Kulisitofā Palanitini—Ko ha Paionia ʻi he Pulusi Tohi Tapú

ʻOKU ongoongoa ʻa ʻIoane Kutenipeeki (1397-1468 nai) ʻi heʻene ngaohi ʻa e fuofua Tohi Tapu naʻe pulusi ʻo ngāueʻaki ʻa e mataʻi taipe fetongitongí. Ka ʻoku ʻikai ke ʻiloʻi ia ʻe he kakai tokolahi pe ko hai ʻa Kulisitofā Palanitini. Ko e paionia ia ʻi he ngāue pulusí ʻa ia naʻá ne fakahoko ha ngafa mahuʻinga ʻi hono ʻai ke ala maʻu ʻa e ngaahi tohí mo e Tohi Tapú ʻe he kakai takai he māmaní lolotonga ʻa e 1500 tupú.

Naʻe fāʻeleʻi ʻa Kulisitofā Palanitini ʻi he 1520 nai ʻi Saint-Avertin, Falanisē. ʻI heʻene saiʻia ʻi ha feituʻu naʻe tali lelei ange ai ʻe he kakaí ʻa e ngaahi tui fakalotú pea ngali lavameʻa ange ai ʻa e ngaahi faingamālie fakaʻekonōmiká ʻi hono fakahoa ki Falaniseé, naʻe hiki ai ʻa Palanitini lolotonga ʻa hono taʻu 20 tupu lahí ʻo nofo ʻi ʻEnitiuepi ʻi he Ngaahi Fonua Māʻulaló.a

Naʻe kamata ʻe Palanitini ʻene ngāué ko ha tokotaha fakamaʻu-tohi mo ngaohi ʻa e ngaahi koloa mei he letá. Ko ʻene ngaohi ʻa e ngaahi meʻa mei he letá naʻe fiemaʻua ʻe he kau tuʻumālié. Kae kehe, ko ha meʻa naʻe hoko ʻi he 1555 naʻe fakatupunga ai ke fetongi ʻe Palanitini ʻa ʻene ngāué. Lolotonga ʻene faai fononga atu ke ʻave ha kato leta, naʻe ʻota maʻa Tuʻi Filipe II ʻo Sipeiní, ʻa ia ko e pule ia ʻo e Ngaahi Fonua Māʻulaló, naʻe ʻohofi ai ʻa Palanitini ʻi ha hala ʻi ʻEnitiuepi. Naʻe hokaʻi ai ʻa hono umá ʻaki ha heletā ʻe ha kau konā. Neongo naʻe sai ʻa e lavea ʻo Palanitiní, naʻe ʻikai malava ke ne fai ha ngāue ʻaki hono nimá pea naʻe pau leva ai ke taʻofi ʻene ngāué. ʻI he poupou fakapaʻanga meia Hendrik Niclaes, ko e taki ʻo ha kulupu lotu ʻAnapapitaiso, naʻe kamata ai ke fai ʻe Palanitini ʻa e ngāue pulusí.

“Ngāue mo e Kītaki”

Naʻe ui ʻe Palanitini ʻene mīsini pulusí ko e De Gulden Passer (Ko e Kāpasa Koulá). Ko ʻene hingoa fakalaó naʻe ʻi ai ha ongo kāpasa koula tā palani naʻe tongi ai ʻa e “Labore et Constantia,” ʻa ia ʻoku ʻuhingá ko e “Ngāue mo e Kītaki.” ʻOku hā ngali naʻe feʻunga ʻa e hingoa fakalao ko iá mo e tangata ngāue mālohi ko ení.

ʻI he moʻui ʻa Palanitini ʻi ha kuonga ʻo e moveuveu lahi fakalotu mo fakapolitikale ʻi ʻIulopé, naʻá ne feinga ke fakamamaʻo mei he tuʻunga faingataʻá. Naʻe mahuʻinga lahi ange ʻa e ngāue pulusí kiate ia ʻi ha toe meʻa pē. Neongo naʻá ne poupouʻi ʻa e Fakalelei-Lotu Palotisaní, naʻá ne “fakahāhā ha fakakaukau taʻepau ki hono fakafehuʻi ko ia ʻo e lotú,” ko e fakamatala ia ʻa e faʻu-tohi ko Maurits Sabbe. Koeʻuhi ko e meʻá ni, naʻe muhuʻi lahi ai ʻo pehē naʻe pulusi ʻe Palanitini ʻa e ngaahi tohi tui tokāteline hala. Ko e fakatātaá, ʻi he 1562 naʻe pau ai ke ne hola ʻo nofo ʻi Pālesi laka hake ʻi he taʻu ʻe taha.

