi he ngaahi lea kehekehe,” ko e fakamatala ia ʻa e mataotao Sipeini ko Federico Pérez Castro. “Ka neongo ia, ʻi he tukufakaholó ʻoku ʻuhinga ʻa e foʻi leá ki he ngaahi Tohi Tapu ʻoku ʻi ai ʻa e potutohi Fakatohitapu ʻi he ngaahi muʻaki leá. ʻI he kiʻi ʻuhinga vaivai ko eni ʻo e foʻi leá, ko e fika ʻo e ngaahi Tohi Tapu polikolotí ʻoku fuʻu siʻisiʻi ʻaupito.”

1. Ko e Polikoloti Komipulutenisia (1514-17), ʻa ia naʻe fakapaʻanga ʻe Cardinal Cisneros, naʻe pulusi ia ʻi Alcalá de Henares, ʻi Sipeini. Ko hono ngaahi voliume ʻe onó ʻoku kau ai ʻa e potutohi Tohi Tapú ʻi he lea ʻe fā: faka-Hepelū, Kalisi, Alamea mo e Latina. Naʻá ne tokonaki ai ki he kau liliu lea ʻo e senituli hono 16 ha potutohi tefito ki he Ngaahi Konga Tohi Tapu Faka-Hepelū-Alameá.

2. Ko e Polikoloti ʻEnitiuepi (1568-72), ʻa ia naʻe ʻetitaʻi ʻe Benito Arias Montano, naʻe tānaki atu ia ki he potutohi Komipulutenisiá ʻa e liliu Peshitta faka-Sīlia ʻo e Ngaahi Konga Tohi Tapu Faka-Kalisi Kalisitiané mo e Tākumu faka-Alamea ʻa Sionatané. Ko e potutohi faka-Hepeluú, ʻa ia naʻe kau ai ʻa e ngaahi tuʻuʻanga vauelé mo e ngaahi fakaʻilonga fakamamafá, naʻe fakaleleiʻi ia ʻo fakatatau ki he potutohi faka-Hepelū ʻa Jacob ben Hayyim naʻe maʻú. Ko ia naʻe hoko ai ia ko ha potutohi tali lelei ʻo e Ngaahi Konga Tohi Tapu Faka-Hepeluú ki he kau liliu Tohi Tapú.

3. Ko e Polikoloti Pālesi (1629-45) naʻe fakapaʻanga ia ʻe he loea Falanisē ko Guy Michel le Jay. Naʻe maʻu fakakaukau ia mei he Polikoloti ʻEnitiuepí, neongo naʻe toe kau ai ʻa e ngaahi potutohi faka-Samēlia mo e faka-ʻAlepea ʻe niʻihi.

4. Ko e Polikoloti Lonitoni (1655-57), ʻa ia naʻe ʻetitaʻi ʻe Brian Walton, naʻe toe makatuʻunga ia ʻi he Polikoloti ʻEnitiuepí. Ko e Polikoloti ko ení naʻe kau ai ʻa e ngaahi liliu lea motuʻa ʻo e Tohi Tapú ki he faka-ʻItiopeá mo e faka-Pēsiá, neongo naʻe ʻikai ke tānaki mohu ʻuhinga atu ʻe he ngaahi liliu ko ení ha mahino māʻalaʻala ki he potutohi Fakatohitapú.

[Maʻuʻanga]

Fuʻu tupenú mo e ongo Polikoloti ʻEnitiuepí (ua ʻi laló): Biblioteca Histórica. Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Polikoloti ʻEnitiuepí (ʻi ʻolungá): By courtesy of Museum Plantin-Moretus/Stedelijk Prentenkabinet Antwerpen; Polikoloti Lonitoní: From the book The Walton Polyglot Bible, Vol. III, 1655-​1657

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Filipe II, tuʻi ʻo Sipeiní

[Maʻuʻanga]

Filipe II: Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid

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Arias Montano

[Maʻuʻanga]

Montano: Biblioteca Histórica. Universidad Complutense de Madrid

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Muʻaki ngaahi mīsini pulusi ʻi ʻEnitiuepí, Pelisiume

[Maʻuʻanga]

Mīsini-pulusí: By courtesy of Museum Plantin-Moretus/Stedelijk Prentenkabinet Antwerpen

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Toʻohema: Christophe Plantin mo e peesi ʻuluaki ʻo e Polikoloti ʻEnitiuepí

[Maʻuʻanga]

Peesi ʻuluakí mo Plantin: By courtesy of Museum Plantin-Moretus/Stedelijk Prentenkabinet Antwerpen

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ʻOlunga: ʻEkisoto vahe 15 ʻi he kōlomu ʻe fā ʻo e konga tohí

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Peesi ʻuluakí mo Plantin: By courtesy of Museum Plantin-Moretus/Stedelijk Prentenkabinet Antwerpen

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Biblioteca Histórica. Universidad Complutense de Madrid