ʻI he foki ʻa Palanitini ki ʻEnitiuepi ʻi he 1563, naʻá ne fengāueʻaki ai mo e kau mēsianiti tuʻumālié, ko e tokolahi ʻo kinautolu naʻe ʻiloa ʻi heʻenau ngaahi tui faka-Kalaviní. Lolotonga ʻenau fengāueʻaki fakataha ʻi he taʻu ʻe nima, naʻe pulusi ai ʻa e ngaahi tohi kehekehe ʻe 260 ʻi he ngaahi mīsini pulusi ʻa Palanitiní. Naʻe kau heni ʻa e ngaahi pulusinga ʻo e Tohi Tapú ʻi he lea faka-Hepelū, faka-Kalisi mo e faka-Latiná pea pehē foki ki he ngaahi pulusinga lanu uloulo fakaʻofoʻofa ʻo e Tohi Tapu faka-Hōlani ko e Luveini ʻa e Katoliká.

“Ko e Lavameʻa Fakaepaaki Mahuʻinga Tahá”

ʻI he 1567, lolotonga ʻa e vahaʻa taimi ʻa ia naʻe fakautuutu ai ʻa e fakafepaki ki he pule ʻa Sipeiní ʻi he Ngaahi Fonua Māʻulaló, naʻe fekauʻi atu ai ʻe he tuʻi Sipeini ko Filipe II ʻa e Tiuke ʻo Alba ke ne hoko ai ko ha kōvana. Fakafou ʻi he mafai kakato mei he tuʻí, naʻe feinga ai ʻa e tiuké ke fakangata ʻa e fakafepaki lahi mei he kau Palotisaní. Ko ia naʻe kamata ai ʻe Palanitini ha ngāue tuʻu-ki-muʻa naʻá ne ʻamanaki ʻe toʻo kotoa atu ai ʻa e huʻuhuʻu ki ha tui tokāteline halá. Naʻá ne fakaʻamu lahi ke pulusi ha pulusinga lelei ʻaupito ʻo e ngaahi konga Tohi Tapú ʻi he ngaahi muʻaki lea ne hiki aí. ʻI he pulusinga foʻou ko ení, naʻe iku ʻo maʻu ai ʻe Palanitini ʻa e poupou ʻa Filipe II. Naʻe talaʻofa ange ʻe he tuʻí ha tokoni fakapaʻanga peá ne fekauʻi ha tokotaha ʻiloa ʻi he ngaʻunu fakaakeake ʻi ʻIulopé ko ʻAliesi Monitano ke ne tokangaʻi ʻa e ngāue ko ení.

Naʻe mataotao ʻa Monitano ʻi he fakatotolo ki he ngaahi leá, pea naʻá ne ngāue ʻi he houa ʻe 11 he ʻaho. Naʻe tokoniʻi ia ʻe he kau fakatotolo lea Sipeini, Pelisiume mo Falanisē. Ko ʻenau taumuʻá ke teuteuʻi ha liliu foʻou ʻo e Polikoloti Komipulutenisia ʻiloá.b ʻI he tānaki atu ki he Vulgate faka-Latiná, ko e Septuagint faka-Kalisí mo e muʻaki konga tohi faka-Hepeluú, naʻe kau ʻi he Tohi Tapu Polikoloti foʻou ʻa Palanitiní ha Tākumu faka-Alamea mo e Peshitta faka-Sīliá, fakataha mo hona taki taha liliu totonu faka-Latiná.

Naʻe kamata ʻa e pulusí ʻi he 1568. Ko e ngāue kāfakafa ko ení naʻe kakato ia ʻi he 1572. Ko ha ngāue vave ia ʻi he vahaʻa taimi ko iá. ʻI haʻane tohi kia Tuʻi Filipe II, naʻe pehē ai ʻe Monitano: “ʻOku lahi ange ʻa e meʻa kuo lavaʻi heni ʻi he māhina ʻe tahá ʻi he meʻa kuo lavaʻi ʻi Loma ʻi he taʻu ʻe tahá.” Naʻe pulusi ʻe Palanitini ʻa e tatau ʻe 1,213 ʻo e Tohi Tapu Polikoloti foʻoú, ʻo faʻu taki taha ʻaki ia ha seti ʻo e ngaahi voliume lalahi ʻe valu. Ko e peesi ʻuluakí naʻe paaki ai ha fakatātā ʻo ha laione, pulu, ulofi mo ha lami ʻoku nau kai fakataha ʻi he melino mei he ʻaiʻanga kai tatau, ʻo fakahaaʻi ai ʻa e Aisea 65:25. Ko e totongi ʻo ha seti tohi teʻeki fakamaʻu ke hoko ko ha voliumé ko e paʻanga Netaleni ʻe 70—ko ha totongi lahi ʻaupito, koeʻuhi ko e fāmili anga-maheni ʻi he taimi ko iá ne nau maʻu ʻa e paʻanga Netaleni nai ʻe 50 ʻi he taʻu. Naʻe hoko ʻo ʻiloa ʻa e seti kakató ko e Polikoloti ʻEnitiuepí. Naʻe toe ui foki ia ko e Biblia Regia (Tohi Tapu Fakatuʻí) koeʻuhi naʻe fakapaʻanga ia ʻe Tuʻi Filipe II.

Neongo naʻe tali ʻe Tuʻitapu Kelekōlio XIII ʻa e Tohi Tapú, naʻe fakaangaʻi lahi ʻa e ngāue ʻa ʻAliesi Monitano. Ko e ʻuhinga ʻe taha he naʻe fakakaukau ʻa Monitano ʻoku māʻolunga ange ʻa e muʻaki konga tohi faka-Hepeluú ʻi he Vulgate faka-Latiná. Ko hono fili tefitó ko Leone Tī Kasitolo, ko ha teolosia Sipeini naʻá ne fakakaukau ko e Vulgate faka-Latiná ʻa e mafai māʻolunga tahá. Naʻe tukuakiʻi ʻe Tī Kasitolo ʻa Monitano ki hono fakameleʻi ʻa e konga tohí ʻaki ʻa e filōsofia fakafepakiʻi ʻo e Tolu-Tahaʻi-ʻOtuá. Ko e fakatātaá, naʻe fakatokangaʻi ʻe Tī Kasitolo tautefito ki hono toʻo ʻe he Peshitta Sīliá mei he 1 Sione 5:7 ʻa e toe tānaki hala mai ʻo pehē, “i he lagi oku fakamooni, koe Tamai, moe Folofola, bea moe Laumalie Maonioni: bea oku taha be ae toko tolu ni.” (Paaki Motuʻa) Kae kehe, naʻe fakaʻataʻatā ʻa Monitano ʻi he Fakaʻekeʻeke Anga Fakamamahi ʻi Sipeiní, mei he huʻuhuʻu kotoa pē ki ha tui tokāteline hala. ʻOku fakakaukau ʻa e niʻihi ki he ʻEnitiuepi Polikolotí “ko e lavameʻa fakaepaaki mahuʻinga taha ia ʻa ha tokotaha pulusi tohi pē ʻe taha lolotonga ʻa e senituli 16.”

Ko ha Tokoni Tuʻuloa

Ko e lahi taha ʻo e kau pulusi tohi ʻi he taimi ko iá naʻa nau maʻu ʻa e mīsini pulusi ʻe ua pē pe tolu. Kae kehe, ʻi he tumutumu ʻo e meʻa naʻá ne faʻú, naʻe maʻu nai ai ʻe Palanitini ʻa e mīsini pulusi ʻikai toe siʻi hifo he 22 mo e kau ngāue ʻe toko 160. ʻI he kotoa ʻo e ngaahi fonua lea faka-Sipeiní, naʻá ne hoko ʻo ongoongoa ai ʻi hono tuʻunga ko ha tokotaha pulusi tohi tuʻu-ki-muʻa.

ʻI he taimi tatau, ko e fakafepaki ki he pule ʻa Sipeiní naʻe fakautuutu ia ʻi he Ngaahi Fonua Māʻulaló. Naʻe maʻukovia ʻa ʻEnitiuepi ʻi he fepaki ko ení. ʻI he 1576, ko e kau sōtia Sipeini ko ia naʻe ʻikai te nau maʻu ʻenau vāhengá ne nau angatuʻu pea nau faʻao fakamālohi ʻa e koloa ʻi he koló. Naʻe tutu ʻa e ngaahi fale laka hake he 600, pea naʻe fakapoongi ʻa e laui afe ʻo e kau nofo ʻi ʻEnitiuepí. Naʻe hola ʻa e kau mēsianití mei he koló. Naʻe ʻuhinga ení ko e mole lahi fakapaʻanga kia Palanitini. ʻIkai ngata aí, naʻe kounaʻi ia ke ne totongi ki he kau angatuʻú ʻa e paʻanga lahi ʻaupito.

ʻI he 1583, naʻe hiki ai ʻa Palanitini ki Leiden, ko ha kolo naʻe tuʻu ʻi he kilomita nai ʻe 100 mei he fakatokelau ʻo ʻEnitiuepí. Naʻá ne fokotuʻu ai ha fale pulusi pea naʻe fakanofo ia ko e tokotaha pulusi tohi maʻá e ʻUnivēsiti Leiden, ko ha ʻapiako naʻe fokotuʻu ʻe he kau Palotisani lotu Kalaviní. Naʻe toe mapuna hake ai ʻa e ngaahi tukuakiʻi fuoloa ko ia ki he taʻefaitōnunga ki he Siasi Katoliká. Ko ia naʻe foki ai ʻa Palanitini ki ʻEnitiuepi ʻi he ngataʻanga ʻo e 1585, taimi nounou pē hili ʻa e toe foki ʻo puleʻi ʻe Sipeini ʻa e koló. ʻI he taimi ko iá naʻá ne taʻu 60 tupu, pea naʻe holo hifo ai pē ʻa e tokolahi ʻo e kau ngāue ʻi he Kāpasa Koulá ki he kau ngāue pē ʻe toko fā ne nau ngāue ʻi he mīsini ʻe taha. Naʻe kamata ke toe langa ʻe Palanitini ʻa e fale pulusí. Kae kehe, naʻe ʻikai ʻaupito ke ne toe maʻu hono tuʻunga ki muʻá pea naʻe mate ʻa Palanitini ʻi Siulai 1, 1589.

Laka hake ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi ko e taʻu ʻe 34, naʻe pulusi ai ʻe Kulisitofā Palanitini ʻa e ngaahi pulusinga tohi kehekehe ʻe 1,863, ko ha fakaʻavalisi ia ʻo e meimei tohi ʻe 55 ʻi he taʻu taki taha. Naʻa mo e ʻahó ni, ko ha lavameʻa fakatoʻoaloto moʻoni ʻeni ʻa ha tokotaha pulusi tohi ʻiate ia pē! Neongo naʻe fakaʻehiʻehi ʻa Palanitini mei he fai ha poupou mālohi fakalotú, naʻe ʻikai ko e ngāue pulusí pē mo e pākí naʻá ne pouakí ka ko hono ako foki ʻa e Tohi Tapu fakamānavaʻí. (2 Timote 3:16) Ko e moʻoni, ko Palanitini mo hono ngaahi toʻumeʻa faipulusí naʻa nau tokoni lahi ki hono ʻai ke iku ʻo ala maʻu ʻa e Tohi Tapú ʻe he kakai lāuvalé.

[Fakamatala ʻi lalo]

[Puha/Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 15]

KO E MISIUME PLANTIN-MORETUS

Ko e fale ʻi he kolo ko ʻEnitiuepí ʻa ia naʻe nofo mo ngāue ai ʻa Palanitini mo hono hakó naʻe fakaava ia ki he kakaí ko ha misiume ʻi he 1877. ʻOku ʻikai ha toe fale pulusi kehe ʻe kei tolonga mai mei he vahaʻa taimi ko iá. ʻOku fakaʻaliʻali ai ʻa e ngaahi mīsini pulusi ʻe nima mei he senituli 17 ki he 18. Ko e ongo mīsini kehe ʻe ua—ko e motuʻa taha kuo ʻiloa ʻi he māmaní—ʻoku meimei fakafuofua ia ki he taimi ʻo Palanitiní. ʻOku ʻi he misiumé ʻa e ngaahi meʻa fakafuo mataʻitohi ʻe 15,000 naʻe ngāueʻaki ki hono fakafuo ʻa e ngaahi mataʻi taipé, ko e ngaahi mataʻi taipe papa ʻe 15,000 mo e ngaahi lauʻi peleti kopa tongitongi ʻe 3,000. ʻOku ʻi he laipeli ʻo e misiumé ha ngaahi maniusikilipi ʻe 638 mei he senituli 9 ki he 16 pea pehē foki ki he ngaahi tohi ʻe 154 naʻe pulusi ki muʻa ʻi he taʻu 1501. ʻOku kau ai ha muʻaki tatau ʻo e Tohi Tapu Kutenipeeki, fakafuofua ki ha taimi ki muʻa ʻi he 1461 pea pehē foki ki he taha ʻo e ngaahi Tohi Tapu Polikoloti ʻEnitiuepi ongoongoa ʻa Palanitiní.

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 15]

ʻAliesi Monitano

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 16]

Ko e Polikoloti ʻEnitiuepí ʻoku ʻi ai ʻa e konga tohi faka-Hepeluú, ko e “Vulgate” faka-Latiná mo e “Septuagint” faka-Kalisí, pea pehē foki ki he “Peshitta” faka-Sīliá mo ha Tākumu faka-Alamea fakataha mo ʻena ngaahi liliu faka-Latiná

[Maʻuʻanga]

Anga-lelei ʻa e Misiume Plantin-Moretus/Stedelijk Prentenkabinet Antwerpen

[Maʻuʻanga ʻo e Tā ʻi he peesi 15]

Ongo ʻīmisí fakatouʻosi: Anga-lelei ʻa e Misiume Plantin-Moretus/Stedelijk Prentenkabinet Antwerpen